Russian organic technologies

1. New Russian technologies of sustainable, melioration
and reclamation of arid lands

2. 2

3. Head of the Physics and Land Amelioration Department
Head of the laboratory for Institute of Ecological Soil Science,
MSU
12 years of expirience
Practical study and fieldwork in USA
Field experience in Arabian Gulf (UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, Jordan)
Award winner of European Academy & RAS
Laureate of National Ecological Award
Author and co-author of more than 200 scientific studies, articles and manuals
2001 «Dynamics simulation of soil organic substance»
2005 «Soil gas phase»
2008 «Ecological Soil resources assessment and technical methods of their
reproduction»
2012 «Theory and practice of soil designing»
3
Professor Andrew Smagin,
Ph.D, Biology
Our scientific consultants

4. Main tasks of the report:
• Brief analysis of the ecological situation in Arid
Lands and its dynamics according the problem of
crops plantation
• Information concerning the new technologies of
sustainable desert plantation which are based on
Natural and Synthetic Organic Products from
Russia and native land resources of Arabian
countries.

5. Ecological situation in Arab countries
• Soil is a main capital of a country, source of life and stable
prosperity of its population. People who live in areas with arid
climate realize that very well because the territories suitable for
farming are very small there.
• According to the estimates of independent experts and
international organizations (UNESCWA, FAOSTAT, CAMRE, UNEP,
and ACSAD) desertification and degradation of lands have place
on the bigger parts of territories in Iraq, Jordan, Syria, the
Arabian Gulf countries and other Arab states. With all this going
on from 30% to 80% of irrigated lands are subjected to
salinization which is the main cause of land degradation suitable
for growing plants.

7. Trend of the soil salinity
(Al-busaitine,flood irrigation)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20D
ec,94Apr,95N
ov,95Apr,96D
ec,96June,97D
ec,97June,98D
ec,98June,99D
ec,99Apr,2000Jun,2000
Jan,2001
June,2001Jan,2002
time
EC,dCm/m
0-25cm
25-50cm
50-100cm
critical level of
salinity
*from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995

8. Trend of the irrigation water salinity
(Al-busaitine,flood irrigation,
Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Agriculture of Bahrain)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
D
ec,94Apr,95N
ov,95Apr,96D
ec,96June,97D
ec,97June,98D
ec,98June,99D
ec,99
Apr,2000Jun,2000
Jan,2001
June,2001
Jan,2002
TDS,ppm critical level of
salinity
exponential trend
y = 1803,1exp( 0,2208x )
R2
= 0,9864
source: Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Agriculture *from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995

9. Crops production & salinity of the soil:
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
ЕС, dСm/m
yield%
sensitive crops
2-moderately sensitive
3-moderately tolerant
4-tolerant
5-very tolerant
1 53 42
no production,
badlands
Native lands of Arabian Gulf nowadays
*from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995

10. The new technologies of sustainable desert
gardening, melioration and reclamation of arid lands:
• Desalinization and control of salt table in soils
• Reduce of water supply by 50%
• Increase of productivity of arid lands, soil
construction
• The use of highly-effective organic fertilizers and soil
conditioners, increase of productivity of arid lands
• Choice of tolerated vegetation
• Ecological assessment and analysis, landscape design
and realization of complex projects
• Consulting, training and professional education

11. Soil constructions and increase of
productivity of arid landscapes :
The main idea: to create a special
“working layer” by using local ground
materials and Russian organic products in
order to increase water holding and nutrient
capacity of the soil and destroy the capillary
effects as a main reason of salinity in the
irrigated soil.

12. salts
Wet soil
increases the
evaporation
Evaporation
in wet soil
like pump
pulls the salt
up to the
surface
Physical mechanism of salinity
increase under irrigation:
salts
Dry soil
stops the
evaporation
and
accumulates
fresh water
*from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995

13. The principal scheme of salinity protective and water
accumulated soil construction for Gulf conditions:
Materials:
1. Local sand
2. Local lime stones
3. Russian Natural and
Synthetic Organic
Conditioners
Salts
and
ground
water
Stones layer
destroys the
capillary and up
movement of the
salts
Organic matter
The layer holds
the water and
nutrients
“Working
layer” of the
soil for
planting
*from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995

14. Our technique
There is a way to save water - our way!

15. Natural & Synthetic Organic Products from Russia
for Arid Countries:
Specific area of these agents reaches 500-1000 m2/g in contrast to usual Gulf sands (2-10 m2/g)

16. ProtectionProtection
fromfrom
SalinitySalinity
NutritionNutrition
RegulatorRegulator
StimulatesStimulates
Greenery & RootsGreenery & Roots
GrowthGrowth
IncreasesIncreases
ChlorophyllChlorophyll
ContentContent
ImprovesImproves
Nutrient-HoldingNutrient-Holding
CapacityCapacity
ImprovesImproves
Water-HoldingWater-Holding
CapacityCapacity
OrganicOrganic
productsproducts
Advantages of using the organic
products:

18. Main Chemical and Physical properties of Natural &
Synthetic Organic Products from Russia :
Complicated Organic fertilizer (COF):
Organic matter content
min of dry mass – 75-80%
Lignin, min of dry mass – 15%
Hummates, min of dry mass – 25%
pH (H2O) – 4,5-6,5
Specific surface – 250-300 m2/g
Total holding capacity – 600-1500 mmol/kg
Complicated Organic fertilizer:
Mobile macro-elements (mg/l):
Nitrogen ≥ 500
Phosphorus ≥ 150
Potassium ≥ 300
Calcium, magnesium ≥ 1000
Micro-elements (mg/l):
Fe – 5-10,
B, Ba – 0,2-0,3;
Cu – 0,1-0,3;
Zn – 0,02-0,05;
Mn, Co, Mo, Ni – 0,05-0,1;
Se, Th – 0,01-0,03
Liquid Ameliorant:
Hummates, min of dry mass – 75%
Nitrogen ≥ 1500mg/l
Potassium ≥ 6000 mg/l
Specific surface – 500-600 m2/g
Total holding capacity – 4000-5000 mmol/kg

19. *from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995

20. *from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995

21. *from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995

22. *from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995

23. Organic matter Influence filtration it the local sand (Dubai, 1995)
235,1
6814
172
71,8
13,7
20,2
5,7
1
10
100
1000
10000
local sand peat 5% peat in
sand
0,1%
hydrogel in
sand
layer of
peat in
sand
layer of
0,1%
hydrogel in
sand
layer of
100%
hydrogel in
sand
Filtration
rate,
cm/day
Decreasing of water infiltration and losses
*from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995

24. depthofsoil,cm
volumetric
moisture, m3
/m3
A technological simulation the regime of moisture
content in the soil (model HYDRYS-1D)
depthofsoil,cm
volumetric moisture,
m3
/m3
Control - sand
substrate: strong loss
in the upper zone
Dynamics of moisture after gravity drainage and evapotranspiration of lawn
0.2% Hydrogel or COF 20 cm
layer Increase the top water-
holding
volumetric moisture,
m3
/m3
depthofsoil,cm
0.1% Hydrogel or COF 10
cm layer -can keep
moisture on top:
*from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995
*сут=day

25. A technological modeling - it increases water retention
and prolongation of the root consumption by using layers
of peat-sapropel soil-modifiers
*from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995

26. Examples of salinity protective and water accumulated soil
construction for Gulf conditions based on Russian
materials:
10 cm
40cm
Natural sand
Crushed stones layer
20% Gardening Peat in Local
sand
50cm
50cm
10% COF
in Local
sand
10% COF
in Sweet
sand
10 cm
40cm
Natural sand
Crushed stones layer
20% Gardening Peat in Local
sand
50cm
50cm
10% COF
in Local
sand
10% COF
in Sweet
sand
10 cm
20cm
Natural sand
Crushed stones layer
20% Peat
in Local sand
30cm
10% COF
in Local
sand
10 cm
20cm
Natural sand
Crushed stones layer
20% Peat
in Local sand
30cm
10% COF
in Local
sand
10 cm
20cm
Natural sand
Crushed stones layer
20% Gardening Peat in Local
sand
50cm
50cm
10% COF
in Local
sand
10% COF
in Sweet
sand
10 cm
20cm
Natural sand
Crushed stones layer
20% Gardening Peat in Local
sand
50cm
50cm
10% COF
in Local
sand
10% COF
in Sweet
sand
10 cm
20cm
Natural sand
Crushed stones layer
20% Gardening Peat in Local
sand
50cm
50cm
10% COF
in Local
sand
10% COF
in Sweet
sand
5cm
10cm
5cm
Natural sand
Crushed stones layer
10% COF or Peat in Local sand
20% COF in Local sand
Palms Medium
size trees
Shrubs
Lawns
*from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina,1995

27. “It’s time to collect stones” (crushed stones in soil –
good local materials for salt protected screens)
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin, 1995

28. New technology of lawn plantation
(Qatar, Ministry of Agriculture, summer 2005)
Crush stone screen –
protection from salts &
Russian organic fertilizer
At the beginning of
soil construction
Lawn 5 weeks after planting
Planting and lawn 1 weeks after
planting
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin, 1995

29. Irrigation
(optimization of water supply):
The main idea:
Strongly decrease water losses
(by 50%) in the soil and input water
only for plants demands
(for evapotranspiration)

30. Irrigation system
75%

31. 59% of all Quatari water goes to irrigation and livestoke

32. Irrigation
We deal with all types of irrigation, including
completely automatical
*from the report of Professor of Moscow State University Smagina

33. Probability distribution of irrigation depth
(Bahrain, Rowdah Palace, May 2005, lawn)
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
<3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21 >21
classes of irrigation depth (l/m
2
)
Probability, %
Dominated values:
15-18 l/m2

34. Maximal demands of water 7-8 l/m2
:

35. Choice of vegetation:
The main idea: If the soil and
irrigated water are not good – let
choose tolerant crops

36. A set of technological methods for growing of vegetable
production is aimed at minimization of unfavorable nature
factors and maximum realization of own plant’s potential to
achieve stable farming in arid conditions.
In this connection, the set of the methods joins multiplicity of
actions regarding both plants themselves and their habitat. It
is first of all – choice of vegetative crop depending on
behavior, productivity and tolerance. There is no doubt that
selection is carried out in accordance with the requirements of
a customer.
Choosing of Vegetation & Planting

37. Theoretically, the Ideal Soil technologies make it possible to meet
any demands, including the most complicated one - growing of
exotic kinds of plants, unusual for that climate. But for steady
farming with minimum expenditures it is better to fix upon the
most viable, tolerant forms of plants with the required merit.
They are easily distinguished when analyzing the summary data
displayed in the following tables, which contain information about
the most widely spread in the Arabian Gulf area vegetable crops,
their needs, vitality and specificity of growing.
To make it more suitable for work, the information is grouped into
separate classes of vegetation: vegetables, flowers and grasses,
ground covering plants, bushes, and trees.
Choosing of Vegetation & Planting

38. For example: if the area under the object is heavily salinized, has no
natural shading, the irrigation water is of low quality, and the client
has no enough money and time for fundamental land-improvement
of the area, it is necessary to chose the most tolerable and
undemanding crops.
Among trees and palms they may be Thorn Tree (Prosopis juliflore),
Tamarisk, Date Palm, Washington Palm, Australian Pine (Casuarina
equisetifolia), Christ-thorn Tree, Jerusalem Thorn, Conocarpus,
Eucalypt, Wild Tamarind Tree.
Among bushes - Salt Bush (Atriplex sp.), Arabian Lilae, Wild Jasmine,
Yellow Oleanders, Pomegranate, ground covering plants – Camel’s
Foot Creeper, green lawns on the basis of salt resistant grasses
(Bermuda grass, Seaisle Paspalum, Bermuda Hybrid, etc.).
Choosing of Vegetation & Planting

39. Small areas may be provided with antisalt masks, and some
amount of the 10-20% NOP-GR may be introduced into the soil.
In this case it becomes possible to grow drought-resistant flowers
and grasses (Amaranthus, Basil, Calliopsis, Common
GardenThyme, Marigolds, Painted Daisy, Petunia, Sun Plant, Zinnia
etc.) and many vegetable crops (Cucumbers, Beans, Melons, Okra,
Peas, Peppers, Pumpkins, Sunflowers, Tomatoes, Watermelons
etc.).
Thus, even in the most unfavorable conditions it is quite possible
to organize stable farming and cultivate various kinds of
vegetation.
Choosing of Vegetation & Planting

40. Water use by most popular products in Qatar

41. More suitable vegetation for landscaping in Gulf :
Thorn Tree
Tamarisk
Date Palm
Washington Palm
Casuarina
Christ-thorn Tree
Jerusalem Tree
Conocarpus
Wild Tamarind Tree
Eucalypts
1. Palms & Trees
(very tolerate salinity,
alkalinity and drought)
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin

42. More suitable vegetation for landscaping in Gulf :
2. Shrubs & Ground covering plants
(very tolerate salinity, alkalinity and drought)
Ipomoea pes-caprea
Pink
Oleander
PomegranateYellow Oleanders
Arabian
Lilae
Wild Jasmine
Salt
Bush
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin

43. More suitable vegetation for landscaping in Gulf :
3. Lawns, Flowers & Herbs
(tolerate drought, adapted
salinity and alkalinity)
Bermuda grass
Seaisle
Paspalum
Bermuda hybrid
Zinnia
Sun plant
Pinks
Four O’clock Flower
Balsam
Amaranthus
Flowering
Tobacco
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin

44. More suitable vegetation for agriculture in Gulf:
4. Vegetables & Crops
(tolerate drought, salinity and
alkalinity)
Tomatoes
Sweet potatoes
or Yams
Peppers Chili
Melons
Eggplant
Cucumbers
Beans
Peas

45. The soil and water testing and controls.
The main idea:
Automatic control of the territory by using
new programming loggers

46. Ecological follow up of a project, monitoring.
Monitoring of technical characteristics and ecological
condition of the object is provided automatically with the help of
autonomous electronic micro sensors.
Besides the information about possible causes of failures in
functioning of the object, monitoring makes it possible to find out
how conscientiously the maintenance staff follows the
technological recommendations in operating the object.
Let us give some examples. A fragment of monitoring of
temperature and humidity in Sakhir area in Bahrain is represented
in the pictures. There is a forest planted with the use of the Ideal
Soil (Organic farming) system.

47. Examination of the condition of plants in the outlying zone displayed depression in
growth of some plants compared to the general successful background. In particular,
signs of evident shrinking of neem trees (Azadirachta indica) were registered whereas a
standing near eucalyptus tree was in absolutely normal condition.
Analysis of the information registered by micro sensors «hygrochron» (USA) made it
clear that the soil under the neem tree has been overheated up to extreme temperatures
and in the soil practically there was no moisture available for the tree roots.
Ecological follow up of a project, monitoring.
Temperature control in the irrigated soil in Sakhir area
(iButton hygrochron technic)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
16:01
21:43
3:25
9:07
14:49
20:31
2:13
7:55
13:37
19:19
1:01
6:43
12:25
18:07
23:49
5:31
11:13
16:55
time
Temperature,o
C
eucalypt
neem
Critical values

48. Subsequent examination of the irrigation system made it clear
that the irrigating moisture has not come to the root zone of the
tree because the water nozzles have been clogged. Thus,
monitoring made it possible to find quickly the cause of
unfavourable condition of the plant and gave recommendations
how to eliminate it.
Ecological follow up of a project, monitoring.

49. Efficiency of new technologies
comparing with traditional plantation:
-Lawns (Dubai, Qatar, Bahrain)
- Vegetables & Crops (Qatar, Bahrain)
- Trees & Shrubs (Bahrain)
The main idea: Look and compare

50. Experiment with Lawn Plantation in Dubai
Site E, control
Site B, Russian
strong-swelled
synthetic
hydrogel
Site C, Russian
gardening peat
Site A, Dubai
horticultural station
treatment
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin, 1995

51. Some results of lawn plantation experiment
(U.A.E., Dubai)
Fresh biomass (g/m2
)
0
500
1000
1500
usual planting new technology
C, g/m2
Chlorophyll content (mg/g)
0
1
2
3
4
5
usual planting new technology
C, mg/g
Dry biomass (g/m2
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
usual planting new technology
C, g/m
2
Irrigation water (liter/m2
/day)
0
5
10
15
20
usual planting new technology
Q, l/m2

52. Some results of lawn plantation experiment
(U.A.E., Dubai, Smagin, 2012, 2014)
2 months was enough to solve the problem of salinity in full2 months was enough to solve the problem of salinity in full

53. Lawns in privets
(the Kingdom of Bahrain, 2004-2005)
New technology,
based on Russian
organic fertilizer
Conventional Method Conventional Method
New technology,
based on Russian
organic fertilizer
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin, 1995

54. Results of vegetable plantation experiments based
on application Russian organic fertilizer
(Bahrain, Ministry of Agriculture 2004-2005)
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin, 1995

55. Productivity for winter and summer season

56. The use of COF reduces the irrigation
water requirement by 50%

57. Results of vegetable plantation experiments based
on application Russian organic fertilizer
(Qatar, Ministry of Agriculture, summer 2005)
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin

58. Cucumbers plantation based on new technologies
and Russian organic fertilizer
(Qatar, Ministry of Agriculture, summer 2005)
5 weeks after planting
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin

59. New technology based on
Russian organic fertilizer
Traditional
planting
Trees plantation in Sakhir area
(the Kingdom of Bahrain, 2003)
*Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin

60. Trees plantation in Sakhir area
(the Kingdom of Bahrain, 2003)
New technology based on
Russian organic fertilizer
Traditional
planting
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin

61. New technology based on
Russian organic fertilizer
Traditional
planting
Trees plantation in Sakhir area
(the Kingdom of Bahrain, 2003)
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin

62. After two years: Trees plantation in Sakhir area
(the Kingdom of Bahrain, 2005)
New technology based on Russian organic fertilizer
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin

63. AridGrow-AridGrow-
Ideal SoilIdeal Soil
Palms & shrubs plantation based on Russian organic fertilizer
(private villa, the Kingdom of Bahrain)
Photos from the personal archive of Professor Smagin

64. Main conclusions:
• Soil constructions based on natural and synthetic Russian materials are
effective for organic farming and landscaping in arid conditions.
• Field experiments show in U.A.E, Qatar, Bahrain that modern technologies
allows:
 reduce the irrigation water requirement 50-60% (lawns, alfa-alfa, tomato,
cucumbers)
 increase the yield of plants 10-50%
 Increase tree and shrubs grow and planting effect 50%
 protect soils from salinity and degradation 100%

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