CN301 Geoenvironmental Engineering. Kajian kes tentang Tragedi Chernobyl. Semoga perkongsian ini bermanfaat.
Ex-Student : Diploma in Environmental Engineering (2010-2013)
This document discusses sustainable geotechnics and geoenvironmental engineering investigations. It provides an overview of the need for geoenvironmental engineering to assess pollutants in soil and protect groundwater. Special geoenvironmental tests are outlined, including measuring pH, surface charge, cation exchange capacity, and specific surface area. These tests help understand geochemical reactions and contaminant transport, which is important for sustainable remediation and reuse.
There is basic introduction about environmental geotechnology. This is the new allied branch of geotechnical engineering which is dealing with hydrology, environmental engineering as well as lithological formations. In some aspects it is also relate with microbiology as well called geomicrobiology.
This new area of geotechnical engineering can contribute to sustainability to the environment, economy of the ground improvement technology n many other fields as well.
This document summarizes recent advances in removing uranium from contaminated soils using chemical and biological techniques. It discusses soil washing using water or chemical additives to dissolve and extract uranium. Soil acidification and addition of chelating agents like citric acid were found to maximize uranium solubility and extraction. Sodium bicarbonate achieved 75-90% uranium removal efficiency from contaminated soils. The document reviews various chemical leaching solutions for uranium removal and their effectiveness.
Identification of possible migration of contaminants in groundwater at a land...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on identifying possible groundwater contamination at a landfill site in Barka, Oman. Borehole drilling, soil sampling, and groundwater sampling and analysis were conducted. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants like TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and coliform bacteria in groundwater below the landfill compared to background levels, indicating contamination from leachate and liquid waste disposal. A pump test also found decreasing contaminant concentrations with pumping time, suggesting contaminant migration from the landfill area.
C:\fakepath\Impact of tsunami on soil propertiessekaran
The document discusses the impact of tsunamis on soil properties based on various research studies. It describes how tsunami waves can deposit mud and sediments on top of soils, increasing salinity and changing the soil profile. Research findings showed that salts in affected soils were quickly leached due to rainfall but nutrient imbalances from high sodium and low calcium levels remained, affecting crop growth. Studies analyzed changes in soil physical and chemical properties from tsunami deposits and found that while salinity reduced over time, issues like low fertility and compaction persisted in some areas.
Effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction in geological pitsijiert bestjournal
This document summarizes research on the effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction. It discusses how CO2 sequestration in geological pits has the potential to cause soil liquefaction and increase earthquake risk. The document reviews various methods for evaluating soil liquefaction potential, such as measuring shear wave velocity using multichannel analysis of surface waves. It also discusses standards for correcting SPT blow counts and shear wave velocities based on factors like overburden stress. The goal is to evaluate soil liquefaction risk from injecting CO2 into pits using seismic wave methods, in order to identify safe locations for CO2 sequestration.
Subsurface 1D Transport of Dioxin Beneath An Uncontrolled Dump Site - A Case ...Kehsun Lin
This document summarizes a case study of the subsurface transport of dioxins beneath an uncontrolled dump site. Soil samples were taken at increasing depths and three dioxin congeners (1,2,3,4,6,7,8 HpCDD, OCDD, and 2,3,7,8 TCDD) were detected with decreasing concentrations with depth. The transport of these congeners was modeled using the advective-dispersive transport equation, with retardation factors providing a reasonable fit to the measured concentration distributions with depth for each congener. The ratios of the retardation factors between congeners were similar to their octanol-water partitioning coefficients.
Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine p...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Alvarez R, Lavado R. 2003. Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine pampas. Commun. Soil Sci. and Plant Anal. (Taylor & Francis, Inc., 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106) 34 (13-14): 2035-2043. ISSN (impresa): 0010-3624. ISSN (electronica): 1532-2416.
This document discusses sustainable geotechnics and geoenvironmental engineering investigations. It provides an overview of the need for geoenvironmental engineering to assess pollutants in soil and protect groundwater. Special geoenvironmental tests are outlined, including measuring pH, surface charge, cation exchange capacity, and specific surface area. These tests help understand geochemical reactions and contaminant transport, which is important for sustainable remediation and reuse.
There is basic introduction about environmental geotechnology. This is the new allied branch of geotechnical engineering which is dealing with hydrology, environmental engineering as well as lithological formations. In some aspects it is also relate with microbiology as well called geomicrobiology.
This new area of geotechnical engineering can contribute to sustainability to the environment, economy of the ground improvement technology n many other fields as well.
This document summarizes recent advances in removing uranium from contaminated soils using chemical and biological techniques. It discusses soil washing using water or chemical additives to dissolve and extract uranium. Soil acidification and addition of chelating agents like citric acid were found to maximize uranium solubility and extraction. Sodium bicarbonate achieved 75-90% uranium removal efficiency from contaminated soils. The document reviews various chemical leaching solutions for uranium removal and their effectiveness.
Identification of possible migration of contaminants in groundwater at a land...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on identifying possible groundwater contamination at a landfill site in Barka, Oman. Borehole drilling, soil sampling, and groundwater sampling and analysis were conducted. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants like TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and coliform bacteria in groundwater below the landfill compared to background levels, indicating contamination from leachate and liquid waste disposal. A pump test also found decreasing contaminant concentrations with pumping time, suggesting contaminant migration from the landfill area.
C:\fakepath\Impact of tsunami on soil propertiessekaran
The document discusses the impact of tsunamis on soil properties based on various research studies. It describes how tsunami waves can deposit mud and sediments on top of soils, increasing salinity and changing the soil profile. Research findings showed that salts in affected soils were quickly leached due to rainfall but nutrient imbalances from high sodium and low calcium levels remained, affecting crop growth. Studies analyzed changes in soil physical and chemical properties from tsunami deposits and found that while salinity reduced over time, issues like low fertility and compaction persisted in some areas.
Effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction in geological pitsijiert bestjournal
This document summarizes research on the effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction. It discusses how CO2 sequestration in geological pits has the potential to cause soil liquefaction and increase earthquake risk. The document reviews various methods for evaluating soil liquefaction potential, such as measuring shear wave velocity using multichannel analysis of surface waves. It also discusses standards for correcting SPT blow counts and shear wave velocities based on factors like overburden stress. The goal is to evaluate soil liquefaction risk from injecting CO2 into pits using seismic wave methods, in order to identify safe locations for CO2 sequestration.
Subsurface 1D Transport of Dioxin Beneath An Uncontrolled Dump Site - A Case ...Kehsun Lin
This document summarizes a case study of the subsurface transport of dioxins beneath an uncontrolled dump site. Soil samples were taken at increasing depths and three dioxin congeners (1,2,3,4,6,7,8 HpCDD, OCDD, and 2,3,7,8 TCDD) were detected with decreasing concentrations with depth. The transport of these congeners was modeled using the advective-dispersive transport equation, with retardation factors providing a reasonable fit to the measured concentration distributions with depth for each congener. The ratios of the retardation factors between congeners were similar to their octanol-water partitioning coefficients.
Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine p...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Alvarez R, Lavado R. 2003. Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine pampas. Commun. Soil Sci. and Plant Anal. (Taylor & Francis, Inc., 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106) 34 (13-14): 2035-2043. ISSN (impresa): 0010-3624. ISSN (electronica): 1532-2416.
IRJET- Impact of Organic Matter on Volatilization of Petroleum VOCs from ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the impact of soil organic matter on the volatilization of petroleum BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylenes) compounds from soil columns. The study used columns packed with alluvial soil containing different levels of organic matter. Samples were taken from the columns over 28 days to analyze the weekly volatilization of the BTX compounds. The results showed that higher organic matter content led to lower volatilization rates, with up to 1.66 times lower for benzene in soils with 20% more organic matter. Organic matter enhances sorption of contaminants in soil, retaining more of the BTX compounds and reducing their volatility. The vapor
IRJET- Effect of Dumping on Geotechnical Properties of Soil: A ReviewIRJET Journal
Uncontrolled dumping of municipal solid waste has severe negative environmental and public health impacts and affects the geotechnical properties of soil. Previous studies have shown that dumping can decrease the specific gravity and increase the plasticity of soil. It also tends to increase the optimum moisture content and decrease the maximum dry density of soil. Dumping lowers the soil's angle of internal friction and increases its compression and consolidation properties. This review examines the methodologies and key findings of earlier investigations into the effects of dumping on soil index properties, strength characteristics, and hydraulic conductivity in order to understand how it changes geotechnical properties and to guide further research.
1) Soil samples were collected from uphill, on-site, and downhill of the Pantang municipal solid waste dump in Ghana and tested for heavy metals, organic compounds, and other chemical parameters.
2) Testing showed that concentrations of heavy metals like iron, zinc, manganese, lead, copper, and nickel as well as compounds like sulfate, ammonium, carbon, and chloride exceeded normal levels in the on-site and downhill samples.
3) The presence of pollutants in the on-site and downhill samples indicates that leachate from the dump has contaminated the surrounding soils over the 22 years of waste disposal at the site.
Downward movement of potentially toxic elements in biosolids amended soils,Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S.I., Corrêa R.S. 2012. Downward movement of potentially toxic elements in biosolids amended soils, Special issue: Biosolids Soil Application: Agronomic and Environmental Implications, Applied and Environmental Soil Science (ISSN: 1687-7667), Volume 2012, Article ID 145724, 7 pages, doi:10.1155/2012/145724.
Proposed Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Facility in Keningau (Report Review)TiyahHY
This document proposes a new municipal solid waste landfill facility in Keningau. The objectives are to provide adequate waste disposal, meet future demand as the area develops, minimize environmental impacts, and provide local employment. The site is 30.5 hectares located on Crocker Formation sediments from the Eocene to Miocene periods. Monitoring points will be established along rivers to test water quality. Potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures are discussed to protect the local environment while strengthening the economy.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEACHATE FROM MSW LANDFILL,BANGALORE Dr. Naveen BP
Bangalore city generates about 4,500 metric tons of municipal solid waste every day in that 75% is disposed in the landfill. The landfill leachate discharge may lead to serious environmental problems. Leachate may percolate through landfill liners and subsoil causing pollution of ground water and surface waters resources. The aim of this research study is to identify the characteristics of the leachate from landfill in Mavallipura. Landfill leachate contains various pollutants that can be categorized into four groups such as dissolved organic matter, inorganic macrocomponents, heavy metals, and organic compounds. The pH of the leachate is considered as alkaline as the pH is 7.6 in Mavallipura landfill leachate. The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 12 ppm. BOD
and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/L and 10400 mg/L, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favourable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond.
The document discusses nanowastes and their impact on the environment. It begins by defining nanotechnology and nanomaterials. It then discusses how nanomaterials are used in various products and how they may end up as nanowaste during the end-of-life phase of these products. The document outlines the different types of nanowastes and their potential effects on both aquatic and terrestrial environments. It also proposes some analytical tools that can be used to detect nanowastes and monitor their behavior in the environment. Finally, it suggests some potential solutions for addressing the nanowaste problem, such as reusing nanowastes in construction materials to extend their lifecycle.
Three sentences:
The document summarizes a study that examines how vehicular traffic impacts elemental cycling and microbial communities in roadside soils. Soil samples from locations near a highway and a nature preserve were analyzed to compare salt concentrations, carbon mineralization rates, and the microbial reduction and oxidation of antimony. Preliminary results found higher salt levels and slower mineralization rates in roadside soils compared to the nature preserve, and microcosms showed evidence of microbially-mediated antimony redox reactions occurring in both soil types.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document describes a study that developed a quick and easy incubation method to measure nitrogen mineralization from soils and organic residues. The method involves extracting mineral nitrogen from soil and residue mixtures using water and incubating the mixtures at 37°C for 10 days. Mineral nitrogen levels were measured over time. Polynomial equations provided a good fit for modeling nitrogen mineralization curves, particularly for soils mixed with secondary pulp mill sludge. The highest mineralization occurred in soils with the highest organic matter contents. The method effectively simulated the release of easily mineralizable organic nitrogen from soils and residues.
Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Leachate on the Quality of Soilinventionjournals
This document discusses a study on the impact of municipal solid waste leachate on soil quality. Soil samples were collected from waste disposal sites and nearby uncontaminated areas. The contaminated soils showed higher moisture content, specific gravity, permeability, shear strength, and chloride levels compared to uncontaminated soils. Contaminated soils also had lower pH, alkalinity, and compressibility. The results indicate disposal of solid waste reduces soil quality by changing various physical, chemical and geotechnical properties compared to uncontaminated soils. The key conclusion is the long-term disposal of municipal solid waste contaminates soils and degrades soil quality over time.
The document discusses a workshop on analyzing how human activities have physically, chemically, and biologically modified soils in the territory of Ripa and TorrevecchiaTeatina, Italy. Samples of soil and sedimentary rocks were collected from the area and analyzed. The soil sampling involved removing soil clods to examine layers and profiles. Various sedimentary rocks were found in the soil samples, including limestone, flint, and gravel/sand. Experiments were conducted to analyze the porosity, permeability, acidity, and carbonate content of the soils. The analyses found the soil in more developed urban areas was more porous, less permeable, and more acidic compared to less disturbed hilly soils.
This document discusses soil modeling and its role in quantifying ecosystem services. It covers:
1. The definition of soil modeling as simulating all soil processes, and its importance in quantifying supporting processes like nutrient cycling and degradation processes like erosion.
2. Key concepts like natural capital, supporting processes, regulating services, and provisioning services as they relate to soil modeling and ecosystem services.
3. Challenges in soil modeling like dealing with soil heterogeneity and uncertainty across spatial and temporal scales. Modern data sources like remote sensing, pedotransfer functions, and proximal soil sensing can help address these challenges by providing model inputs.
This document discusses a study on the effect of land use change from paddy fields to vegetable fields on residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils. Soil samples were taken from vegetable fields that had been converted from paddy fields for 0 to 50 years. The mean concentrations of various OCPs were measured, with DDTs being the highest. Residues of OCPs, especially DDTs, increased over the first 15 years after conversion and then decreased from 20 to 30 years before increasing slightly after 30 years. The changes in OCP residues over time are suggested to be controlled by the alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the soils.
IRJET- Comparison of Fuller’s Earth & China Clay for the Control of Leachate ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using different clay materials as landfill liners to control leachate. Fuller's earth and china clay are compared. Fuller's earth consists mainly of palygorskite while china clay is kaolinite. Studies have shown that china clay performs better as a landfill liner due to its lower permeability and stronger bonding properties compared to fuller's earth. Additional research examines the effects of desiccation cracks and chemical composition of leachate on the hydraulic conductivity of clay liners. One study develops an anti-seepage grout using contaminated clay from a landfill that is able to effectively retard pollutants in leachate with low permeability.
11.[40 51]correlates in groundwater quality parameters and textural classes o...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the physicochemical status of groundwater in Ekakpamre, Nigeria, a community located in the oil-rich Niger Delta region. 10 groundwater samples were collected from boreholes about 1 km apart and analyzed along with soil samples from around the boreholes. The study found that clay-rich soils appeared to influence certain groundwater quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, total petroleum hydrocarbons, and potassium levels. While groundwater quality was generally similar across sampling locations, levels of lead and cadmium exceeded regulatory limits for drinking water in some samples, posing a potential public health risk. Principal component analysis identified three components that accounted for 100% of the variability in the original water quality data
The Changing of Soil Reaction and Exchangeable Aluminum on two Different Soil...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document summarizes a study on the effects of dolomite application on soil reaction and exchangeable aluminum in two different soil orders: Ultisols Kentrong and Inceptisols Jatinangor in Indonesia. Dolomite applications significantly increased soil pH and decreased exchangeable aluminum in Ultisols Kentrong. In Inceptisols Jatinangor, dolomite increased soil pH insignificantly and did not significantly affect exchangeable aluminum. The results indicate that liming effects differ between soil orders depending on their inherent acidity levels.
1) Field and laboratory experiments studied the behavior of long-lived radionuclides from Chernobyl in soils and bottom sediments. A key distinction of Chernobyl fallout was the inclusion of radionuclides as insoluble fuel particles, unlike global fallout which was more soluble.
2) Over time, fuel particles disintegrate, transitioning radionuclides into exchangeable forms and allowing migration. Each chemical form migrates at different rates depending on solution transport or particle movement.
3) Distribution of radionuclides between solids and liquids is governed by ion exchange and determined by macrocation concentrations.
STPM Chemistry Coursework/Project PBS Power Point Presentation (2016) Weiss Lee
STPM Chemistry Coursework/Project PBS Power Point Presentation (2016)
Title:The study of soil in agriculture use
Method:Loss on ignition(LOI) , pH test and filtration
IRJET- A Review on Comparative Evaluation of Bentonite Soil with Ordinary...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of using bentonite soil mixed with ordinary clay as a liner material for controlling leachate movement in soil. It discusses how adding bentonite to clay can reduce the hydraulic conductivity, shear strength, and compressibility of the material. The document examines previous studies that found mixtures of 20% bentonite and other materials like fly ash or slag satisfied requirements for impermeable landfill liners. It also discusses factors like the cation exchange capacity and mineral composition of bentonite that enable it to absorb water and contaminants. The review concludes that bentonite-clay mixtures can meet the necessary standards of low hydraulic conductivity for long-term containment of landfill leachate if evaluated and designed properly based on geotechn
This document discusses the selection of landfill sites for solid waste management in Damaturu Town, Nigeria using GIS techniques. It outlines various factors that must be considered when selecting landfill sites, such as land use, proximity to roads, elevation, slope, groundwater levels, wind direction, and distance from residential areas and water bodies. GIS allows for capturing, storing, manipulating and analyzing spatial data for the area. Through assigning weighted criteria to factors like land use, roads and water bodies, the document uses GIS and multi-criteria analysis to identify 7 potential landfill sites that meet the size requirement of 20 hectares.
’Environmental Site Investigation and Due Diligence in the Current Market.’ ...Padraic Mulroy
’Environmental Site Investigation and Due Diligence in the Current Market.\’ Presentation given to Association of Petroleum and Explosives Administration (APEA) in Omagh, County Tyrone on the 20th October, 2012 and in Mitchelstown, County Cork on the 15th November, 2012.
IRJET- Impact of Organic Matter on Volatilization of Petroleum VOCs from ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the impact of soil organic matter on the volatilization of petroleum BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylenes) compounds from soil columns. The study used columns packed with alluvial soil containing different levels of organic matter. Samples were taken from the columns over 28 days to analyze the weekly volatilization of the BTX compounds. The results showed that higher organic matter content led to lower volatilization rates, with up to 1.66 times lower for benzene in soils with 20% more organic matter. Organic matter enhances sorption of contaminants in soil, retaining more of the BTX compounds and reducing their volatility. The vapor
IRJET- Effect of Dumping on Geotechnical Properties of Soil: A ReviewIRJET Journal
Uncontrolled dumping of municipal solid waste has severe negative environmental and public health impacts and affects the geotechnical properties of soil. Previous studies have shown that dumping can decrease the specific gravity and increase the plasticity of soil. It also tends to increase the optimum moisture content and decrease the maximum dry density of soil. Dumping lowers the soil's angle of internal friction and increases its compression and consolidation properties. This review examines the methodologies and key findings of earlier investigations into the effects of dumping on soil index properties, strength characteristics, and hydraulic conductivity in order to understand how it changes geotechnical properties and to guide further research.
1) Soil samples were collected from uphill, on-site, and downhill of the Pantang municipal solid waste dump in Ghana and tested for heavy metals, organic compounds, and other chemical parameters.
2) Testing showed that concentrations of heavy metals like iron, zinc, manganese, lead, copper, and nickel as well as compounds like sulfate, ammonium, carbon, and chloride exceeded normal levels in the on-site and downhill samples.
3) The presence of pollutants in the on-site and downhill samples indicates that leachate from the dump has contaminated the surrounding soils over the 22 years of waste disposal at the site.
Downward movement of potentially toxic elements in biosolids amended soils,Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S.I., Corrêa R.S. 2012. Downward movement of potentially toxic elements in biosolids amended soils, Special issue: Biosolids Soil Application: Agronomic and Environmental Implications, Applied and Environmental Soil Science (ISSN: 1687-7667), Volume 2012, Article ID 145724, 7 pages, doi:10.1155/2012/145724.
Proposed Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Facility in Keningau (Report Review)TiyahHY
This document proposes a new municipal solid waste landfill facility in Keningau. The objectives are to provide adequate waste disposal, meet future demand as the area develops, minimize environmental impacts, and provide local employment. The site is 30.5 hectares located on Crocker Formation sediments from the Eocene to Miocene periods. Monitoring points will be established along rivers to test water quality. Potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures are discussed to protect the local environment while strengthening the economy.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEACHATE FROM MSW LANDFILL,BANGALORE Dr. Naveen BP
Bangalore city generates about 4,500 metric tons of municipal solid waste every day in that 75% is disposed in the landfill. The landfill leachate discharge may lead to serious environmental problems. Leachate may percolate through landfill liners and subsoil causing pollution of ground water and surface waters resources. The aim of this research study is to identify the characteristics of the leachate from landfill in Mavallipura. Landfill leachate contains various pollutants that can be categorized into four groups such as dissolved organic matter, inorganic macrocomponents, heavy metals, and organic compounds. The pH of the leachate is considered as alkaline as the pH is 7.6 in Mavallipura landfill leachate. The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 12 ppm. BOD
and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/L and 10400 mg/L, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favourable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond.
The document discusses nanowastes and their impact on the environment. It begins by defining nanotechnology and nanomaterials. It then discusses how nanomaterials are used in various products and how they may end up as nanowaste during the end-of-life phase of these products. The document outlines the different types of nanowastes and their potential effects on both aquatic and terrestrial environments. It also proposes some analytical tools that can be used to detect nanowastes and monitor their behavior in the environment. Finally, it suggests some potential solutions for addressing the nanowaste problem, such as reusing nanowastes in construction materials to extend their lifecycle.
Three sentences:
The document summarizes a study that examines how vehicular traffic impacts elemental cycling and microbial communities in roadside soils. Soil samples from locations near a highway and a nature preserve were analyzed to compare salt concentrations, carbon mineralization rates, and the microbial reduction and oxidation of antimony. Preliminary results found higher salt levels and slower mineralization rates in roadside soils compared to the nature preserve, and microcosms showed evidence of microbially-mediated antimony redox reactions occurring in both soil types.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document describes a study that developed a quick and easy incubation method to measure nitrogen mineralization from soils and organic residues. The method involves extracting mineral nitrogen from soil and residue mixtures using water and incubating the mixtures at 37°C for 10 days. Mineral nitrogen levels were measured over time. Polynomial equations provided a good fit for modeling nitrogen mineralization curves, particularly for soils mixed with secondary pulp mill sludge. The highest mineralization occurred in soils with the highest organic matter contents. The method effectively simulated the release of easily mineralizable organic nitrogen from soils and residues.
Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Leachate on the Quality of Soilinventionjournals
This document discusses a study on the impact of municipal solid waste leachate on soil quality. Soil samples were collected from waste disposal sites and nearby uncontaminated areas. The contaminated soils showed higher moisture content, specific gravity, permeability, shear strength, and chloride levels compared to uncontaminated soils. Contaminated soils also had lower pH, alkalinity, and compressibility. The results indicate disposal of solid waste reduces soil quality by changing various physical, chemical and geotechnical properties compared to uncontaminated soils. The key conclusion is the long-term disposal of municipal solid waste contaminates soils and degrades soil quality over time.
The document discusses a workshop on analyzing how human activities have physically, chemically, and biologically modified soils in the territory of Ripa and TorrevecchiaTeatina, Italy. Samples of soil and sedimentary rocks were collected from the area and analyzed. The soil sampling involved removing soil clods to examine layers and profiles. Various sedimentary rocks were found in the soil samples, including limestone, flint, and gravel/sand. Experiments were conducted to analyze the porosity, permeability, acidity, and carbonate content of the soils. The analyses found the soil in more developed urban areas was more porous, less permeable, and more acidic compared to less disturbed hilly soils.
This document discusses soil modeling and its role in quantifying ecosystem services. It covers:
1. The definition of soil modeling as simulating all soil processes, and its importance in quantifying supporting processes like nutrient cycling and degradation processes like erosion.
2. Key concepts like natural capital, supporting processes, regulating services, and provisioning services as they relate to soil modeling and ecosystem services.
3. Challenges in soil modeling like dealing with soil heterogeneity and uncertainty across spatial and temporal scales. Modern data sources like remote sensing, pedotransfer functions, and proximal soil sensing can help address these challenges by providing model inputs.
This document discusses a study on the effect of land use change from paddy fields to vegetable fields on residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils. Soil samples were taken from vegetable fields that had been converted from paddy fields for 0 to 50 years. The mean concentrations of various OCPs were measured, with DDTs being the highest. Residues of OCPs, especially DDTs, increased over the first 15 years after conversion and then decreased from 20 to 30 years before increasing slightly after 30 years. The changes in OCP residues over time are suggested to be controlled by the alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the soils.
IRJET- Comparison of Fuller’s Earth & China Clay for the Control of Leachate ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using different clay materials as landfill liners to control leachate. Fuller's earth and china clay are compared. Fuller's earth consists mainly of palygorskite while china clay is kaolinite. Studies have shown that china clay performs better as a landfill liner due to its lower permeability and stronger bonding properties compared to fuller's earth. Additional research examines the effects of desiccation cracks and chemical composition of leachate on the hydraulic conductivity of clay liners. One study develops an anti-seepage grout using contaminated clay from a landfill that is able to effectively retard pollutants in leachate with low permeability.
11.[40 51]correlates in groundwater quality parameters and textural classes o...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the physicochemical status of groundwater in Ekakpamre, Nigeria, a community located in the oil-rich Niger Delta region. 10 groundwater samples were collected from boreholes about 1 km apart and analyzed along with soil samples from around the boreholes. The study found that clay-rich soils appeared to influence certain groundwater quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, total petroleum hydrocarbons, and potassium levels. While groundwater quality was generally similar across sampling locations, levels of lead and cadmium exceeded regulatory limits for drinking water in some samples, posing a potential public health risk. Principal component analysis identified three components that accounted for 100% of the variability in the original water quality data
The Changing of Soil Reaction and Exchangeable Aluminum on two Different Soil...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document summarizes a study on the effects of dolomite application on soil reaction and exchangeable aluminum in two different soil orders: Ultisols Kentrong and Inceptisols Jatinangor in Indonesia. Dolomite applications significantly increased soil pH and decreased exchangeable aluminum in Ultisols Kentrong. In Inceptisols Jatinangor, dolomite increased soil pH insignificantly and did not significantly affect exchangeable aluminum. The results indicate that liming effects differ between soil orders depending on their inherent acidity levels.
1) Field and laboratory experiments studied the behavior of long-lived radionuclides from Chernobyl in soils and bottom sediments. A key distinction of Chernobyl fallout was the inclusion of radionuclides as insoluble fuel particles, unlike global fallout which was more soluble.
2) Over time, fuel particles disintegrate, transitioning radionuclides into exchangeable forms and allowing migration. Each chemical form migrates at different rates depending on solution transport or particle movement.
3) Distribution of radionuclides between solids and liquids is governed by ion exchange and determined by macrocation concentrations.
STPM Chemistry Coursework/Project PBS Power Point Presentation (2016) Weiss Lee
STPM Chemistry Coursework/Project PBS Power Point Presentation (2016)
Title:The study of soil in agriculture use
Method:Loss on ignition(LOI) , pH test and filtration
IRJET- A Review on Comparative Evaluation of Bentonite Soil with Ordinary...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of using bentonite soil mixed with ordinary clay as a liner material for controlling leachate movement in soil. It discusses how adding bentonite to clay can reduce the hydraulic conductivity, shear strength, and compressibility of the material. The document examines previous studies that found mixtures of 20% bentonite and other materials like fly ash or slag satisfied requirements for impermeable landfill liners. It also discusses factors like the cation exchange capacity and mineral composition of bentonite that enable it to absorb water and contaminants. The review concludes that bentonite-clay mixtures can meet the necessary standards of low hydraulic conductivity for long-term containment of landfill leachate if evaluated and designed properly based on geotechn
This document discusses the selection of landfill sites for solid waste management in Damaturu Town, Nigeria using GIS techniques. It outlines various factors that must be considered when selecting landfill sites, such as land use, proximity to roads, elevation, slope, groundwater levels, wind direction, and distance from residential areas and water bodies. GIS allows for capturing, storing, manipulating and analyzing spatial data for the area. Through assigning weighted criteria to factors like land use, roads and water bodies, the document uses GIS and multi-criteria analysis to identify 7 potential landfill sites that meet the size requirement of 20 hectares.
’Environmental Site Investigation and Due Diligence in the Current Market.’ ...Padraic Mulroy
’Environmental Site Investigation and Due Diligence in the Current Market.\’ Presentation given to Association of Petroleum and Explosives Administration (APEA) in Omagh, County Tyrone on the 20th October, 2012 and in Mitchelstown, County Cork on the 15th November, 2012.
The document discusses different types of water pollution including point sources like pipes and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. It also describes various sources of water pollution such as infectious agents, oxygen-demanding wastes, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, sediment, and heat. Specific examples are given for each along with their major human sources and effects on aquatic life. Groundwater pollution sources including industrial, domestic, and agricultural waste are outlined. Finally, sources of ocean pollution like domestic and industrial waste, oil spills, and sludge disposal are covered.
A small, compact case study on the Chernobyl disaster. I have made this presentation because I deeply grieve for the loss of every person who suffered by the hand of the horrendous disaster.
This document discusses site investigation techniques for determining soil properties. It describes taking disturbed and undisturbed soil samples using tools like a hand auger. Properties like bulk density and moisture content are then calculated in the lab from the samples. Appropriate site investigation methods depend on factors like the geological and topographical conditions and the type of information needed. Methods range from simple visual inspections to more complex techniques using equipment like boreholes for different soil and construction types.
Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) is concrete that is manufactured in a batch plant, then delivered to a work site by truck mounted transit mixers. It offers several advantages over site-mixed concrete including better quality control, reduced labor costs, and less environmental impact. The document discusses the history and development of the RMC industry in various countries including India. It describes the materials used in RMC including aggregates, cement, and other ingredients. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete and are divided into coarse and fine aggregates. Proper sampling of aggregates is important for quality control. Cement is the binder that sets and hardens the concrete. The scope and growth potential of the RMC industry in India is
Dokumen ini membahas program kawalan infeksi di fasilitas kesehatan primer di Jabatan Kesehatan Negeri Pahang, Malaysia. Program ini penting untuk menjaga kesehatan tenaga kesehatan dan mencegah penularan penyakit. Standar kawalan infeksi perlu diterapkan untuk mengurangi risiko penularan, dan pelatihan telah dilakukan untuk 52% tenaga kesehatan. Audit berkala dilakukan untuk memantau kepatuhan dan mengidentifikasi area
This document provides an overview of engineering ethics and several case studies related to ethical issues engineers may face. It discusses what engineering ethics is, why it is studied, and its scope. Several case studies are then summarized related to a killer robot, issues with the DC-10 aircraft, whistleblowing, structural issues with the Citicorp building, and the tragedy of the Space Shuttle Challenger. Sample codes of ethics are also briefly mentioned.
Total station and its application to civil engineeringTushar Dholakia
Total stations are surveying instruments that combine an electronic theodolite, electronic distance meter, and on-board computer. They allow users to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances to calculate coordinates. Modern total stations can store thousands of data points, perform computations, and transfer data remotely via memory cards or wireless connections. They have largely replaced standalone theodolites and distance meters due to greater accuracy, automation, and data processing capabilities. Total stations find wide application in civil engineering, mining, accident reconstruction, and other fields requiring precise spatial measurements and positioning.
This test measures the compressive strength of concrete cubes made and cured according to specific standards. It provides a measure of quality control by testing one property, compressive strength, but results can vary depending on test conditions like specimen size and loading rate. The document outlines how to conduct compression tests on concrete cubes to determine if the concrete meets design specifications. Cubes are made, cured, weighed, and tested for compressive strength at various ages to see how strength develops over time. Detailed procedures are provided for casting, curing, operating the compression machine, and analyzing results.
1. The objective of the experiment is to determine the grain size distribution of a soil sample using sieves and comparing the results to BS 410 standards.
2. The procedure involves sieving soil samples through a series of sieves with decreasing pore sizes, weighing the material retained on each sieve, and calculating the percentage retained and passing through each sieve.
3. The results show the weight and percentage retained and passing for each sieve size. A distribution curve is analyzed and compared to grading standards to evaluate the quality of the soil sample.
This document provides information about nuclear pollution from an environmental studies project. It discusses the causes of nuclear pollution including nuclear weapons testing, nuclear power plants, and improper disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Two major nuclear accidents are summarized: the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, where a nuclear reactor exploded in Ukraine, and the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan caused by an earthquake and tsunami. The effects of nuclear pollution on health and the environment are outlined. Suggested preventative measures include proper disposal of nuclear waste and ensuring safety at nuclear power plants.
This document discusses nuclear hazards and human health risks. It covers sources of nuclear pollution including natural sources like cosmic rays and radioactive materials in rocks, and man-made sources such as nuclear waste, nuclear weapons production, mining of radioactive ores, and nuclear accidents. Human health risks from radiation exposure include somatic effects on cells and organs as well as genetic effects and mutations that can impact future generations. The document also outlines ways to control nuclear hazards such as preventing leaks and accidents at nuclear sites, regular monitoring, and careful disposal and long-term monitoring of nuclear waste.
The document discusses nuclear accidents and their severity levels according to the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). It describes seven levels of severity, ranging from minor accidents with no safety impact (Level 1) to major accidents resulting in widespread health and environmental effects (Level 7). Only three events have been rated Level 7 - Chernobyl in 1986, Fukushima in 2011, and the Kyshtym disaster in 1957. Accidents are measured based on their impacts on people, the environment, and radioactive damage and exposure.
The document discusses nuclear accidents and their severity levels according to the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). It provides examples of different types of accidents at each severity level, from minor incidents with no safety impact (Level 1) to major events resulting in widespread health and environmental effects (Level 7). The two worst accidents to date were the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, both rated at Level 7.
Radioactive pollution is defined as the release of radioactive substances or particles into the environment from human activities like nuclear weapon testing, nuclear power plants, or accidents. It can cause serious health effects like cancer due to radiation exposure and remains toxic for centuries. Sources include natural processes like radioactive minerals as well as human activities involving nuclear materials, weapons, power plants, and medical isotopes. Effects range from acute radiation sickness to long-term mutations and increased cancer risks. Monitoring, safe waste disposal, and prevention of leaks and accidents are important for controlling radioactive pollution.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 in Ukraine caused widespread radioactive contamination over much of western Europe, affecting humans, soil, plants, and animals. In response, firefighters extinguished external fires and received large radiation doses, a concrete shell was built around the reactor which continues to leak radiation, and Pripyat was evacuated. Satellite imaging and radiation detectors tracked the plume and dykes, dams, and walls were constructed to prevent contamination of soil and water. Environmental impact assessments, which predict project impacts and inform decision making, always include a baseline study of the pre-project environment.
Nuclear hazards from soil contamination can have significant health and environmental impacts. Radioactive materials from nuclear power plants and waste can spread through fallout and enter the food chain. Proper management and disposal of nuclear waste is important to isolate radioactive materials and prevent harmful exposure. In case of a nuclear accident, immediate evacuation from the area and avoiding direct contact with radiation is crucial until it can be contained and the contaminated site cleaned up.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. On April 26, 1986, a reactor explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine released large amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Over 100,000 people had to be evacuated and large areas became contaminated with radiation. Long term impacts included increased cancer rates, environmental contamination, and economic impacts due to agricultural and land restrictions.
Chernobyl disaster and Radioactive waste Dheeraj Gava
This presentation includes the basic information about radioactive waste and its types. it also includes the a brief information on Chernobyl disaster.
Nuclear pollution occurs when radioactive material is released into the environment through various human activities like nuclear power generation, weapons production, mining, and medical use. It can cause health issues ranging from mild skin irritation to cancer and death from exposure. The main sources of nuclear pollution are nuclear power plants, mining and milling of uranium ores, waste from nuclear weapons, and disposal of radioactive materials from medical and research facilities. Safety measures need to be strengthened to prevent nuclear pollution and reduce associated health risks. Moving away from nuclear power and toward more sustainable and renewable energy sources can also help address this issue over the long term.
Response systems to risks and accidents of nuclear power plantsOeko-Institut
This document discusses response systems for nuclear accidents in South Korea and neighboring countries. It provides an overview of nuclear power plants in the region and the border-crossing nature of nuclear accidents. The document outlines the phases of response, including early measures like evacuation and monitoring. It discusses challenges like risk perception and the importance of communication. Effective response requires international cooperation and preparedness in advance through emergency planning.
Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Radiological Implications: a review of ICR...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Chernobyl disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred in 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. Due to design flaws and human error, reactor number 4 exploded and burned, releasing large amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. The explosion and fires immediately killed two workers and forced the evacuation of over 100,000 people from the surrounding area. Long-term, the disaster caused many cases of radiation poisoning and increased cancer rates in the affected population and environment.
The document summarizes the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster in the Soviet Union. On April 26th, 1986, a failed safety test at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine caused two explosions that released significant radioactive material into the atmosphere. Over 100,000 people were evacuated and the accident exposed millions to radiation. It resulted in widespread health and environmental effects. Lessons learned include the need for strict safety compliance and emergency response systems for nuclear facilities. The region remains uninhabitable due to ongoing radiation.
This document provides biographical information about Vivek Khandai, including his educational background and contact details. It also discusses various topics related to environmental radiation, including natural and artificial sources, hazards of nuclear radiation, nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings, effects of radiation exposure, and perspectives on radiation as both a risk and potential benefit in small doses.
The Chernobyl disaster was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. On April 26, 1986, a safety test caused an uncontrollable nuclear chain reaction in reactor number 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near Pripyat, Ukraine. Large amounts of radioactive materials were released into the atmosphere and spread over much of the western USSR and Europe. Over 100,000 people were evacuated from the surrounding area. The accident exposed the flaws in the RBMK nuclear reactor design and in the Soviet safety culture. It highlighted the need for robust safety systems, oversight, and transparency to prevent future disasters.
The Chernobyl nuclear accident occurred in 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. An explosion during a safety test destroyed Reactor 4 and released large amounts of radiation into the atmosphere. Over 30 people died immediately from radiation exposure. Around 200,000 people were relocated long term due to radiation contamination of a 150,000 square kilometer area. Long term effects of radiation included increased cases of cancer and thyroid disease. The landscape and food/water supply of the affected regions also became contaminated.
The document summarizes two major nuclear disasters: Chernobyl in 1986 and Fukushima Daiichi in 2011. Chernobyl was caused by operator error and reactor design flaws, exposing many to radiation and increasing cancer rates. Fukushima was triggered by an earthquake and tsunami damaging the plant and backup generators, causing meltdowns and radiation leaks. Both incidents had massive health, economic and psychological impacts through radiation exposure, evacuation, land contamination and food restrictions. Ongoing efforts focus on containment, monitoring and decontamination to cope with the aftermath.
The Chernobyl disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred in 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. An explosion and fire released large amounts of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, spreading over much of Europe. In the most affected areas, levels of radioactivity in drinking water caused concern for weeks and months. Some animals in the worst areas died or stopped reproducing, while the next generation appeared normal. Groundwater was not badly affected as radionuclides decayed or were absorbed in soils before reaching groundwater.
This presentation covers nuclear pollution from nuclear power and reactions. It discusses sources of ionizing radiation including natural sources like cosmic rays and terrestrial radiation, as well as man-made sources such as nuclear weapon testing, uranium mining, and nuclear power plant operation. The effects of radiation on plants, animals, and aquatic life are addressed. Major nuclear accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island are summarized. Ways to control nuclear pollution through safe storage, disposal, and plant regulations are provided. The conclusion covers the risks of nuclear pollution but also the potential for sustainable nuclear energy.
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Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
3.
Occurred in Chernobly, Ukraine in 26 April 1986 due
to the nuclear plant design is not perfect
Main cause of these cases occurred due to a nuclear
plant is operated by staff who do not receive
adequate training and lack of ethics to be concerned
about security at nuclear plants.
The Chernobyl Power Complex, lying about 130 km
north of Kiev, Ukraine, and about 20 km south of the
border with Belarus.
Have 4 units,units 1 and 2 constructed between 1970
and 1977, while units 3 and 4 of the same design
were completed in 1983
4.
Have 4 units,units 1 and 2 constructed between 1970
and 1977, while units 3 and 4 of the same design
were completed in 1983
To the southeast of the plant,have an artificial lake of
some 22 square kilometres, situated beside the river
Pripyat
About 3 km away from the reactor, in the new city,
Pripyat, there were 49,000 inhabitants.
6.
On 25 April 1986, before routine shutdown, the reactor
crew at Chernobyl 4 begin preparations to test how long
turbines would spin long and how much power can be
supplied to the main circulating pump. This is because the
main electrical supply outages.
A series of operator actions, including the disabling of
automatic shutdown mechanisms, preceded the
attempted test early on 26 April. By the time that the
operator moved to shut down the reactor, the reactor was
in an extremely unstable condition. Then, the reactor
explode.
CRONOLOGY
7.
Two Chernobyl plant workers died on the night of the
accident, and a further 28 people died within a few
weeks as a result of acute radiation poisoning.
About 200-300 tonnes of water per hour was injected
into the intact half of the reactor using the auxiliary
feedwater pumps but this was stopped after half a
day owing to the danger of it flowing into and flooding
units 1 and 2.
From the second to tenth day after the accident,
some 5000 tonnes of boron, dolomite, sand, clay and
lead were dropped on to the burning core by
helicopter in an effort to extinguish the blaze and limit
the release of radioactive particles.
8.
The main cause why the case. When seen again in
this case, the safety factor is not taken seriously or in
other words be underestimated. Safety factor is very
important because of security involving a person's
life. This story should be taken by all parties,
including employers and workers themselves to
secure their own safety and others. If this tragedy,
not just employees who receive the effect, but the
society around. It is possible it will spread to
neighboring countries.
OBJECTIVE
9.
The effects of what happened. Each case or the
tragedy that happened would have the effect of its
own. Effects are divided into two, namely rz effects
and adverse effects. However, based on case
studies done in other cases, the majority are
negative. Effects that occur will involve human
beings, animals, plants and surroundings.
How to overcome the problems that occur in case
that happens. Depending on what happened, if
cases occur in the severe stage, the solution will also
experience difficulties. Increasingly difficult to solve,
the higher cost is required.
Teaching that can be taken from the case or the
tragedy that occurred. It is important to ensure that
such cases do not recur.
10.
The principal objectives for a highway design Site
Investigation are as follows:
Suitability: Are the site and surroundings suitable for
the highway?
Design: Obtain all the design parameters necessary
for the works.
Construction: Are there any potential ground or
ground water conditions that would affect the
construction?
PROCESS INVOLVE INVOLVED SITE
INVESTIGATION
11.
Materials: Are there any materials available on site,
what quantity and quality?
Effect of changes: How will the design affect
adjacent properties and the ground water?
Identify Alternatives: Is this the best location?
12.
Typical activities included in a site investigation are:
Identification and selection of appropriate technologies
that allow site investigation and meet the required level of
data quality (e.g., field measurement technologies, field
sampling methods)
Determination of the environmental conditions at the site:
Sampling and analysis to find out the nature, extent,
source, and significance of the contamination present at
the site
Sampling and analysis to assess the physical,
geophysical, and ecological conditions at the site,
Interpretation of the results t characterize site conditions
SITE INVESTIGATION
METHODS
13.
Baseline assessment of the risk the site may pose to
receptors of concern. Pathways that should be
considered are:
Soil and dust - direct contact, ingestion, or inhalation
Water - ingestion and inhalation
Air - inhalation and ingestion
14.
Technical methods needed to perform the site
investigation activities are for example:
Field sampling
Direct-push sampling
Sampling based on drilling methods
Passive diffusion bag samplers
Soil gas sampling
Single and continuous water sampling Integral
pumping tests
16.
Received or exposed to high doses of radiation can
cause skin diseases , thyroid cancer, leukaemia and
soon.
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) was originally
diagnosed in 237 people on-site and involved with
the clean-up and it was later confirmed in 134 cases.
Causing 28 deaths (result of ARS within a few weeks
of the accident)– six of which were firemen. Nineteen
more subsequently died between 1987 and 2004.
ASSESMENT AND IMPACT
CHERNOBLY ACCIDENT 1986
17.
radiation can cause skin diseases , thyroid cancer
and leukaemia
18.
Effects of radiation exposure fall into two main classes:
deterministic effects
where the effect is certain to occur under given
conditions (e.g. individuals exposed to several grays
over a short period of time will definitely suffer Acute
Radiation Syndrome)
stochastic effects
where the effect may or may not occur (e.g. an
increase in radiation exposure may or may not
induce a cancer in a particular individual but if a
sufficiently large population receive a radiation
exposure above a certain level, an increase in the
incidence of cancer may become detectable in that
population).
19.
some physicians in advised pregnant women to
undergo abortions on account of radiation exposure.
Chernobyl accident 1986 cause serious social and
economic disruption for large populations in Belarus,
Russia and Ukraine.
Many person reported have have died at the time
from a coronary thrombosisc.
Soil contaminated with very highly(radioactive will
absorb in soil and cause pollution to ground water).
When contaminated ground water resources. living
creatures use this resource was also exposed to
radiation.
20.
For the conclusion, site investigation is a investigation
of the physical characteristics of the site and includes
documentary studies, site surveys and ground
investigation. The last item refers to the actual surface or
subsurface investigation, including on site laboratory
tests. In broad sense, site investigation should also
include study of the site history and environment,
interpretation and analyses of all available data, and
making recommendations on the favorable/unfavorable
locations, economics and safe design, and prediction of
potential risks.
CONCLUSION