This paper presents the results of an investigation of isotope hydrology of the wetland in the Mohlapitsi and Olifants basins. One hundred and twenty eight water samples were collected during May 2007 through November 2013 for deuterium and oxygen-18 analyses. The isotopic compositions of water samples at the study site catchment did not show any significant difference, indicating they are from the same source. This isotopic similarity between the upstream and the wetland aquifers confirmed the hydraulic interconnection between them. Furthermore, river water samples cluster together except water samples at Valis Village crossing and downstream river. The auger hole samples are quite variable with those associated with upstream transects grouping with the drains, while those associated with the downstream transects more similar to the spring. The indications are that the springs have a highly variable signature which may suggest that there are different types of springs to be found in the study catchment. The isotopic composition of water samples in the study area during low-flow (June 2011 and July 2012) and high-flow (November 2011 and December 2012) periods were similar.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between
stations. However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l
and 14.8 g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as
evaporation and marine influence by aerosol.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...journal ijrtem
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between stations.
However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l and 14.8
g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as evaporation and
marine influence by aerosol.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between
stations. However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l
and 14.8 g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as
evaporation and marine influence by aerosol.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...journal ijrtem
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between stations.
However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l and 14.8
g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as evaporation and
marine influence by aerosol.
A B S T R A C T
Urban stormwater lakes in cold regions are ice-covered for substantial parts of the winter. It has long been considered that the ice-covered period is the “dormant season,” during which ecological processes are inactive. However, little is known about this period due to the historical focus on the open-water season. Recent pioneering research on ice-covered natural lakes has suggested that some critical ecological processes play out on the ice. The objective of this study was to investigate the active processes in ice-covered stormwater lakes. Data collected during a two-year field measurement program at a stormwater lake located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada were analyzed. The lake was covered by ice from November to mid-April of the following year. The mean value of chlorophyll-a during the ice-covered period was 22.09% of the mean value for the open-water season, suggesting that primary productivity under ice can be important. Nitrogen and phosphorus were remarkably higher during the ice-covered period, while dissolved organic carbon showed little seasonal variation. Under ice-covered conditions, the total phosphorus was the major nutrient controlling the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus, and a significant positive correlation existed between total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a when the ratio was smaller than 10. The results provide preliminary evidence of the critical nutrient processes in the Stormwater Lake during the ice-covered period.
Environmental Qualitative assessment of rivers sedimentsGJESM Publication
In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals (Ca, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni) in thesediment of Shavoor River in Khuzestan Province in Iran has been investigated. After the library studies and field studies, six samples of water
and sediment were taken from the river in order to evaluate heavy metal pollution in sediments. To determine the
geochemical phases of metals in sediment samples the 5-step method was used for chemical separation. For quantitative assessment of the severity of contamination in the sediments, the geochemical indicators such as enriched factor (EF) and the accumulation index (Igeo) were used. Also, the statistical analyses including methods such as correlation analysis cluster analysis the (CA), were conducted.The results of the experiments showed that the organic matter deposited varies
with the average of 2.49 and ranges between 1.95% and 3.43%. Samples showed concentrations of metals such as calcium, iron, manganese, copper and nickel at all the sampling points were below the global average, whereas the concentration of copper was slightly higher than the global scale. Enriched factor (EF) was calculated for the elements revealed that heavy metals are classified as non-infected. The Geo-accumulation Index showed that the studied elements were uninfected peers. Based on the results of multivariate statistical analysis it was concluded that metals such as manganese, copper, iron, nickel and zinc are mainly natural and calcium metal is likely to have an organic origin.
Spatial variability of nutrients (N, P) in a deep, temperate lake with a low trophic level supported by global navigation satellite systems, geographic information system and geostatistics
The River Nile delta shallow lakes namely, Edku, Burullus and Manzala are natural wetland ecosystems, connected to fresh water sources at the south and to the open sea at the north. Throughout their relatively short geological and hydrological history, the lakes received unpolluted fresh water from the river Nile.
A B S T R A C T
Urban stormwater lakes in cold regions are ice-covered for substantial parts of the winter. It has long been considered that the ice-covered period is the “dormant season,” during which ecological processes are inactive. However, little is known about this period due to the historical focus on the open-water season. Recent pioneering research on ice-covered natural lakes has suggested that some critical ecological processes play out on the ice. The objective of this study was to investigate the active processes in ice-covered stormwater lakes. Data collected during a two-year field measurement program at a stormwater lake located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada were analyzed. The lake was covered by ice from November to mid-April of the following year. The mean value of chlorophyll-a during the ice-covered period was 22.09% of the mean value for the open-water season, suggesting that primary productivity under ice can be important. Nitrogen and phosphorus were remarkably higher during the ice-covered period, while dissolved organic carbon showed little seasonal variation. Under ice-covered conditions, the total phosphorus was the major nutrient controlling the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus, and a significant positive correlation existed between total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a when the ratio was smaller than 10. The results provide preliminary evidence of the critical nutrient processes in the Stormwater Lake during the ice-covered period.
Environmental Qualitative assessment of rivers sedimentsGJESM Publication
In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals (Ca, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni) in thesediment of Shavoor River in Khuzestan Province in Iran has been investigated. After the library studies and field studies, six samples of water
and sediment were taken from the river in order to evaluate heavy metal pollution in sediments. To determine the
geochemical phases of metals in sediment samples the 5-step method was used for chemical separation. For quantitative assessment of the severity of contamination in the sediments, the geochemical indicators such as enriched factor (EF) and the accumulation index (Igeo) were used. Also, the statistical analyses including methods such as correlation analysis cluster analysis the (CA), were conducted.The results of the experiments showed that the organic matter deposited varies
with the average of 2.49 and ranges between 1.95% and 3.43%. Samples showed concentrations of metals such as calcium, iron, manganese, copper and nickel at all the sampling points were below the global average, whereas the concentration of copper was slightly higher than the global scale. Enriched factor (EF) was calculated for the elements revealed that heavy metals are classified as non-infected. The Geo-accumulation Index showed that the studied elements were uninfected peers. Based on the results of multivariate statistical analysis it was concluded that metals such as manganese, copper, iron, nickel and zinc are mainly natural and calcium metal is likely to have an organic origin.
Spatial variability of nutrients (N, P) in a deep, temperate lake with a low trophic level supported by global navigation satellite systems, geographic information system and geostatistics
The River Nile delta shallow lakes namely, Edku, Burullus and Manzala are natural wetland ecosystems, connected to fresh water sources at the south and to the open sea at the north. Throughout their relatively short geological and hydrological history, the lakes received unpolluted fresh water from the river Nile.
This is a pamphlet I made for the Hui Aloha O Kiholo community group in Kona that describes the current findings of research I am conducting at Kiholo Bay.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
Modeling of Predictive interaction of Water Parameters in Groundwaterijtsrd
The assessment presented in this article is centred on investigating the interaction of turbidity, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids interaction within the water bearing aquifer of Obite to Oboburu communities of Ogba/ Egbema/ Ndoni local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Experimental and modeled turbidity, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids investigated are within recommended standard of World Health Organization revealing the reliability of model equation in predicting groundwater parameters distribution upon influence of time, recharge, flow rate. Ottos C. G | Isaac E. O"Modeling of Predictive interaction of Water Parameters in Groundwater" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11292.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/11292/modeling-of-predictive-interaction-of-water-parameters-in-groundwater/ottos-c-g
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
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Isotope Hydrology in the Middle Mohlapitsi Catchment, South Africa
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 11, Issue 01 (January 2015), PP.01-07
1
Isotope Hydrology in the Middle Mohlapitsi Catchment,
South Africa
FA Mekiso1
*, GM, Ochieng2
and J Snyman3
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built-Environment, Tshwane University of
Technology, Staatsartillerie Road, Private Bag X680, Pretoria West, South Africa 0001;
2
Department of Civil Engineering and Building, Faculty of Engineering and the Built-Environment,
Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1911,South Africa;
3
Tshwane University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment,
Private Bag X680, Pretoria West 0001, South Africa.
Abstract:- This paper presents the results of an investigation of isotope hydrology of the wetland in the
Mohlapitsi and Olifants basins. One hundred and twenty eight water samples were collected during May 2007
through November 2013 for deuterium and oxygen-18 analyses. The isotopic compositions of water samples at
the study site catchment did not show any significant difference, indicating they are from the same source. This
isotopic similarity between the upstream and the wetland aquifers confirmed the hydraulic interconnection
between them. Furthermore, river water samples cluster together except water samples at Valis Village crossing
and downstream river. The auger hole samples are quite variable with those associated with upstream transects
grouping with the drains, while those associated with the downstream transects more similar to the spring. The
indications are that the springs have a highly variable signature which may suggest that there are different types
of springs to be found in the study catchment. The isotopic composition of water samples in the study area
during low-flow (June 2011 and July 2012) and high-flow (November 2011 and December 2012) periods were
similar.
Keywords:- Wetland, Isotope hydrology, stream flow, transect
I. INTRODUCTION
Deuterium (2
H) and Oxygen-18 (18
O) isotopes are used in order to characterize several different water
dynamics within watersheds. Some of the applications include constraining residence time, or the time it takes
for a molecule of water to move from one point to another and characterizing how water moves within the
watershed [1]. Furthermore, these stable water isotopes trace outflows, for example, water lost to groundwater
vs. streamflow of the water from the system. They also determine mixing and flow paths of water within a
system [2].
Being powerful tools in hydrological studies, these water isotopes are naturally occurring within a
catchment [3, 4]; and do not readily react chemically with rocks and minerals at temperatures encountered at or
near Earth's surface. Moreover, they undergo fractionation during evaporation/condensation and through
biological processes, with light isotopes preferentially evaporated or taken up [5, 6].
The relative abundance of oxygen-18 (0.204% of all oxygen atoms) and deuterium (0.015% of all
hydrogen atoms) change slightly as a result of thermodynamic reactions that fractionate atoms of different
masses [7]. The isotopic fractionation in water occurs through diffusion during physical phase changes such as
evaporation, condensation, and melt; and temperature is the main cause of fractionation process [8]. During
phase changes, diffusion rates differ due to the differences in bond strength between lighter and heavier isotopes
of a given element. Heavy isotopic forms of water require greater energy to break hydrogen bonds than water
containing lighter isotopes and consequently, will react more slowly [9–12].
Deuterium and Oxygen-18 isotope ratios in water samples can be analysed in order to determine not
old water [13], or the water that falls directly from a storm event, or water that had fallen in a storm event in the
past and may be stored in plants, soils, or groundwater. These ratios are represented by the notation per mil
(represented with the symbol ‰) are compared with a standard, and are considered enriched (more of the
heavier isotope) depleted with respect to the standard. Each standard corresponds to a particular isotope or
isotope pair; this standard for water stable isotopes is Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW). Ratios of
heavy to light isotopes from a sample can be compared with these standards to determine if the sample is
enriched or depleted relative to these standards. The degree of enrichment or depletion can indicate the source
and age of the water [14]. The objective of this study is therefore, to contribute to the understanding of the
processes of water movement into and within the wetland based on an interpretation of environmental isotope
[15].
2. Isotope Hydrology in the Middle Mohlapitsi Catchment, South Africa
2
II. METHODOLOGY
Location and general description
This study was conducted at the Mohlapitsi Wetland, which lies in the former homeland area of
Lebowa in the Capricorn District and in the middle part of the Limpopo basin (Figure 1). The wetland is a
palustrine system covering an area of 120 ha [16]. The wetland is located in the B71C quaternary catchment
(according to South African designation) and geographically on coordinates 24°6‟0” South and 30°6‟0” East.
Agricultural activities have extensively modified the ecological status of the wetland system under study [16].
Figure 1 Map showing the location of the study area in B71C Quaternary
Catchment within the Olifants Catchment [17]
The Mohlapitsi River is in Limpopo Province of South Africa and drains southwards from the
Wolkberg Mountains into the Olifants River. The river flow shows reduction between gabion dam
(approximately 3 km upstream of T1) and bridge. The upper part of the Mohlapitsi Catchment in Olifants
Catchment is mountainous with peaks above 2050m and mainly covered by natural forest, whereas the lower
reaches are alluvial valleys [17]. At the confluence with the Olifants River, the Mohlapitsi catchment is 490 km2
and upstream of the wetland it is approximately 263 km2
. The valley is narrow and confined; with steep hill
slopes on the edges of the valley bottom (Figure 2).
Figure 2 The Mohlapitsi Wetland in the valley bottom
3. Isotope Hydrology in the Middle Mohlapitsi Catchment, South Africa
3
2.1 Water Sampling
A total of 128 samples were collected randomly from piezometer wells, springs, river, drains and
boreholes. The sampling sites are underlain by the Malmani Subgroup of the Chuniespoort Group. Groundwater
samples from piezometer wells were collected manually, while borehole samples were directly taken from taps.
All water samples were collected for isotopic analysis of stable isotopes (Oxygen -18, Deuterium). For 18
O and
2
H isotope sample were collected in 50ml airtight plastic bottles. The laboratory analyses of the collected
samples were carried out at the iThemba Labs in Johannesburg, South Africa.
Analytical results were reported as δD0
/00 and δ18
O0
/00, relative to VSMOW as described by Gonfiantini [6]. The
δ values (δ18
O, δD) were calculated using the internationally accepted standard equation given as equation (1).
δ0
/00=
Rsample −Rvsmow
Rvsmow
X 1000 (1)
where, R is the isotope ratio 2
H/1
H or 18
O/16
O.
The Pretoria local meteoric water line (PLMWL) was established for the δ18
O and δ2
H of water samples
collected during May 2007–November 2013 using the statistical analysis (Figure 3). The linear correlation is
described by equation 2:
δD = 7.05δ18
O + 7.6 (2)
Local meteoric water line (LMWL) was plotted together with global meteoric water line (GMWL) shown by
Craig [7] as equation (3):
δD = 8δ18
O + 10 (3)
Statistical data analysis was performed using STATA V13 statistical software. The analysis was performed in
order to compare the isotopic finger prints between years and seasons.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Stable Isotopes
The stable isotopic analysis of the water samples in the study area, the plot of δD and δ18
O values of
the water samples and expected source are shown in Figure 3 with respect to global meteoric water line
(GMWL) (δD= 8δ18
O+10; Craig, 1981), Pretoria local meteoric water line (δD= 7.05δ18
O+7.6. The Pretoria
local water linePLMWL) was used as the closest local meteoric line available.
The stable isotopic composition of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium of these water samples were of depleted
nature and the trend of depletion increased with the sampling year (Figures 3 and 4). Most December 2012
samples showed enrichment compared to other sampling years. However, they did not indicate evaporation
effect and thus appears to be originating from any surface water bodies or from any anthropogenic activities
such as agricultural return-flows, leakages from freshwater, wastewater pipe networks. The isotopic
compositions (δ18
O) of all samples at the study site and its surrounding catchments did not show any significant
difference, indicating they are from the same source and recent infiltration water reaching the wetland aquifer.
This isotopic similarity between the upstream aquifer and the wetland one confirmed the hydraulic
interconnection between them. The effect of evaporation is quite clear in most of December 2012 samples,
where they plot far below both GMWL and PLMWL because their isotopic compositions are slightly enriched
with heavy isotopes indicating that during relatively heavy rainfall, rainwater is collected in the depressions and
affected by evaporation which make it enriched in heavy stable isotopes and mixed with groundwater. This
water then infiltrates and mixes with the water of the underlying wetland aquifer. Compared to other samples,
the deuterium and Oxygen 18 values in all groundwater and borehole revealed depletion.
4. Isotope Hydrology in the Middle Mohlapitsi Catchment, South Africa
4
Figure 3 Cross-Plot of Deuterium versus Oxygen-18 for water samples during May 2007 - November 2013
Figure 4 The isotopic composition of surface water and sub-surface water bodies in the study site
δD = 818O+ 10
R² = 1
δD = 7.0518O + 7.6
R² = 1
-35.0
-30.0
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
-7.0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0
δD0/00SMOW
δ18O 0/00 SMOW
GMWL
May. 2007
Dec. 2008
Jun.2009
Jan.2010
Jul.2010
Jun.2011
Nov.2011
Jul.2012
PLMWL
-40.0
-35.0
-30.0
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
δD0/00SMOW
Sampling sites
May.2007
Dec. 2008
Jun. 2009
Jan. 2010
Jul. 2010
Jun. 2011
Nov.2011
Jul. 2012
Dec.2012
Nov.2013
5. Isotope Hydrology in the Middle Mohlapitsi Catchment, South Africa
5
Figure 3depicts that river upstream (δD = -19.30, δ18
O = -2.48) is enriched, while river at fig trees environment
(δD = -34.96, δ18
O = -5.92) depleted. Most water samples lie above both PLMWL and GMWL except Right
Bank Spring 1(RB Sp1) with δD = -26.24, δ18
O = -4.45 plot at right of both lines; indicating there is evaporation
and showed enrichment; while Left Bank Spring 3 (LB Sp3), having δD = -5.24, δ18
O = -28.5 is depleted
(Figure 1). The rest of samples lie left of the lines; indicating there is no evaporation.
The isotopiccomposition of water samples did not show alarge seasonal variability. The δ18
O ranged between-
4.56 and -5.75‰ for May samples,between -4.70 and -4.84‰ for December 2008, andbetween -4.45 and -
5.92‰ for June 2009. In addition, the isotopic composition of δ18
O ranged -4.56 and -4.58‰ for 2010, -4.58
and -5.47‰ for 2011. Furthermore, the isotopic composition of δ18
O for 2012 and 2013 ranged from -4.24 and -
5.67‰ and -4.24 and 5.88‰ respectively (Table 1).
The standard deviation of the data was 14.31 and there was no variation between seasons and years of
sampling.
During November 2011, all except river downstream samples (δD = -4.77, δ18
O = -34.5) lie left of both meteoric
lines; indicating no evaporation. In addition, during July 2012, Vallis borehole (δD = -5.67, δ18
O = -33.0)
showed depletion in isotopic fingerprint and plots between the two lines (Table 1 and Figure 4). Transect five
(T5) spring, drain 50m south of Transect one (T1) and MLB502 auger hole samples plot on LMWL. The rest of
samples lie left of both lines.
Also, half of December 2012 samples plot left of both meteoric lines. Except river samples 100m
above Jordaan Spring (δD = -4.56, δ18
O = -22.50) and drain 200m south of T1 (δD = -3.65, δ18
O = -18.40), other
samples lie left of both meteoric lines. All November 2013 samples plot left of both meteoric lines and most
river samples cluster together.
The isotopic composition of water samples in the study area during low-flow (June 2011 and July
2012) and high-flow (November 2011 and December 2012) periods were similar (Figs. 3 and 4) and no seasonal
variations were observed as shown on Table 1.
This non-seasonal variation and the LMWL equation of June 2011 are similar to the results obtained by
Coplen and Kendall [20]. The coefficient of variations (CV) for δD during
June 2011, November 2011, July 2012, December 2012 and November 2013 are -0.09, -0.02, -0.07, -0.22 and -
0.08 respectively, indicating that there is no significant seasonal variation (Table 1).
Figure 4 depicts the different isotopic signatures according to the source of water. The auger hole samples are
quite variable with those associated with upstream transects grouping with the drains, while those associated
with the downstream transects more similar to the spring signatures (Fig 4). The indications are that the springs
have a highly variable signature which may suggest that there are different types of springs to be found in the
area, some that are directly associated with groundwater and some that are associated with the drainage of sub-
surface water circulating above the general level of the regional water table [21]
IV. CONCLUSIONS
To improve the understanding of the hydrology and the origin of water in the Mohlapitsi Wetland,
environmental isotope tracers were measured. The results of this investigation, assessment of the gaps in data
and understanding and interpretations of the data with respect to the hydrological processes in the study
wetland/catchment are summarised below.
The clustering of stable isotope values of water samples from drains, river, and auger holes in the
wetland and all of the river water samples, indicated that all water samples are derived from a similar source of
water.
6. Isotope Hydrology in the Middle Mohlapitsi Catchment, South Africa
6
The reduction in river flow between the gabion dam and the main road during 2006 and the clustering
of stable isotope values of drains, auger holes and river water samples, indicate that the upper part of the
wetland hydrology is largely driven by inputs from the river water upstream. Field observations, discussions
with locals, and the chemical tracer analyses, tend to support this conclusion.
Most samples except most December 2012 cluster and plot left of both meteoric water lines, indicating
there is no evaporation.
The importance of environmental isotope tracers [22, 23] in tracing water dynamics in the Mohlapitsi
Wetland is emphasized in this research. On the other hand, there are some constraints related to the finance and
logistics of sampling and laboratory analysis. Secondly, large amount of finance could be required for training
and interpretation of the analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank iThemba Labs, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa for covering
all the environmental isotope laboratory costs. Transportation, allowance and some other costs were organized
by Tshwane University of Technology TUT. Therefore, the authors appreciate for such assistance. Furthermore,
the assistance given by Mpho Makalegn is highly emphasized.
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