Eutrophication is a natural process in which water bodies age, and transit from a low productive condition (oligotrophic) into a high productive condition (eutrophic). In such condition, a majority of organic substances that are produced in surface layers do not completely decompose, but settle on the bottom, where they decompose. An increased (artificial) input of nutrients significantly accelerates this process, disturbing the natural balance between the biomass production and mineralization, where the production considerably multiplies. This can lead to a successful decrease in oxygen concentration on the bottom of an eutrophic lake, and in more inconvenient cases even to an anaerobic condition. This can result in an increase in the concentrations of ammonium, iron, manganese, and other substances, as well as in the occurrence of hydrogen sulphide and methane, which has a negative impact on the quality, both from the aspect of biotope habitat and water usage possibilities.
An Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in the Choba Section of the New ...Scientific Review SR
Assessment of heavy metals concentration in water and sediments of the Choba section of the New
Calabar River, Eastern Niger Delta were carried out. Seven (7) river sediments and twelve (12) surface water
samples were collected for the study. The heavy metals studied were: Mn, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cd, Cr, and Cu for in both
river sediment and surface water. The World Health Organization (WHO) standards were used in evaluating
Pollution Index (PI) of heavy metals in surface water. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) level of river sediments
ranged from 5.12 – 33.26, with only PLI values <1 considered unpolluted. The other samples analyzed revealed
high pollution levels, with Cu, Cr and Mn having moderate to considerable Contamination Factor levels, while
the others were of low levels. For surface water, Pb and Zn had high Pollution Index values, with Pb having PI
values ranging 10 – 211, with considerable contribution of pollutants from anthropogenic activities into the river.
There is urgent need for regular monitoring of the Choba section of the River. The regulatory government agency
responsible for protecting the environment should also pay adequate attention to this stretch of the river to avoid
further contamination.
This document provides a report on rejuvenating the Hauz Khas Tank in Delhi, India. It discusses the impact of urbanization on lakes, including increased runoff and pollution. It describes how the Hauz Khas Tank has become eutrophic due to nutrient pollution, causing algal blooms and affecting the tank's ecology and aesthetics. The report examines the tank's history and current state, provides water quality analysis results, and proposes a design concept and investment plan to rejuvenate the tank.
Identification of possible migration of contaminants in groundwater at a land...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on identifying possible groundwater contamination at a landfill site in Barka, Oman. Borehole drilling, soil sampling, and groundwater sampling and analysis were conducted. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants like TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and coliform bacteria in groundwater below the landfill compared to background levels, indicating contamination from leachate and liquid waste disposal. A pump test also found decreasing contaminant concentrations with pumping time, suggesting contaminant migration from the landfill area.
Mp sw the effect of contaminated shahpura lake on ground water environment, ...hydrologyproject0
This document summarizes a study on the impact of contaminated Shahpura Lake on groundwater quality in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. High levels of nutrients, ammonical nitrogen, and organic matter were found in lake water, indicating sewage contamination from nearby drains. Groundwater samples from wells near the lake also showed deterioration in quality, with elevated nutrients and organic matter. Biological analysis found the lake supports a variety of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, and macrophytes. Trophic indices classified the lake as hyper-eutrophic, or highly polluted. The study aims to establish relationships between surface and groundwater quality to help protect water resources and public health in
TNC REPORT - Modeling nitrogen source loads on the north shore of LI 03-01-2016Gillian Mollod
This document summarizes the results of modeling nitrogen source loads to 13 subwatersheds along the north shore of Long Island from Little Neck Bay to Northport Bay. Wastewater from on-site waste disposal systems like septic tanks and cesspools was found to be the largest source of nitrogen in most subwatersheds. Atmospheric deposition and fertilizer use also contribute nitrogen, but to a lesser degree. The total nitrogen load and appropriate reduction strategies vary between subwatersheds based on their characteristics, and tailored approaches are needed. The modeling incorporated spatial data on land use, population, sewage systems and atmospheric deposition rates to quantify nitrogen inputs from wastewater, fertilizer and air pollution.
The document analyzes water quality issues in Truc Bach Lake located in Hanoi, Vietnam. It finds that the lake suffers from high levels of pollution due to organic matter and nutrients exceeding national standards. Sources of pollution include domestic and industrial waste being dumped directly into the lake via drains. The document recommends treating the water using new technologies, strengthening management plans to control pollution, increasing environmental education, and enhancing tourism as solutions to preserve the lake.
An Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in the Choba Section of the New ...Scientific Review SR
Assessment of heavy metals concentration in water and sediments of the Choba section of the New
Calabar River, Eastern Niger Delta were carried out. Seven (7) river sediments and twelve (12) surface water
samples were collected for the study. The heavy metals studied were: Mn, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cd, Cr, and Cu for in both
river sediment and surface water. The World Health Organization (WHO) standards were used in evaluating
Pollution Index (PI) of heavy metals in surface water. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) level of river sediments
ranged from 5.12 – 33.26, with only PLI values <1 considered unpolluted. The other samples analyzed revealed
high pollution levels, with Cu, Cr and Mn having moderate to considerable Contamination Factor levels, while
the others were of low levels. For surface water, Pb and Zn had high Pollution Index values, with Pb having PI
values ranging 10 – 211, with considerable contribution of pollutants from anthropogenic activities into the river.
There is urgent need for regular monitoring of the Choba section of the River. The regulatory government agency
responsible for protecting the environment should also pay adequate attention to this stretch of the river to avoid
further contamination.
This document provides a report on rejuvenating the Hauz Khas Tank in Delhi, India. It discusses the impact of urbanization on lakes, including increased runoff and pollution. It describes how the Hauz Khas Tank has become eutrophic due to nutrient pollution, causing algal blooms and affecting the tank's ecology and aesthetics. The report examines the tank's history and current state, provides water quality analysis results, and proposes a design concept and investment plan to rejuvenate the tank.
Identification of possible migration of contaminants in groundwater at a land...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on identifying possible groundwater contamination at a landfill site in Barka, Oman. Borehole drilling, soil sampling, and groundwater sampling and analysis were conducted. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants like TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and coliform bacteria in groundwater below the landfill compared to background levels, indicating contamination from leachate and liquid waste disposal. A pump test also found decreasing contaminant concentrations with pumping time, suggesting contaminant migration from the landfill area.
Mp sw the effect of contaminated shahpura lake on ground water environment, ...hydrologyproject0
This document summarizes a study on the impact of contaminated Shahpura Lake on groundwater quality in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. High levels of nutrients, ammonical nitrogen, and organic matter were found in lake water, indicating sewage contamination from nearby drains. Groundwater samples from wells near the lake also showed deterioration in quality, with elevated nutrients and organic matter. Biological analysis found the lake supports a variety of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, and macrophytes. Trophic indices classified the lake as hyper-eutrophic, or highly polluted. The study aims to establish relationships between surface and groundwater quality to help protect water resources and public health in
TNC REPORT - Modeling nitrogen source loads on the north shore of LI 03-01-2016Gillian Mollod
This document summarizes the results of modeling nitrogen source loads to 13 subwatersheds along the north shore of Long Island from Little Neck Bay to Northport Bay. Wastewater from on-site waste disposal systems like septic tanks and cesspools was found to be the largest source of nitrogen in most subwatersheds. Atmospheric deposition and fertilizer use also contribute nitrogen, but to a lesser degree. The total nitrogen load and appropriate reduction strategies vary between subwatersheds based on their characteristics, and tailored approaches are needed. The modeling incorporated spatial data on land use, population, sewage systems and atmospheric deposition rates to quantify nitrogen inputs from wastewater, fertilizer and air pollution.
The document analyzes water quality issues in Truc Bach Lake located in Hanoi, Vietnam. It finds that the lake suffers from high levels of pollution due to organic matter and nutrients exceeding national standards. Sources of pollution include domestic and industrial waste being dumped directly into the lake via drains. The document recommends treating the water using new technologies, strengthening management plans to control pollution, increasing environmental education, and enhancing tourism as solutions to preserve the lake.
Effect of Starch on Mechanical, Electrical, Physical, Thermal Properties and ...IOSRJAC
HIPS was blended with starch in three formulations 10, 20 & 30% with compatibilizer glycerol (2wt% based on starch) using a twin screw extruder. Test specimens were prepared using an injection molding machine. Mechanical, electrical, physical and thermal properties were determined. Photo degradation using accelerated weather o meter for 25, 50, 100, 200 hrs was carried out. And then bio degradation for 45 days was carried out. The loss in mechanical properties was studied after photo degradation. After photo degradation, bio degradation was evaluated. The effect of starch on bio degradation was studied. HIPS is photo degradable and starch is bio degradable. Hence starch filled HIPS is photo & bio degradable. This photo & bio degradable starch filled HIPS is used in packaging & disposable applications like cups, lids, trays, spoons, pens & cutlery handles with lower cost.
evaluation of water resources in wadi el natrun, western desert, egyptIJEAB
Groundwater of the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi El Natrun area represents the primary source of reliable water for drinking and agriculture uses. This research focuses on the study of the different sources of water in the study area and determines the origin and quality of this waterand also is interested in studying hydrogeochemical processes that affect them and the movement of water through the analysis and determine the activity of different elements, and also to changes in hypothetical salts with the direction of water flow in three sectors of the region and the statement of the most important geochemical processes that occur. Finally it is evaluated the suitability of the water for different purposes. The results show that, there is a zonation of chemical composition; this zonation is characterized by a change of cation species from dominantly Ca and Mg near the east to Na-dominated waters in the west. Mirroring this, anions change from HCO3 type to Cl and SO4 type.The ions displays two grades of metasomatism along flow path, first the stage of mineralization(HCO3>Cl>So4) at the east then the advanced stage of mineralization (Cl>SO4 >HCO3) at the west. According to the(W.H.O.2005), 45 % of tested groundwater samples are permissible for drinking. Most groundwater samples of the Pliocene according to SAR andRSC are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal condition, but all surface water samples (lakes) are saline water,so it is not valid for drinking or irrigation purposes.
Hydrogeochemistry and Microbiology of Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer in Northe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and microbiological pollution of groundwater in Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer, Ras Al Khaimah area, northern United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results indicate that the decrease of groundwater exploitation in Wadi Al Bih basin from 58 million cubic meter (MCM) during the period 1991-1995 to 22 MCM during the period 2011-2015, has increased groundwater storage, raised hydraulic heads by 1 m in Al Burayrat area and 16 m near Wadi Al Bih main dam, and decreased the average groundwater salinity by 30% in Wadi Al Bih well field and 45% in Al Burayrat well field. Results of chemical analyses showed noticeable fluctuations in groundwater temperature, EC, and TDS contents, rather than concentrations of all ions. The November 2014 and June 2015 isosalinity contour maps indicate that the groundwater salinity increases from east to west, in the direction of groundwater flow. The groundwater in the eastern part of Wadi Al Bih is good for domestic purposes and irrigation. However, the water hardness is high because the aquifer is predominantly composed of limestone. Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer is highly sensitive to urban and agricultural activities, and several well were recorded to have Coliform bacteria in Wadi Al Bih and Al Burayrat areas
This document discusses various nutrients that are important for marine life. It begins by defining nutrients as chemicals needed for life and growth that must be obtained from the environment. It then discusses the three main nutrients utilized by ocean plants - nitrate, phosphate, and silicate. These nutrients are essential but present in very low quantities and can limit primary productivity. The document provides details on the sources and roles of various nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen, silicate, and others in marine ecosystems and the life cycles by which they are cycled through the environment and organisms.
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Shallow Groundwater Quality in Kirkuk Urban...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The assessment of hydrochemical characteristics and shallow groundwater quality was carried out in Kirkuk urban area, Iraq. Twenty two water samples were collected systematically at 20 locations for each of high and low water seasons in April and September (2014) and analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Hydrochmical data suggest that contamination of ground water is caused by infiltration of surface water polluted by domestic seepage pits and leakage from local agricultural area. Depending on hydrochemical facies, the type of water that predominates in the urban area is Ca-Mg-SO4 type during both wet and dry seasons. The study found that Kirkuk shallow groundwater is unsuitable for drinking water and industries purposes but some of water samples are suitable for construction and irrigation purposes.
Fish passage solution for Mănăştur dam!Răzvan Voicu
This document proposes a solution for fish migration on the Somesul Mic River upstream and downstream of the Manastur Dam in Cluj Napoca, Romania. Currently, the fish ladder at the dam is inoperable and blocks migration of important fish species. The proposed solution involves modifying the existing fish ladder by removing obstacles, cutting a rectangular opening, and adding two concrete modules above the dam that would guide water and fish in a gradual slope. This low-cost solution aims to restore longitudinal connectivity on the river and protect biodiversity while not impacting the dam structure. If implemented, it could help reestablish migratory fish populations and the ecological balance of the ecosystem.
Feed Ratio Study Groundwater in Aquifer System Constrained Up for Urban Areaspaperpublications3
Abstract: Determining the origin of groundwater are closely related to conservation and renewable groundwater resources. Research on the source of groundwater recharge would be based on a theoretical approach, the statistical methods Principle Component Analysis and mass-balanced mixing models. Both of these methods will be tested using secondary data naturally occurring isotope of water, deuterium and oxygen-18, and ions major cations and anions in the aquifer distressed over (depth of the well between 40 dan140 meters). Source recharge ground water to be tested consists of three sources that recharge rainwater, river water and ground water.
This study aims to determine the ratio of the source of groundwater recharge using statistical methods and mass balance-mixing models. Where tracer affix source water using natural isotope parameters. In this study, physical and chemical parameters of water contained in the data of ground water, river water and rainwater are used to determine the origin or source of ground water recharge.
The results of mass balance calculation-mixing models using parameters 1H or δD and pH, to a rate of groundwater recharge source for the location of T3, T4, T6 and T13 are as follows: 43% of riverwater, 33% rainwater and 23% groundwater. Research on the ratio of recharge sources provide some information about water sources that contribute to groundwater recharge in Jakarta and surrounding areas. There are two sources that recharge rainwater and river water Bogor area near the location of groundwater. Physical development is carried out in the Bogor area will result in reduced water that seeps into the groundwater, it will bring a reduced impact to the aquifer water supply in Jakarta.
This study assessed water quality in three rivers flowing into Manado Bay in Indonesia. Water samples were collected from stations along each river during dry and wet seasons and analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, bacteria, total mercury, and other pollutants. The results showed pollution from urban wastewater and agricultural runoff, with high levels of bacteria and organic waste. This poor water quality threatens Manado Bay and local fisheries and tourism. Improved wastewater management is needed to mitigate pollution in the rivers and bay.
Duke Study: Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well dri...Marcellus Drilling News
Study of 68 water wells in Pennsylvania and New York showing a link between shale gas drilling and higher levels of methane in nearby well water supplies.
Wastewater treatment for a sustainable future: overview of phosphorus recoveryStefanus Muryanto
This document summarizes three methods for phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater: chemical precipitation, biological uptake, and struvite crystallization. Chemical precipitation is commonly used but requires large amounts of chemicals. Biological uptake requires fewer chemicals but the process is complex and variable. Struvite crystallization converts phosphorus into struvite crystals that can be used as fertilizer, reducing fertilizer production and emissions. It also prevents scaling in wastewater treatment facilities. Fluidized bed reactors are an effective method for struvite crystallization and several industrial-scale projects now use this approach.
Factors influencing distribution of nutrition elements in seaNazmul Ahmed Oli
- The document discusses factors that influence the distribution of nutrients in the ocean, specifically carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Photosynthetic phytoplankton near the surface produce organic matter using nutrients from the water. After dying, this organic matter either decomposes and returns nutrients to the water or sinks deeper.
- Nutrients are depleted at the surface but enriched deeper where organic matter decomposes. Upwelling currents return nutrients to the surface, fueling new growth.
- The ratios of phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen in seawater closely match what phytoplankton need, though the reasons for this are still debated. Organic processes may help control nutrient ratios available for life.
This study evaluated the quality of irrigation water resources in the central Albanian regions of Kavaja and Kruja over 2009-2010. Water samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters including pH, salts, chemicals, and nutrients. The results found that water resources in Kruja generally had low salt levels within established standards. However, resources in Kavaja showed higher salt levels that could cause light soil salinity issues in some areas. Specifically, sodium and chloride levels in certain Kavaja resources posed toxicity risks. Based on standards, the study classified all resources as Class 2 quality. The authors conclude continuous monitoring is needed due to pollution risks from increasing industrial and urban activities in the regions.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SAND HARVESTING ON WATER QUALITY IN RIVER THWAKE ...Tabitha Nzula Mwanzia
This document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical effects of sand harvesting on water quality in River Thwake in Machakos County, Kenya. Water samples were collected from a sand harvesting site and a non-sand harvesting site and analyzed for various parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, color, conductivity, heavy metals, BOD and COD. The results showed significant differences in color, turbidity, iron, COD and zinc between the two sites, indicating sand harvesting is negatively impacting water quality. However, other parameters like copper, conductivity, temperature and pH were not significantly different. The results were compared to WHO and Kenyan water quality guidelines to determine suitability for domestic use.
The document discusses sea water intrusion issues affecting the Los Osos groundwater basin. It notes that pumping from the lower aquifer currently exceeds sustainable yields, causing sea water to move inland. Actions to address the problem include reducing pumping, shifting wells eastward, and attempting to use the upper aquifer via treatment. Studies are ongoing to better understand the basin and develop a management plan to balance water usage and protect water quality long term. The wastewater project will also need to be coordinated to sustainably return treated water to the basin.
The document summarizes concerns about threats to water quality in the Texas Hill Country from domestic wastewater discharges. It notes that Hill Country streams are more vulnerable to contamination than other parts of Texas due to steep slopes, little vegetation, and extensive caves. It finds that TCEQ wastewater permit rules are too lax, as the limits for constituents like nitrogen and phosphorus exceed EPA guidelines for protecting water quality. The document recommends that TCEQ lower wastewater limits, establish limits for additional pollutants, require more frequent sampling, improve oversight of wastewater facilities, consider local conditions better when issuing permits, and limit phosphates in detergents. It contends that without reforms, TCEQ
This document provides an overview of ocean chemistry concepts including the unique properties of water, the composition of seawater, and factors that influence ocean salinity. It discusses how water is able to dissolve many substances due to its polar molecular structure and hydrogen bonding. Seawater contains approximately 3.5% dissolved salts by mass, primarily sodium and chloride. Processes such as evaporation and precipitation impact salinity levels regionally. Buffering systems help maintain the ocean's near-neutral pH.
Este documento describe los sistemas operativos Windows 8. Explica que un sistema operativo controla el hardware y coordina el uso de recursos entre programas y usuarios. Luego detalla algunas tareas básicas de Windows 8 como la interfaz de usuario, compartir recursos y prevenir interferencias. Finalmente, cubre características de Windows 8 como su conveniencia, eficiencia y capacidad de evolución.
Este documento presenta resúmenes biográficos de varios grandes jugadores de fútbol como Diego Maradona, Cristiano Ronaldo, Pelé, Ronaldinho y Lionel Messi, destacando brevemente sus orígenes humildes, sus comienzos en clubes juveniles y sus logros a nivel de clubes y selección nacional.
Effect of Starch on Mechanical, Electrical, Physical, Thermal Properties and ...IOSRJAC
HIPS was blended with starch in three formulations 10, 20 & 30% with compatibilizer glycerol (2wt% based on starch) using a twin screw extruder. Test specimens were prepared using an injection molding machine. Mechanical, electrical, physical and thermal properties were determined. Photo degradation using accelerated weather o meter for 25, 50, 100, 200 hrs was carried out. And then bio degradation for 45 days was carried out. The loss in mechanical properties was studied after photo degradation. After photo degradation, bio degradation was evaluated. The effect of starch on bio degradation was studied. HIPS is photo degradable and starch is bio degradable. Hence starch filled HIPS is photo & bio degradable. This photo & bio degradable starch filled HIPS is used in packaging & disposable applications like cups, lids, trays, spoons, pens & cutlery handles with lower cost.
evaluation of water resources in wadi el natrun, western desert, egyptIJEAB
Groundwater of the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi El Natrun area represents the primary source of reliable water for drinking and agriculture uses. This research focuses on the study of the different sources of water in the study area and determines the origin and quality of this waterand also is interested in studying hydrogeochemical processes that affect them and the movement of water through the analysis and determine the activity of different elements, and also to changes in hypothetical salts with the direction of water flow in three sectors of the region and the statement of the most important geochemical processes that occur. Finally it is evaluated the suitability of the water for different purposes. The results show that, there is a zonation of chemical composition; this zonation is characterized by a change of cation species from dominantly Ca and Mg near the east to Na-dominated waters in the west. Mirroring this, anions change from HCO3 type to Cl and SO4 type.The ions displays two grades of metasomatism along flow path, first the stage of mineralization(HCO3>Cl>So4) at the east then the advanced stage of mineralization (Cl>SO4 >HCO3) at the west. According to the(W.H.O.2005), 45 % of tested groundwater samples are permissible for drinking. Most groundwater samples of the Pliocene according to SAR andRSC are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal condition, but all surface water samples (lakes) are saline water,so it is not valid for drinking or irrigation purposes.
Hydrogeochemistry and Microbiology of Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer in Northe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and microbiological pollution of groundwater in Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer, Ras Al Khaimah area, northern United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results indicate that the decrease of groundwater exploitation in Wadi Al Bih basin from 58 million cubic meter (MCM) during the period 1991-1995 to 22 MCM during the period 2011-2015, has increased groundwater storage, raised hydraulic heads by 1 m in Al Burayrat area and 16 m near Wadi Al Bih main dam, and decreased the average groundwater salinity by 30% in Wadi Al Bih well field and 45% in Al Burayrat well field. Results of chemical analyses showed noticeable fluctuations in groundwater temperature, EC, and TDS contents, rather than concentrations of all ions. The November 2014 and June 2015 isosalinity contour maps indicate that the groundwater salinity increases from east to west, in the direction of groundwater flow. The groundwater in the eastern part of Wadi Al Bih is good for domestic purposes and irrigation. However, the water hardness is high because the aquifer is predominantly composed of limestone. Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer is highly sensitive to urban and agricultural activities, and several well were recorded to have Coliform bacteria in Wadi Al Bih and Al Burayrat areas
This document discusses various nutrients that are important for marine life. It begins by defining nutrients as chemicals needed for life and growth that must be obtained from the environment. It then discusses the three main nutrients utilized by ocean plants - nitrate, phosphate, and silicate. These nutrients are essential but present in very low quantities and can limit primary productivity. The document provides details on the sources and roles of various nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen, silicate, and others in marine ecosystems and the life cycles by which they are cycled through the environment and organisms.
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Shallow Groundwater Quality in Kirkuk Urban...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The assessment of hydrochemical characteristics and shallow groundwater quality was carried out in Kirkuk urban area, Iraq. Twenty two water samples were collected systematically at 20 locations for each of high and low water seasons in April and September (2014) and analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Hydrochmical data suggest that contamination of ground water is caused by infiltration of surface water polluted by domestic seepage pits and leakage from local agricultural area. Depending on hydrochemical facies, the type of water that predominates in the urban area is Ca-Mg-SO4 type during both wet and dry seasons. The study found that Kirkuk shallow groundwater is unsuitable for drinking water and industries purposes but some of water samples are suitable for construction and irrigation purposes.
Fish passage solution for Mănăştur dam!Răzvan Voicu
This document proposes a solution for fish migration on the Somesul Mic River upstream and downstream of the Manastur Dam in Cluj Napoca, Romania. Currently, the fish ladder at the dam is inoperable and blocks migration of important fish species. The proposed solution involves modifying the existing fish ladder by removing obstacles, cutting a rectangular opening, and adding two concrete modules above the dam that would guide water and fish in a gradual slope. This low-cost solution aims to restore longitudinal connectivity on the river and protect biodiversity while not impacting the dam structure. If implemented, it could help reestablish migratory fish populations and the ecological balance of the ecosystem.
Feed Ratio Study Groundwater in Aquifer System Constrained Up for Urban Areaspaperpublications3
Abstract: Determining the origin of groundwater are closely related to conservation and renewable groundwater resources. Research on the source of groundwater recharge would be based on a theoretical approach, the statistical methods Principle Component Analysis and mass-balanced mixing models. Both of these methods will be tested using secondary data naturally occurring isotope of water, deuterium and oxygen-18, and ions major cations and anions in the aquifer distressed over (depth of the well between 40 dan140 meters). Source recharge ground water to be tested consists of three sources that recharge rainwater, river water and ground water.
This study aims to determine the ratio of the source of groundwater recharge using statistical methods and mass balance-mixing models. Where tracer affix source water using natural isotope parameters. In this study, physical and chemical parameters of water contained in the data of ground water, river water and rainwater are used to determine the origin or source of ground water recharge.
The results of mass balance calculation-mixing models using parameters 1H or δD and pH, to a rate of groundwater recharge source for the location of T3, T4, T6 and T13 are as follows: 43% of riverwater, 33% rainwater and 23% groundwater. Research on the ratio of recharge sources provide some information about water sources that contribute to groundwater recharge in Jakarta and surrounding areas. There are two sources that recharge rainwater and river water Bogor area near the location of groundwater. Physical development is carried out in the Bogor area will result in reduced water that seeps into the groundwater, it will bring a reduced impact to the aquifer water supply in Jakarta.
This study assessed water quality in three rivers flowing into Manado Bay in Indonesia. Water samples were collected from stations along each river during dry and wet seasons and analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, bacteria, total mercury, and other pollutants. The results showed pollution from urban wastewater and agricultural runoff, with high levels of bacteria and organic waste. This poor water quality threatens Manado Bay and local fisheries and tourism. Improved wastewater management is needed to mitigate pollution in the rivers and bay.
Duke Study: Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well dri...Marcellus Drilling News
Study of 68 water wells in Pennsylvania and New York showing a link between shale gas drilling and higher levels of methane in nearby well water supplies.
Wastewater treatment for a sustainable future: overview of phosphorus recoveryStefanus Muryanto
This document summarizes three methods for phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater: chemical precipitation, biological uptake, and struvite crystallization. Chemical precipitation is commonly used but requires large amounts of chemicals. Biological uptake requires fewer chemicals but the process is complex and variable. Struvite crystallization converts phosphorus into struvite crystals that can be used as fertilizer, reducing fertilizer production and emissions. It also prevents scaling in wastewater treatment facilities. Fluidized bed reactors are an effective method for struvite crystallization and several industrial-scale projects now use this approach.
Factors influencing distribution of nutrition elements in seaNazmul Ahmed Oli
- The document discusses factors that influence the distribution of nutrients in the ocean, specifically carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Photosynthetic phytoplankton near the surface produce organic matter using nutrients from the water. After dying, this organic matter either decomposes and returns nutrients to the water or sinks deeper.
- Nutrients are depleted at the surface but enriched deeper where organic matter decomposes. Upwelling currents return nutrients to the surface, fueling new growth.
- The ratios of phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen in seawater closely match what phytoplankton need, though the reasons for this are still debated. Organic processes may help control nutrient ratios available for life.
This study evaluated the quality of irrigation water resources in the central Albanian regions of Kavaja and Kruja over 2009-2010. Water samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters including pH, salts, chemicals, and nutrients. The results found that water resources in Kruja generally had low salt levels within established standards. However, resources in Kavaja showed higher salt levels that could cause light soil salinity issues in some areas. Specifically, sodium and chloride levels in certain Kavaja resources posed toxicity risks. Based on standards, the study classified all resources as Class 2 quality. The authors conclude continuous monitoring is needed due to pollution risks from increasing industrial and urban activities in the regions.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SAND HARVESTING ON WATER QUALITY IN RIVER THWAKE ...Tabitha Nzula Mwanzia
This document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical effects of sand harvesting on water quality in River Thwake in Machakos County, Kenya. Water samples were collected from a sand harvesting site and a non-sand harvesting site and analyzed for various parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, color, conductivity, heavy metals, BOD and COD. The results showed significant differences in color, turbidity, iron, COD and zinc between the two sites, indicating sand harvesting is negatively impacting water quality. However, other parameters like copper, conductivity, temperature and pH were not significantly different. The results were compared to WHO and Kenyan water quality guidelines to determine suitability for domestic use.
The document discusses sea water intrusion issues affecting the Los Osos groundwater basin. It notes that pumping from the lower aquifer currently exceeds sustainable yields, causing sea water to move inland. Actions to address the problem include reducing pumping, shifting wells eastward, and attempting to use the upper aquifer via treatment. Studies are ongoing to better understand the basin and develop a management plan to balance water usage and protect water quality long term. The wastewater project will also need to be coordinated to sustainably return treated water to the basin.
The document summarizes concerns about threats to water quality in the Texas Hill Country from domestic wastewater discharges. It notes that Hill Country streams are more vulnerable to contamination than other parts of Texas due to steep slopes, little vegetation, and extensive caves. It finds that TCEQ wastewater permit rules are too lax, as the limits for constituents like nitrogen and phosphorus exceed EPA guidelines for protecting water quality. The document recommends that TCEQ lower wastewater limits, establish limits for additional pollutants, require more frequent sampling, improve oversight of wastewater facilities, consider local conditions better when issuing permits, and limit phosphates in detergents. It contends that without reforms, TCEQ
This document provides an overview of ocean chemistry concepts including the unique properties of water, the composition of seawater, and factors that influence ocean salinity. It discusses how water is able to dissolve many substances due to its polar molecular structure and hydrogen bonding. Seawater contains approximately 3.5% dissolved salts by mass, primarily sodium and chloride. Processes such as evaporation and precipitation impact salinity levels regionally. Buffering systems help maintain the ocean's near-neutral pH.
Este documento describe los sistemas operativos Windows 8. Explica que un sistema operativo controla el hardware y coordina el uso de recursos entre programas y usuarios. Luego detalla algunas tareas básicas de Windows 8 como la interfaz de usuario, compartir recursos y prevenir interferencias. Finalmente, cubre características de Windows 8 como su conveniencia, eficiencia y capacidad de evolución.
Este documento presenta resúmenes biográficos de varios grandes jugadores de fútbol como Diego Maradona, Cristiano Ronaldo, Pelé, Ronaldinho y Lionel Messi, destacando brevemente sus orígenes humildes, sus comienzos en clubes juveniles y sus logros a nivel de clubes y selección nacional.
Este documento presenta recomendaciones para la elaboración de diferentes tipos de documentos organizacionales como cartas, memorandos, circulares, actas, informes, certificados, constancias, hojas de vida corporativa, sobres, mensajes electrónicos y tarjetas protocolarias. Incluye definiciones de términos, aspectos generales de presentación y partes específicas de cada tipo de documento. El objetivo es facilitar la gestión documental en las organizaciones y proyectar una adecuada imagen corporativa.
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Assessment of The Trophic Status of The Future Buk Bijela HPP Accumulation
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 1||January 2017 || PP. 19-23
www.ijesi.org 19 | Page
Assessment of The Trophic Status of The Future Buk Bijela HPP
Accumulation
Nebojša Knežević1
, Saša Dunović1
Danijela Knežević2
1
(Civil Engineering Institute “IG” LLC, Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Kralja Petra I Karađorđevića 92-98 Banja
Luka, Bosnia And Herzegovina)
2
(University Of Singidunum, Faculty Of Applied Ecology-Futura, Požeška 83a 11000 Beograd, Serbia)
Abstract: Eutrophication is a natural process in which water bodies age, and transit from a low productive
condition (oligotrophic) into a high productive condition (eutrophic). In such condition, a majority of organic
substances that are produced in surface layers do not completely decompose, but settle on the bottom, where
they decompose. An increased (artificial) input of nutrients significantly accelerates this process, disturbing the
natural balance between the biomass production and mineralization, where the production considerably
multiplies. This can lead to a successful decrease in oxygen concentration on the bottom of an eutrophic lake,
and in more inconvenient cases even to an anaerobic condition. This can result in an increase in the
concentrations of ammonium, iron, manganese, and other substances, as well as in the occurrence of hydrogen
sulphide and methane, which has a negative impact on the quality, both from the aspect of biotope habitat and
water usage possibilities.
Keywords: Eutrophication, accumulation, hydro power plant, Buk Bijela
I. Introduction
Artificial accumulations are generally built for several purposes, for the needs of different users.
Negative effects of eutrophication mostly reflect on the possibilities to use this water for water supply and
recreational sports activities[1]
. Elementary purpose of the planned HPP cascade is energy production, where this
potentially generates possibilities to use the formed backwater to improve the existing, and develop new
touristic sports activities in this area. In these terms, development of eutrophication processes can have several
key effects on the possibilities to use the accumulation for recreation and sport:
- development of macrophytes in littoral zones of accumulations, which has a negative effect on access
possibilities;
- decreasing water transparency due to an intensive growth of algae;
- intensive growth of algae can lead to the accumulation of biomass in some zones of the accumulation with
decreased water circulation[2]
.
On one hand, this has negative aesthetic consequences, and on the other it can lead to stench in the
vicinity. Also, eutrophication development has a negative impact on the possibilities of using this water for
sports or commercial fishing. Although eutrophication entails an increased production of ichthyofauna, present
fish species change, from the noble species to the species that are not noble. This paper has assessed the
possibilities of eutrophication incidence in the future Buk Bijela HPP accumulation[3]
.
II. Description Of The Project And Location
Buk Bijela hydro power plant is planned for construction in the upper Drina river course, in the
territory of the municipality of Foča in southeast Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Drina River is a right and largest
tributary of the river Sava and belongs to the Black Sea watershed. It is generated by a merger of the rivers Tara
and Piva near Šćepan Polјe. Its basin covers an area of 19 570 km2
. The Drina river, together with the Tara is
about 500 km long, and the Drina alone about 341 km, with an average width of the basin of 100 km. Average
flow of the Drina near Šćepan polјe is about 150 m3
/s, and at the confluence of the Drina and the Sava about 400
m3
/s. The Drina river basin represents the most significant unused hydro-potential in the Balkans.
2. Assessment Of The Trophic Status Of The Future Buk Bijela HPP Accumulation
www.ijesi.org 20 | Page
Figure 1 Drina River basin
A gravitational concrete dam with the crown elevation of 436.20 masl was planned for construction in
the upper Drina river course. The width of the dam in its crown is changeable, and ranges from 9.85 to 15.50 m.
Its construction will form an accumulation with an elevation of the normal backwater of 434 masl, and a total
volume of 15.70 mil.m3
. The dam consists of the spillway and non-spillway section, with a total length in the
crown of 197.30 m. Non-spill section on the left bank has total lengths of 68.20 m and 33.50 m on the left and
right banks, respectively.
Figure 2 Micro location
Table 1 Basic data on the project size
No. Position
Buk Bijela dam and
accumulation
433.6 maslI Technical parameters
I 1. Chainage (km) 334+550
I 2. Elevation of normal backwater (masl) 434
I 3. Elevation of maximal level (masl) 434
I 4. Expropriation elevation (masl) 437.0
I 5. Accumulation length (km) 11.50
I 6. Total volume of the accumulation (106
m3
)
15.70
I 7. Usable volume (106
m3
) 11.0
I 8. Volume of dead space (106
m3
) 4.70
I 9. Inundation area (ha) 163.30
I 10. Area under the riverbed (ha) 52.85
I 11. Number of aggregates 2+1
I 12. Installed flow m3
/s 150 + 150 + 50 = 350
I 13. Type of turbine Kaplan
I 14. Installed power MW 2x40.11 + 1 x 13.3 = 93.52
III. Methods of the implemented assessment
When analysing data that are used for the elaboration of an impact analysis, it is possible to apply two
basic approaches.The first is to define adequate models of newly constructed structures, in this case an
3. Assessment Of The Trophic Status Of The Future Buk Bijela HPP Accumulation
www.ijesi.org 21 | Page
accumulation, or a new water body. This requires a large number of measurements on the locations where a new
structure will be constructed. Then, it is necessary to know the profiles, their applications and a series of
bathymetric parameters. After an accumulation is constructed, the measurement of its properties, both
hydrological and chemical, and biological can generate an adequate monitoring model[4]
.
Second approach is to observe a newly generated structure and its interaction with the surroundings, as
a dynamic system, where the effects are observed through a selection of indicators. The essence of such
approach is to observe a lake as a water body that shows its environmental impact through the indicators, in this
case nutrients; it is to say production of nitrogen, ammonium and phosphorus in the water body and
environment.
This approach requires a smaller amount of input data. In the case of the construction of a hydropower
plant on the river Drina, the first approach is inapplicable in this phase because there are lots of parameters that
are not known at this moment.
The second approach is applicable because it does not depend on accumulation hydro-parameters. It is
clear that this approach provides no unambiguous model of accumulation's behaviour from the aspect of water
quality, but it clearly describes the conditions that will be generated after a period, which can be used to analyse
accumulation's fate in the future. Also, what is more significant is that the changes in nutrient presence are
forecasted in adequate time periods.
Assessment of the trophic status in the future accumulation
4.1. Nutrients
Primary production, as well as the first and basic element in the process of eutrophication, is
conditioned by available quantities of nutrients in the water, primarily nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon.
Thereby, the presence of two mentioned elements is considered a limiting factor.
Nitrogen represents a significant element in the production of algal biomass, it is to say in the generation of
elementary cell mass[5]
. Besides, it plays a significant role in the form of a regulator of diverse biochemical
processes. Elementary sources of increased nitrogen concentrations in the water represent used waste water from
the settlements, as well as diverse agricultural and industrial activities. Based on the available data on the water
quality for the period 2007-2009, it can be stated that the average value of contents of different forms of
nitrogen (NH4+, NO2-, NO3-) amounts to about 1.13 mg/l in the profile immediately downstream from the
Ćehotina confluence.
Phosphorus represents a key element in the process of photosynthesis, and usually represents a limiting
factor of primary production. It is considered that the limit value of concentration of available phosphorus for
the efficient photosynthesis is about 0.01 mg/l. Found average value of orthophosphates in the river Drina, in the
Foča profile, is 0.0125 mg/L, whereas the concentrations of total phosphorus are about 0.24 mg/L.
Relation of average annual values of contents of nitrogen and phosphorus approximately amounts to 50, which
entails that phosphorus would be an extremely limiting nutrient in possible process of eutrophication. This can
imply compulsory measures of protection in the phase of exploitation of the planned accumulation in terms of
preventive measures for discharging phosphorous substances into the river, such as control and treatment of
used waters, or control of erosion processes.
On the other hand, it is known that phosphorous compounds are prone to adsorption on solid particles
of deposits. Deposition of suspended deposits is expected after the accumulation is formed; this would result in
capture of available phosphorus on the bottom and significantly lower concentrations of dissolved phosphorus
compounds. Foreign examples show that up to 80% of the introduced phosphorus is accumulated in the
sediments in natural processes. Phosphorus in the sediments can be reactivated under the circumstances of
oxygen deficit on the bottom, which cannot be expected in the case of subject accumulation, given the nature of
run-of-river hydroelectric power plant and short period of water retention in the accumulation.
The following table shows the properties of the planned accumulation and assessed average period of
water retention in the warmest part of the year (July-September).
Table 2 Averagetime of retaining water in the accumulation during the warm (vegetation) part of the year (July-
September)
Barrier F (km2
)* V x 106
(m3
)*
Qsr (m3
/s)
annual
Qsr (m3
/s)** T (days) *
Buk Bijela HPP 1.21 15.7 162.4 65.12 2.8
*At the elevation of normal backwater
**In the period July-September
4. Assessment Of The Trophic Status Of The Future Buk Bijela HPP Accumulation
www.ijesi.org 22 | Page
4.2. Status assessment
In the case of the construction of hydro power plants on the river Drina, the first approach (described in
the methods) is inapplicable in this phase because there are lots of parameters that are not known at this
moment. Second approach is applicable because it does not depend on hydro parameters of the accumulation. It
is clear that this approach provides no unambiguous model of the accumulation's behaviour from the aspect of
water quality, but it clearly describes the conditions that will be generated after a period, which can be used to
analyse accumulation's fate in the future. Also, what is more significant is that the changes in nutrient presence
are forecasted in adequate time periods[6]
.
When analysing the behaviour of accumulations, water basins, it is elementary to identify conditions in
which eutrophication can start. Such analysis is made based on the forecasts of changes in elementary nutrients,
phosphorus, nitrogen and ammonium, during a period of time.
The analysis is based on input data on measurements of water quality performed in the vicinity of
locations, it is to say on the principal watercourse, where elementary Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5),
chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chlorophyll are measured. Balance of the mentioned elements is made
based on these measurements with certain assumptions, such as a number of water changes in the accumulation,
water temperature and quantity of dissolved oxygen. It is assumed that the level of nutrients in the accumulation
ensues from the environment, then from the watercourse and discharge from deposited sediments in the
accumulation itself.
This analysis used a balance model of principal nutrients; it is to say indicators of eutrophication
process in accumulations. For example, changes in concentrations of total phosphorus are determined based on
the following differential equation:
IPUP
dT
dP
where P represents a concentration of total phosphorus, t denotes time, UP denotes all processes that
represent an original member in the phosphorus balance, whereas IP represents processes that have an influence
on the decrease of dissolved phosphorus in the accumulation.
Measured concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in the Drina river water in Foča, represent input
for the model of changes in concentrations in the future accumulation.
For modelling, i.e. analysis of impacts of a number of water changes in the accumulation, were also
used the measured values of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) in Foča, where a condition was set that the
values of BOD5 stay in the limits of dissipation of the measured values.
The model assumed that water is changed 10 times on average during a month, which is an utterly
"pessimistic" scenario, bearing in mind the data provided in Table 2.
Key element is phosphorus; an as low concentration as 0.01 mg/L is considered a limit for the
commencement of eutrophication processes. Simulation for 10 changes during a month acquired the values of
phosphorus concentration, which will be at a threshold where eutrophication starts (0.016 mg/L), which is in the
limits of the existing condition in considered profiles.
IV. Discussion
Modelling, it is to say simulation, has shown, based on the starting measuring parameters and adopted
assumptions of the worst-case scenario, that quantities of generated nitrogen will not be sufficient for
commencement of eutrophication processes in the Buk Bijela accumulation.
Notably, according to the "pessimistic" scenario, 5 years after the beginning of accumulation forming,
nitrogen concentration in the water can be expected at a level of about 0.15 mg/L.
Share of ammonium in the lake in the first five years of accumulation declines, hence there will not be
generated conditions that are required for eutrophication commencement; this also entails a decrease in water
quality, both in the accumulation itself and downstream. A problem that occurs is the assessment of sediments
quantity that will generate after the dam is constructed. Regardless of the quantity, according to the simulation,
the accumulation will not significantly be loaded, and water quality will not be affected in the lower Drina
course, in a period of five years after the dam construction.
The formed accumulation is expected to be mesotrophic, it is to say that values of Carlson's index
(1977) (Carlson’s Trophic State Index - TSI [1]) range between 45 and 50, in the following 10 years after the
accumulation formation. In the same period, the number of phytoplankton should not exceed 6,000 units/ml,
whereas biomass is assessed not to exceed 5,000 μg/l, so that environmental potential would by satisfactory.
V. Conclusion
General conclusion is that the trophic level for the planned accumulation directly depends on
management method, i.e. measures that will be applied with the aim of reducing input of nutrients and organic
pollution in the system[7]
.
5. Assessment Of The Trophic Status Of The Future Buk Bijela HPP Accumulation
www.ijesi.org 23 | Page
Changed hydrological conditions frequently lead to an increased activity of some of the factors that
influence the process of eutrophication, or the system's capacity of autopurification may decline. This
accelerates the process. Changed regime of transfer of sediments and precipitation can affect the generation of
macrophytes.
An increased production of phytoplankton can significantly accelerate the process of eutrophication.
Hence it is necessary to have an influence on the intake of nutrients and organic pollutions in sectors in the
accumulation zone, as well as in water bodies located downstream from the accumulation zone[8]
.
Due to a short retention of water in accumulations and presence of permanent circulation, there are no
conditions for thermic stratification of water and possible intensification of eutrophication processes that would
lead to anoxic conditions on the bottom of the accumulation. Of course, entire surface below adequate
elevations will be prepared in terms of the removal of vegetation and surface soil layer before the formation of
the accumulation.
References
[1] Robert E. Carlson, A trophic state index for lakes,(Limnological Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455,
1977)
[2] Anderson, D.M., Glibert, P. M., Burkholder, J.M. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition and
consequences. Estuaries 25: 704-726, 2002
[3] Cloern, J.E., Our evolving conceptual model of the costal eutrophication problem, Review. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 210: 223-253,
2001.
[4] Codispoti, L.A., Phosphorusus vs. Nitrogen limitation of new and exportproduction. In: Productivity of the ocean: Present and
past. Berger. W.H. et al., ( eds.),Dahlem Conf. Wiley, 377-408, 1989.
[5] EEA, European Environment Agency: core set of indicators. Guide, Technical, Report No.1: 1-38, 2005.
[6] Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life:
Introduction. Updated. In: Canadian environmental quality guidelines, 1999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment,
Winnipeg, 2001.
[7] Carleton, J.N., Park, R.A., Clough, J.S., Ecosystem modelling applied to nutrient criteria development in rivers. Environmental
Management 44: 485-492, 2009.
[8] Carpenter, S.R., Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems: Bistability and soil phosphorusus. PNAS 102: 10002-10005, 2005.