This document describes the design and analysis of a high speed milling spindle to minimize deflection. Various spindle diameters and bearing configurations were considered, including duplex and triplet bearing arrangements. Static analysis was performed to calculate spindle nose deflection from bending and bearing elasticity. The optimum bearing span length that minimizes deflection was determined analytically and verified using ANSYS software. Results showed that bearing stiffness and span length significantly impact spindle deflection, with shorter spans and higher stiffness bearings reducing deflection.
Design of transmission systems question bank - GGGopinath Guru
This document contains questions related to the design of various transmission systems including belt drives, chain drives, gear drives, and rope drives. It provides a question bank with multiple choice and numerical questions on the design, selection and analysis of different types of flexible elements and rigid transmissions used to transmit power between rotating shafts. The questions cover topics such as the selection of V-belts and pulleys, flat belts and pulleys, wire ropes and pulleys, transmission chains and sprockets, as well as the design of gears, including spur gears, helical gears, and gear drives.
The main objective of project is to understand the working of cone
type CVT which offers a continuum of gear ratios between the fixed
desired limits . It includes the analysis of
1) Design of CVT.
2) Fabrication of CVT model.
3) Performance analysis and testing
D E S I G N O F M A C H I N E M E M B E R S I J N T U M O D E L P A P E R...guest3f9c6b
This document contains information about a machine design exam, including 8 practice problems covering topics like shaft design, riveted joints, bolted joints, springs, and flexible couplings. The problems provide relevant design parameters and stress values to use in calculating required dimensions. The document also lists the code, set number, course name, date and time allotted for the exam, as well as the maximum marks possible.
This document contains question bank for the 6th semester Mechanical Engineering course on Design of Transmission Systems at Anna University. It includes questions from 4 units - Design of Belt, Rope and Chain Drives; Design of Gear Drives; Design of Gear Boxes; and Design of Clutches and Brakes. The questions are both short answer type and long answer/design problems. Some examples of long answer questions include designing belt drives, gear drives, gear boxes, wire rope drives and clutch/brake systems.
This document describes the design of a gearbox. It includes the design of a double helical gear set based on given input parameters. Dimensions are provided for the pinion, gear, shafts and bearings. Commercial gearbox designs are shown including spur, helical, bevel and worm gears. Guidelines are provided for gearbox housing dimensions and selection of lubricating oil based on operating speeds. Losses in gearboxes include transmission, churning and bearing losses.
IRJET- Structural Design Analysis of Bypass Casing for an Aero EngineIRJET Journal
This document discusses the structural design analysis of a bypass casing for an aero engine. The goal is to reduce weight while meeting strength and buckling requirements. Five configurations are analyzed: the baseline ortho-grid design and modified designs using different ortho-grid and iso-grid patterns. Finite element analysis is used to evaluate stresses and buckling factors. The results show that Configuration 5, an iso-grid design, meets strength and buckling requirements while achieving a 15% weight reduction compared to the baseline. Therefore, the iso-grid configuration is selected as the final design.
This document contains a question bank for the course ME1352 Design of Transmission Systems. It includes questions and design problems related to various types of flexible element drives (wire ropes, chains, belts), gears (spur, helical, bevel, worm), and gearboxes. The questions cover topics like types of wire ropes, chordal action in chains, pulley crowning, advantages of silent chains over ordinary chains, belt drive losses, and more. The design problems involve sizing drives for given power and speed requirements.
This document discusses the mass optimization of a solid disk flywheel used in thresher machines. It begins by analyzing an existing 60kg solid flywheel to calculate its kinetic energy and stresses. It then uses a graphical optimization method to minimize the flywheel's mass while maintaining the same moment of inertia and required energy. This results in an optimized 52kg flywheel design with dimensions of 520mm diameter, 110mm inner diameter, and 32.5mm thickness. Calculations show the optimized flywheel has nearly equal kinetic energy and stresses as the original, while saving 12% material. Finite element analysis using ANSYS further validates the stresses and deformations are within permissible limits for both the original and optimized designs.
Design of transmission systems question bank - GGGopinath Guru
This document contains questions related to the design of various transmission systems including belt drives, chain drives, gear drives, and rope drives. It provides a question bank with multiple choice and numerical questions on the design, selection and analysis of different types of flexible elements and rigid transmissions used to transmit power between rotating shafts. The questions cover topics such as the selection of V-belts and pulleys, flat belts and pulleys, wire ropes and pulleys, transmission chains and sprockets, as well as the design of gears, including spur gears, helical gears, and gear drives.
The main objective of project is to understand the working of cone
type CVT which offers a continuum of gear ratios between the fixed
desired limits . It includes the analysis of
1) Design of CVT.
2) Fabrication of CVT model.
3) Performance analysis and testing
D E S I G N O F M A C H I N E M E M B E R S I J N T U M O D E L P A P E R...guest3f9c6b
This document contains information about a machine design exam, including 8 practice problems covering topics like shaft design, riveted joints, bolted joints, springs, and flexible couplings. The problems provide relevant design parameters and stress values to use in calculating required dimensions. The document also lists the code, set number, course name, date and time allotted for the exam, as well as the maximum marks possible.
This document contains question bank for the 6th semester Mechanical Engineering course on Design of Transmission Systems at Anna University. It includes questions from 4 units - Design of Belt, Rope and Chain Drives; Design of Gear Drives; Design of Gear Boxes; and Design of Clutches and Brakes. The questions are both short answer type and long answer/design problems. Some examples of long answer questions include designing belt drives, gear drives, gear boxes, wire rope drives and clutch/brake systems.
This document describes the design of a gearbox. It includes the design of a double helical gear set based on given input parameters. Dimensions are provided for the pinion, gear, shafts and bearings. Commercial gearbox designs are shown including spur, helical, bevel and worm gears. Guidelines are provided for gearbox housing dimensions and selection of lubricating oil based on operating speeds. Losses in gearboxes include transmission, churning and bearing losses.
IRJET- Structural Design Analysis of Bypass Casing for an Aero EngineIRJET Journal
This document discusses the structural design analysis of a bypass casing for an aero engine. The goal is to reduce weight while meeting strength and buckling requirements. Five configurations are analyzed: the baseline ortho-grid design and modified designs using different ortho-grid and iso-grid patterns. Finite element analysis is used to evaluate stresses and buckling factors. The results show that Configuration 5, an iso-grid design, meets strength and buckling requirements while achieving a 15% weight reduction compared to the baseline. Therefore, the iso-grid configuration is selected as the final design.
This document contains a question bank for the course ME1352 Design of Transmission Systems. It includes questions and design problems related to various types of flexible element drives (wire ropes, chains, belts), gears (spur, helical, bevel, worm), and gearboxes. The questions cover topics like types of wire ropes, chordal action in chains, pulley crowning, advantages of silent chains over ordinary chains, belt drive losses, and more. The design problems involve sizing drives for given power and speed requirements.
This document discusses the mass optimization of a solid disk flywheel used in thresher machines. It begins by analyzing an existing 60kg solid flywheel to calculate its kinetic energy and stresses. It then uses a graphical optimization method to minimize the flywheel's mass while maintaining the same moment of inertia and required energy. This results in an optimized 52kg flywheel design with dimensions of 520mm diameter, 110mm inner diameter, and 32.5mm thickness. Calculations show the optimized flywheel has nearly equal kinetic energy and stresses as the original, while saving 12% material. Finite element analysis using ANSYS further validates the stresses and deformations are within permissible limits for both the original and optimized designs.
11.performance evaluation of locally fabricated slipping machine for natural ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the performance of a locally fabricated slipping machine for processing natural rubber wood. The summary is as follows:
[1] The machine was able to cut rubber wood into various sizes, including rough sawn kiln dried timber and finger jointed four side planed sections.
[2] The design calculations for components like the belt, shaft, saw blade, and lift system were presented. The machine was found to have an efficiency of around 85%.
[3] Based on its ability to cut rubber wood into specified sizes and its high efficiency, the machine was determined to be suitable for its intended purpose of processing rubber wood for research studies.
The document contains 10 assignments related to mechanical engineering design problems involving belt drives, gear drives, clutches, brakes and other mechanical components. The problems require calculating dimensions, forces, power ratings, efficiencies and other parameters based on given input specifications like transmitted power, speeds, materials and operating conditions. Solutions involve applying engineering formulas and making appropriate design choices and assumptions.
11.[38 48]performance evaluation of locally fabricated slipping machine for n...Alexander Decker
Researchers in Nigeria evaluated the performance of a locally fabricated machine for processing natural rubber wood. The machine was able to cut rubber wood into various sizes, including rough sawn kiln dried timber measuring 150mm wide, 2400mm long, and 25-75mm thick, and finger jointed four side planed sections measuring 30-100mm wide, 20-65mm thick, and up to 2400mm long depending on specifications. The researchers concluded that the machine performed efficiently, with an estimated efficiency of 96%, and was suitable for its intended purpose of cutting rubber wood samples for research studies.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Investigation of Stresses in Rear Half Axle of an AutomobileIRJET Journal
The document investigates stresses in the rear half axle of an automobile using finite element analysis. It considers various cases like increasing angular velocity, inclination of the axle, and additional loads. Von-Mises and maximum principal stresses increase with higher angular velocity and additional loads. At a constant speed, stresses increase up to a certain inclination angle and then remain similar. Comparing FEA results to analytical calculations shows good agreement at higher angular velocities. The maximum stresses occur at the junction of the axle and gear.
Design and Analysis of Loading Bracket for Landing Gear Strength TestIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a loading bracket used for landing gear strength testing. The loading bracket is designed to withstand heavy vertical, drag, and side loads experienced during testing. The design process involves selecting carbon molybdenum steel, theoretically calculating stresses under each load case, and verifying stresses using ANSYS simulation. The theoretical and ANSYS results are found to be within acceptable limits, confirming the design is sufficient to withstand testing loads.
This document summarizes a study on optimizing and reducing the weight of a universal joint yoke through the use of composite materials. The study first analyzes a conventional universal joint yoke made of SM45C steel using finite element analysis. It then models modified universal joint yokes made of carbon/epoxy composite and Kevlar/epoxy composite. Calculations of torsional strength, buckling strength, and bending natural frequency show that both composite designs meet requirements while reducing weight compared to steel. Static stress analyses and modal analyses using FEA are presented and compared between materials. The study aims to improve mechanical properties and reduce weight of universal joints through composite material optimization.
Springs - DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-IIDr. L K Bhagi
Introduction to springs, Types and terminology of springs, Stress and deflection equations, Series and parallel connection, Design of helical springs, Design against fluctuating load, Concentric springs, Helical torsion springs, Spiral springs, Multi-leaf springs, Optimum design of helical spring
Wire ropes are made of strands of twisted steel wires wrapped around a core. They are used to transmit power over long distances in applications like elevators, cranes, and bridges. Wire ropes have advantages like being lighter, more reliable, and durable. They are classified based on the direction of twist of the wires and strands. Design considerations for wire ropes include selecting the type based on application, calculating design load and rope diameter, and ensuring stresses do not exceed the rope's ultimate strength. Sample problems demonstrate designing a wire rope for a mine hoist and selecting a rope to lift debris from a well.
The document presents a comparative study of different gantry girder profiles for various crane capacities and gantry spans. Bending moments, shear forces, and section properties are calculated and tabulated for 'I'-section with top and bottom plates, symmetrical plate girder, 'I'-section with 'C'-section top flange, plate girder with rolled 'C'-section top flange, and unsymmetrical plate girder sections. Graphs of steel weight required per meter length are presented. The 'I'-section with 'C'-section top flange profile is found to be optimized for biaxial bending but rolled sections may not be available for all spans.
IRJET- Design Analysis and Optimization of Two-Wheeler Chassis for Weight Red...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design analysis and optimization of a two-wheeler chassis for weight reduction. The project aims to redesign the chassis frame of a Yamaha FZ motorcycle using alternative materials and geometries to reduce weight while maintaining structural stability. The current steel chassis is modeled in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS to understand its structural behavior under various loading conditions. Different materials like aluminum alloys, titanium, and composites will be considered to replace steel and reduce weight. The redesign will be optimized for minimum weight through changes to tube dimensions and shapes using modeling and analysis software.
Shaft design Erdi Karaçal Mechanical Engineer University of GaziantepErdi Karaçal
This document discusses the design of an industrial railway car shaft that is subjected to various loading conditions including bending, torsion, axial loading, and shear. The author performs both static failure analysis and fatigue failure analysis to size the shaft diameter. For fatigue analysis, the author calculates stress concentration factors and endurance limits. An initial diameter of 37.63mm is obtained from static analysis, which is then checked against fatigue analysis criteria. The final recommended diameter is 58mm, providing a safety factor of 1.55 when accounting for torsional loads in addition to bending. Deflection analysis is also performed to evaluate the shaft deformation.
FEM_Modeling_Project_Evaluation of a Steel Pulley and Shaft DesignMehmet Bariskan
The document summarizes a finite element analysis (FEA) project evaluating the design of a steel pulley and shaft system. The initial FEA model found unrealistic stress concentrations and displacements due to invalid boundary conditions. The boundary conditions were customized and additional analyses were run with fillet radii of 1-5 mm added to reduce stress. Increasing the shaft diameter from 25mm to 30mm further reduced stress. The maximum stress was plotted against degrees of freedom for each model, with the 5mm fillet radius and 30mm shaft diameter model exhibiting the lowest stress of around 75MPa.
This document contains notes from a lecture on machine dynamics and design taught by Dr. Muhammad Wasif. The notes cover topics including spur gear tooth profiles, standard spur gears, gear trains, and gear train analysis problems. Specifically, it discusses the involute and cycloidal tooth profiles, AGMA gear standards, simple, compound, and epicyclic gear trains, and provides examples of calculating speed ratios and tooth counts for different gear train configurations.
IRJET - Design, and Manufacturing of Automatic Sheet Metal Bending MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design, development, and manufacturing of an automatic sheet metal bending machine. It aims to address limitations of existing manual and small-scale bending machines by developing an automated machine using a hydraulic system. Key aspects covered include:
1. Conducting research to identify problems with existing machines like high costs and difficulty bending small parts.
2. Designing and calculating components like the hydraulic press, beams to support bending forces, and selecting an appropriate motor.
3. Developing a 3D model and describing the construction of the machine.
4. Discussing future improvements like adding automation and increasing the bending capacity.
5. Concluding the hydraulic cylinder approach makes the machine simpler and
Stress Analysis of I.C.Engine Connecting Rod by FEM and PhotoelasticityIOSR Journals
Abstract: The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production critical component. Every vehicle
that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod .From the viewpoint of
functionality, connecting rods must have the highest possible rigidity at the lowest weight. The major stress
induced in the connecting rod is a combination of axial and bending stresses in operation. The axial stresses are
produced due to cylinder gas pressure (compressive only) and the inertia force arising in account of
reciprocating action (both tensile as well as compressive), where as bending stresses are caused due to the
centrifugal effects. The result of which is, the maximum stresses are developed at the fillet section of the big and
the small end.Hence, the paper deals with the stress analysis of connecting rod by Finite Element Method using
Pro/E Wildfire 4.0 and ANSYS WORKBENCH 11.0 software. The comparison and verification of the results
obtained in FEA is done experimentally by the method of Photo elasticity(Optical Method). The method of
Photoelasticity includes the casting of Photoelastic sheet using Resin AY103 and Hardner HY951, preparation
of the model from Photoelastic sheet calibration of the sheet to determine material fringe value.
Keywords - Big End fillet section ,Connecting Rod, Compressive Stresses , Failure of Connecting Rod, FEA,
Photoelasticity, Small End fillet section, Tensile Stresses.
The document contains a series of questions and answers related to gears and gear design. It discusses topics like tooth interference, torque transmission ratios, speed reductions, minimum number of teeth, center distance calculations, and stress analysis. For each question, the relevant concepts and equations are explained to arrive at the solution. Gear terminology and relationships between different gear types and shaft arrangements are also covered.
This document discusses the design and analysis of a flat joint connection for a double wishbone suspension A-arm. It begins with identifying issues with the current round tube welded frame and motivates the redesign with a flat frame. The objectives are to design a customized A-arm for the flat joint, verify its sustainability with the joint, and standardize the wishbone A-arm design for the flat joint assembly. The A-arm and joint are modeled and analyzed using ANSYS to evaluate stress and deformation. The results show maximum stresses and deflections below allowable values, validating the new joint design which effectively transfers loads in working conditions.
This document provides ordering and specification information for the 120 Series belt drive system. It includes details on ordering options like carriage length, travel length, drive shaft configuration, motor mounts, couplings, switches, encoders, and brakes. It also provides technical specifications for the 120 Series like load capacities, position accuracy, friction coefficient, dimensions, materials, and more. The document is intended to help customers properly order and understand the technical capabilities of the 120 Series belt drive system.
1) The document describes the design of a magneto rheological brake for two wheelers.
2) Three brake configurations are analyzed - a disk brake, a disk brake with an added ring, and a disk brake with added cylinders.
3) Analytical equations are developed to calculate the braking torque produced based on parameters like surface area, yield stress, viscosity, angular velocity, etc.
4) The results show that increasing the number of disks/rings/cylinders increases the surface area and braking torque produced in a linear fashion. The ring configuration is found to provide the maximum braking torque in the most compact size suitable for two wheelers.
This document introduces a new skin color-based algorithm for face detection that combines three different color models: RGB, YCbCr, and HSI. Face detection is the first step in face recognition systems and is challenging due to variations in images like lighting, size, and pose. Existing face detection methods have limitations, but skin color is a useful feature since it is unique and can separate the face from the background. The proposed algorithm aims to more effectively localize faces by classifying skin color pixels in the YCbCr color space. It provides equations for detecting skin pixels in the RGB and YCbCr color spaces and discusses advantages and limitations of different color models for skin color classification and face detection.
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
11.performance evaluation of locally fabricated slipping machine for natural ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the performance of a locally fabricated slipping machine for processing natural rubber wood. The summary is as follows:
[1] The machine was able to cut rubber wood into various sizes, including rough sawn kiln dried timber and finger jointed four side planed sections.
[2] The design calculations for components like the belt, shaft, saw blade, and lift system were presented. The machine was found to have an efficiency of around 85%.
[3] Based on its ability to cut rubber wood into specified sizes and its high efficiency, the machine was determined to be suitable for its intended purpose of processing rubber wood for research studies.
The document contains 10 assignments related to mechanical engineering design problems involving belt drives, gear drives, clutches, brakes and other mechanical components. The problems require calculating dimensions, forces, power ratings, efficiencies and other parameters based on given input specifications like transmitted power, speeds, materials and operating conditions. Solutions involve applying engineering formulas and making appropriate design choices and assumptions.
11.[38 48]performance evaluation of locally fabricated slipping machine for n...Alexander Decker
Researchers in Nigeria evaluated the performance of a locally fabricated machine for processing natural rubber wood. The machine was able to cut rubber wood into various sizes, including rough sawn kiln dried timber measuring 150mm wide, 2400mm long, and 25-75mm thick, and finger jointed four side planed sections measuring 30-100mm wide, 20-65mm thick, and up to 2400mm long depending on specifications. The researchers concluded that the machine performed efficiently, with an estimated efficiency of 96%, and was suitable for its intended purpose of cutting rubber wood samples for research studies.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Investigation of Stresses in Rear Half Axle of an AutomobileIRJET Journal
The document investigates stresses in the rear half axle of an automobile using finite element analysis. It considers various cases like increasing angular velocity, inclination of the axle, and additional loads. Von-Mises and maximum principal stresses increase with higher angular velocity and additional loads. At a constant speed, stresses increase up to a certain inclination angle and then remain similar. Comparing FEA results to analytical calculations shows good agreement at higher angular velocities. The maximum stresses occur at the junction of the axle and gear.
Design and Analysis of Loading Bracket for Landing Gear Strength TestIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a loading bracket used for landing gear strength testing. The loading bracket is designed to withstand heavy vertical, drag, and side loads experienced during testing. The design process involves selecting carbon molybdenum steel, theoretically calculating stresses under each load case, and verifying stresses using ANSYS simulation. The theoretical and ANSYS results are found to be within acceptable limits, confirming the design is sufficient to withstand testing loads.
This document summarizes a study on optimizing and reducing the weight of a universal joint yoke through the use of composite materials. The study first analyzes a conventional universal joint yoke made of SM45C steel using finite element analysis. It then models modified universal joint yokes made of carbon/epoxy composite and Kevlar/epoxy composite. Calculations of torsional strength, buckling strength, and bending natural frequency show that both composite designs meet requirements while reducing weight compared to steel. Static stress analyses and modal analyses using FEA are presented and compared between materials. The study aims to improve mechanical properties and reduce weight of universal joints through composite material optimization.
Springs - DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-IIDr. L K Bhagi
Introduction to springs, Types and terminology of springs, Stress and deflection equations, Series and parallel connection, Design of helical springs, Design against fluctuating load, Concentric springs, Helical torsion springs, Spiral springs, Multi-leaf springs, Optimum design of helical spring
Wire ropes are made of strands of twisted steel wires wrapped around a core. They are used to transmit power over long distances in applications like elevators, cranes, and bridges. Wire ropes have advantages like being lighter, more reliable, and durable. They are classified based on the direction of twist of the wires and strands. Design considerations for wire ropes include selecting the type based on application, calculating design load and rope diameter, and ensuring stresses do not exceed the rope's ultimate strength. Sample problems demonstrate designing a wire rope for a mine hoist and selecting a rope to lift debris from a well.
The document presents a comparative study of different gantry girder profiles for various crane capacities and gantry spans. Bending moments, shear forces, and section properties are calculated and tabulated for 'I'-section with top and bottom plates, symmetrical plate girder, 'I'-section with 'C'-section top flange, plate girder with rolled 'C'-section top flange, and unsymmetrical plate girder sections. Graphs of steel weight required per meter length are presented. The 'I'-section with 'C'-section top flange profile is found to be optimized for biaxial bending but rolled sections may not be available for all spans.
IRJET- Design Analysis and Optimization of Two-Wheeler Chassis for Weight Red...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design analysis and optimization of a two-wheeler chassis for weight reduction. The project aims to redesign the chassis frame of a Yamaha FZ motorcycle using alternative materials and geometries to reduce weight while maintaining structural stability. The current steel chassis is modeled in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS to understand its structural behavior under various loading conditions. Different materials like aluminum alloys, titanium, and composites will be considered to replace steel and reduce weight. The redesign will be optimized for minimum weight through changes to tube dimensions and shapes using modeling and analysis software.
Shaft design Erdi Karaçal Mechanical Engineer University of GaziantepErdi Karaçal
This document discusses the design of an industrial railway car shaft that is subjected to various loading conditions including bending, torsion, axial loading, and shear. The author performs both static failure analysis and fatigue failure analysis to size the shaft diameter. For fatigue analysis, the author calculates stress concentration factors and endurance limits. An initial diameter of 37.63mm is obtained from static analysis, which is then checked against fatigue analysis criteria. The final recommended diameter is 58mm, providing a safety factor of 1.55 when accounting for torsional loads in addition to bending. Deflection analysis is also performed to evaluate the shaft deformation.
FEM_Modeling_Project_Evaluation of a Steel Pulley and Shaft DesignMehmet Bariskan
The document summarizes a finite element analysis (FEA) project evaluating the design of a steel pulley and shaft system. The initial FEA model found unrealistic stress concentrations and displacements due to invalid boundary conditions. The boundary conditions were customized and additional analyses were run with fillet radii of 1-5 mm added to reduce stress. Increasing the shaft diameter from 25mm to 30mm further reduced stress. The maximum stress was plotted against degrees of freedom for each model, with the 5mm fillet radius and 30mm shaft diameter model exhibiting the lowest stress of around 75MPa.
This document contains notes from a lecture on machine dynamics and design taught by Dr. Muhammad Wasif. The notes cover topics including spur gear tooth profiles, standard spur gears, gear trains, and gear train analysis problems. Specifically, it discusses the involute and cycloidal tooth profiles, AGMA gear standards, simple, compound, and epicyclic gear trains, and provides examples of calculating speed ratios and tooth counts for different gear train configurations.
IRJET - Design, and Manufacturing of Automatic Sheet Metal Bending MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design, development, and manufacturing of an automatic sheet metal bending machine. It aims to address limitations of existing manual and small-scale bending machines by developing an automated machine using a hydraulic system. Key aspects covered include:
1. Conducting research to identify problems with existing machines like high costs and difficulty bending small parts.
2. Designing and calculating components like the hydraulic press, beams to support bending forces, and selecting an appropriate motor.
3. Developing a 3D model and describing the construction of the machine.
4. Discussing future improvements like adding automation and increasing the bending capacity.
5. Concluding the hydraulic cylinder approach makes the machine simpler and
Stress Analysis of I.C.Engine Connecting Rod by FEM and PhotoelasticityIOSR Journals
Abstract: The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production critical component. Every vehicle
that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod .From the viewpoint of
functionality, connecting rods must have the highest possible rigidity at the lowest weight. The major stress
induced in the connecting rod is a combination of axial and bending stresses in operation. The axial stresses are
produced due to cylinder gas pressure (compressive only) and the inertia force arising in account of
reciprocating action (both tensile as well as compressive), where as bending stresses are caused due to the
centrifugal effects. The result of which is, the maximum stresses are developed at the fillet section of the big and
the small end.Hence, the paper deals with the stress analysis of connecting rod by Finite Element Method using
Pro/E Wildfire 4.0 and ANSYS WORKBENCH 11.0 software. The comparison and verification of the results
obtained in FEA is done experimentally by the method of Photo elasticity(Optical Method). The method of
Photoelasticity includes the casting of Photoelastic sheet using Resin AY103 and Hardner HY951, preparation
of the model from Photoelastic sheet calibration of the sheet to determine material fringe value.
Keywords - Big End fillet section ,Connecting Rod, Compressive Stresses , Failure of Connecting Rod, FEA,
Photoelasticity, Small End fillet section, Tensile Stresses.
The document contains a series of questions and answers related to gears and gear design. It discusses topics like tooth interference, torque transmission ratios, speed reductions, minimum number of teeth, center distance calculations, and stress analysis. For each question, the relevant concepts and equations are explained to arrive at the solution. Gear terminology and relationships between different gear types and shaft arrangements are also covered.
This document discusses the design and analysis of a flat joint connection for a double wishbone suspension A-arm. It begins with identifying issues with the current round tube welded frame and motivates the redesign with a flat frame. The objectives are to design a customized A-arm for the flat joint, verify its sustainability with the joint, and standardize the wishbone A-arm design for the flat joint assembly. The A-arm and joint are modeled and analyzed using ANSYS to evaluate stress and deformation. The results show maximum stresses and deflections below allowable values, validating the new joint design which effectively transfers loads in working conditions.
This document provides ordering and specification information for the 120 Series belt drive system. It includes details on ordering options like carriage length, travel length, drive shaft configuration, motor mounts, couplings, switches, encoders, and brakes. It also provides technical specifications for the 120 Series like load capacities, position accuracy, friction coefficient, dimensions, materials, and more. The document is intended to help customers properly order and understand the technical capabilities of the 120 Series belt drive system.
1) The document describes the design of a magneto rheological brake for two wheelers.
2) Three brake configurations are analyzed - a disk brake, a disk brake with an added ring, and a disk brake with added cylinders.
3) Analytical equations are developed to calculate the braking torque produced based on parameters like surface area, yield stress, viscosity, angular velocity, etc.
4) The results show that increasing the number of disks/rings/cylinders increases the surface area and braking torque produced in a linear fashion. The ring configuration is found to provide the maximum braking torque in the most compact size suitable for two wheelers.
This document introduces a new skin color-based algorithm for face detection that combines three different color models: RGB, YCbCr, and HSI. Face detection is the first step in face recognition systems and is challenging due to variations in images like lighting, size, and pose. Existing face detection methods have limitations, but skin color is a useful feature since it is unique and can separate the face from the background. The proposed algorithm aims to more effectively localize faces by classifying skin color pixels in the YCbCr color space. It provides equations for detecting skin pixels in the RGB and YCbCr color spaces and discusses advantages and limitations of different color models for skin color classification and face detection.
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document presents a novel control strategy for shunt active filters that considers the presence of harmonics in both the system voltage and load current. It compares different methods for estimating the reference compensating current, including notch filtering, instantaneous reactive power theory, synchronous reference frame, fast Fourier transforms, and synthetic fundamental subtraction. Simulation results show that the fast Fourier transform method provides good steady state and transient response for active filters operating under unbalanced system voltages. It can effectively compensate harmonics under these conditions by treating each phase individually. The total harmonic distortion of the source current is reduced below 5% using this method, meeting IEEE standards.
This document discusses the generation of asymmetrical difference patterns from continuous line sources to reduce electromagnetic interference for marine applications. It begins by introducing the need for asymmetric patterns in marine radars to account for pitch and roll of ships. It then provides the formulation for generating an asymmetric difference pattern by introducing a 180 degree phase shift to one half of a symmetric array. Several results are presented showing asymmetric difference patterns for different array sizes and line source lengths, with high sidelobes in the boresight direction as required. The paper concludes that useful asymmetric difference patterns have been generated through this technique.
This document discusses using the Taguchi method to optimize WEDM parameters for machining EN 31 steel to achieve lower surface roughness. An experiment was conducted using an L9 orthogonal array to test different levels of pulse on time, pulse off time, gap voltage, and wire feed. Analysis of variance showed that pulse on time had the largest effect on surface roughness at 48.84%, followed by gap voltage at 36.81%. Confirmation experiments found that the optimized parameters of 4μs pulse on time, 6μs pulse off time, 40V gap voltage, and 4mm/min wire feed achieved a predicted surface roughness with only 11.5% error, validating the model. The Taguchi method was able to effectively optimize
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to analyze the behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars. A 3D model was created in ANSYS of simple concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars. The model was validated by comparing results to experimental data, showing good agreement. A parametric study was then performed using the validated model to analyze effects of BFRP reinforcement ratio on ultimate load capacity, deflection, concrete stresses, and bar forces. Results indicated strengthening with BFRP bars can increase ultimate load and ductility while decreasing deflection compared to steel reinforcement.
This document discusses using HHO gas and LPG enriched gasoline as alternative fuels in a 4-stroke gasoline engine. It begins by introducing the project aims of using non-conventional fuels to address issues with conventional fuels becoming more scarce and costly. It then reviews literature on the development of HHO gas and its use in welding. The document describes the materials and process used to generate HHO gas through electrolysis of water. Experimental tests were conducted to analyze engine performance and exhaust emissions when fueled with gasoline enriched with HHO gas and LPG. The results showed improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to pure gasoline.
Surface Morphological and Electrical Properties of Sputtered Tio2 Thin FilmsIOSR Journals
Titanium dioxide films were formed on quartz and crystalline p-Si (100) substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method. Pure titanium target was sputtered at a constant oxygen partial pressure of 5x10-2 Pa, and at different sputtering powers in the range 80 – 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for 1 hour at 1023 K. The deposited films were characterized by studying the surface morphology by atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrical and dielectric properties from current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. Atomic force micrographs of the films showed that the Rrms and Ra increased with the increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. The leakage current density was increased by increasing the sputtering power.
This document analyzes the optimal sizing of elements in hinged portal frames under different static loads through an elastic analysis. It determines the minimum depth of each frame element based on the bending moment and axial force. The cost of the frame is proportional to its volume, while the benefit is proportional to the ratio of cross-sectional area to perimeter. Graphs of cost/benefit ratio against height-to-span ratio show minimum points for different load-to-material strength ratios. Tables present the optimal height-to-span ratios that correspond to minimum cost/benefit for different load cases. The analysis finds that the optimal ratio depends on the load characteristics and load-to-strength ratio.
Cash Flow Valuation Mode Lin Discrete TimeIOSR Journals
This document summarizes key concepts related to cash flow valuation in discrete time using discounted cash flow analysis. It introduces probability spaces, stochastic processes, martingales, and defines cash flow, discounting, and discount rate processes. The value of a cash flow is modeled as the expected discounted sum of future cash flows. Discounting links future cash flows to their present value using a discount factor that accounts for the time value of money and risk. The discount rate captures the cost of capital and risk of non-payment implied by the discount process.
This document discusses the influence of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys. Specifically, it examines how properties like the coefficient of work hardening (χp), yield stress (σy), and fracture stress (σf) change with aging temperature (Ta) for both quenched (type I) and slowly cooled (type II) samples. It finds that these properties decrease with increasing Ta in two stages around the transformation temperature, and are generally higher for type I samples. The fracture strain (εf) increases with Ta. Microstructural analysis shows the Sb-rich phase dissolving at higher Ta. Activation energies indicate different deformation mechanisms are active in
This document summarizes and compares five different text-based steganography techniques: 1) Missing Letter Puzzle, 2) Hiding Data in Wordlist, 3) Hiding Data in Paragraphs, 4) Hiding Data in Characters, and 5) Hiding Data in Spaces. It analyzes the algorithms for each technique and compares their time and space complexities through execution results displayed in tables and graphs. The goal is to determine the most efficient technique depending on given situations.
The document describes a navigation system for visually impaired or blind people using the A* pathfinding algorithm. It discusses planning a path from a starting to ending location and avoiding obstacles. The system was modeled in C# and MATLAB. Simulation results showed the system successfully guided visually impaired users to their desired location without errors along efficient paths. The A* algorithm proved to be a valid and reliable method for indoor navigation with or without obstacles.
The document describes a heuristic hierarchical agglomerative co-clustering (HHACC) method for organizing music data by clustering artists and their associated tags, styles, and moods (T/S/M) labels. The HHACC method starts with each data point in its own cluster and then iteratively merges the two closest clusters until all data points are merged into one cluster, allowing clusters of both artists and T/S/M labels to be merged at each step. This differs from other hierarchical agglomerative co-clustering methods that merge artists and labels into single groups. The authors demonstrate that the HHACC method can provide more reasonable artist similarity measures than other methods.
This document discusses security issues related to the migration from IPv4 to IPv6 networks. It analyzes common network attacks in IPv4 and how they may impact IPv6 networks. These attacks include reconnaissance attacks, host initialization attacks, broadcast amplification attacks, header manipulation attacks, routing attacks, and firewall evasion through fragmentation. The document provides guidelines to mitigate these attacks, such as using random node IDs, securing neighbor discovery and DHCPv6, ingress filtering of packets, and parsing entire extension header chains. It addresses that while IPv6 introduces new vulnerabilities, existing IPv4 threats will also impact IPv6 networks, and secure migration techniques are needed as IPv4 and IPv6 networks coexist during the transition period.
This document discusses and compares several congestion control protocols for wireless networks, including TCP, RCP, and RCP+. It implemented an enhanced version of RCP+ in the NS-2 simulator. Simulation results showed that the proposed approach achieved higher throughput and packet delivery ratio than TCP and RCP+ in a wireless network with 10-50 nodes, with performance degrading as the number of nodes increased beyond 20 due to increased congestion. The paper analyzes the mechanisms and equations of each protocol and argues the proposed approach combines benefits of improved AIMD and RCP+ to address their individual shortcomings.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new vibration propulsion system for powering a small mobile robot. The system uses two counter-rotating eccentric masses, similar to the Dean drive, to excite an oscillating inner frame attached to an outer frame by springs. Wheels on the outer frame can be driven forward due to inertial and friction forces generated by the oscillating system. The document presents the dynamic model of the system and derives the governing differential equation. Experimental testing showed the system could successfully propel a robot vehicle and generate a maximum towing force of 8.5N while weighing 25N itself. Further improvements to increase propulsion are recommended.
This document provides a review of systematic quality software designing and development practices. It discusses software engineering processes, quality processes, design and development modeling approaches, and related works. The key points are:
1) Software engineering processes aim to ensure quality, meet deadlines, and manage expectations through defined stages and deliverables. Common models include waterfall, spiral, and agile.
2) Software quality processes evaluate and improve aspects like reliability, maintainability, and interoperability. Metrics and techniques are used to measure qualities.
3) Design and development involve life cycles, methods, and notations to systematically model requirements, architecture, and implementation. Waterfall and rapid prototyping are example models.
Nutritional Analysis of Edible Wild Fruit (Zizyphus Jujuba Mill.) Used By Rur...IOSR Journals
Wild edible plants form an important constituent of traditional diets in Himalayas. People of Hamirpur District are very close to Nature wild fruits like Zizyphus jujuba Mill. are one of the important natural resources in the district. The indigenous people of the district have direct dependence on the wild plants for their sustenance. Hundreds of wild edible plants are present in the north- western Himalayas, out of which the ‘Ber’ Zizyphus jujuba Mill. has its religious as well as nutritional advantage over the others. Because of the easy accessibility the fruits are very commonly eaten by the rural populace and the travellers. Biochemical analysis of the dried fruits showed remarkable presence of Carbohydrates 69.12%, Total sugars 27.75%, Phosphorus 133mg/100g, Calcium 199.19mg/100g, Magnesium 84.69mg/100g and Iron 4.15mg/100g on dry weight basis. In other words an important supplementary diet for giving strength to otherwise poor and deprived lot. The present communication aims to highlight the fruits eaten by the inner country side people and what nutritional components are they getting in return
Proximate, Mineral and Anti-Nutrient Evaluation of Pumpkin Pulp (Cucurbita Pepo)IOSR Journals
Abstract: Proximate, minerals and anti-nutritional concentration of Pumpkin pulp (Cucurbita pepo) were investigated using standard analytical methods as stipulated by AOAC (1990), Agte el al; (1995), Chapman and Pratt, (1961), Kadhakrishna and Sivaprasad (1980), Nelson (1968),Day and underwood, (1986). The proximate composition (%) showed that pumpkin pulp contained Total ash 15.988 ± 0.10, Moisture 0.532 ± 0.10, Fat extract 2.300 ± 0.01 Crude fibre 11.463 ± 0.10, Crude protein 3.070 ± 0.01 and Carbohydrate by difference 66.647 ± 0.01% .The mineral element were Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Ni and P with values of 189.91 ± 0.2, 179.01 ± 0.2, 0.502 ± 0.1, 1.370 ± 0.1, 3.910 ± 0.1, 0.290 ± 0.1, 0.110 ± o.1 and 11.83 ± 0.2 mg/kg respectively also Na and K with values of 159.01 ± 0.2 and K 160.31 ± 0.1 mg/l00kg were estimated using Flame Emission spectrophotometer. The anti-nutritional analysis of pumpkin pulp gives Phytates 0.618 ± 0.100mgl100kg, Oxalates 16.297 ± 0.100 mg/100kg and Tannins 0.358 ± 0.100 mg/100kg. The results obtained above goes a long way to proof that pumpkin pulp is highly nutritious and at the same time can be used as food formulation for infant due to its nutritional composition.
Key Words: Cucurbita pepo, cucurbitaceae, pumpkin pulp, proximate analysis, mineral
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGH SPEED MOTORIZED SPINDLEIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the static and dynamic behavior of a high-speed motorized spindle used in computer numerical control (CNC) machining centers. A spindle model is created in ANSYS software and analyzed under static rotational loading and dynamic cutting forces. Modal analysis identifies the spindle's natural frequencies and mode shapes. Harmonic response analysis examines deflection under simulated cutting forces from 0-1400Hz. Testing is done for spindle materials EN24 and H13 under aluminum machining parameters. Results show maximum deflections of 0.016mm and 0.005mm under rotational and cutting loads for EN24. Natural frequencies up to 2754Hz are identified. The study provides data on spindle stiffness and vibrational behavior to improve machining
Design and Construction of a Connecting rodFaisal Niloy
The document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares technologies. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Finally, it includes the CAD model and photos of the constructed physical connecting rod.
Design & Construction of a Connecting rodFaisal Niloy
The document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares technologies. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Examples are provided of both the CAD model and real constructed connecting rod.
This document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares their strengths. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Examples are provided of both the CAD model and physical constructed connecting rod. Materials used and their properties are also outlined.
In India, industries usually have quality range of gantry girders for industrial sheds. Assisted by skilled workers in India, companies have been able to successfully grow towards the zenith, but there is still minor margin remaining which can be achieved by optimally designing the gantry girder in an economic as well as efficient manner. For this purpose, it is essential to implement the procedure for model, design, analyze and validate the girder efficiently.
The document analyzes the crankshaft of a single cylinder four stroke engine using ANSYS software to determine the optimal material. Three materials were considered for the crankshaft: structural steel, aluminum alloy, and nickel chromium molybdenum steel. The crankshaft was modeled in SolidWorks and imported into ANSYS for stress analysis. Von Mises stress and total deformation were compared for each material. The results showed that aluminum alloy had the lowest von Mises stress of 146.28 MPa, making it the strongest and best material candidate for withstanding the loads on the crankshaft.
IRJET - Optimization of Crankshaft by Modification in Design and MaterialIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an analysis and optimization of a crankshaft design for a 4-cylinder inline gasoline engine. A 3D model of the crankshaft was created in Siemens NX software based on engine specifications. Finite element analysis was performed in ANSYS to evaluate stresses and deformation. The analysis showed maximum von Mises stress of 223.76 MPa and shear stress of 127.31 MPa, both at joints between the crankshaft spindle and web. Total deformation was a minimal 0.14091 mm. The safety factor of 1.5195 indicated the design would withstand fatigue loading over an infinite lifespan. Modifications like added fillets helped reduce stresses by distributing loads more evenly. The optimized
hello folks;
In this documentation, A 2 stage bevel reduction gearbox is designed.
The example taken is of the gearbox requirement for the Box-shipping conveyor. All the necessary design calculations for gears and shafts are carried out in a proper and easy-to-understand sequence. The material selection, standardized components (keys, oil seals likewise)selection from the design databook is also discussed with reasoning. As and when needed concepts are explained with the help of suitable graphs, visuals, and drawings.
This report is authorized by the team member's name mentioned on Slide.
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This document presents a comparative study of different flywheel geometries (solid, rim, section cut, six spoke) using analytical calculations and ANSYS simulations. The study found that a six spoke flywheel can store the most kinetic energy due to its higher moment of inertia. Stress analyses showed that while stresses increased from solid to six spoke designs, all values remained within permissible limits. In conclusion, a six spoke flywheel provides the best performance for energy storage applications out of the designs considered in this study.
This document discusses the design and optimization of the roll cage for a single-seated all-terrain vehicle (ATV). The authors designed the roll cage in CATIA and analyzed it using finite element analysis in Altair HyperWorks to evaluate stresses and deformations under various loading conditions like frontal impact, torsion, and roll over. They identified two dimensions, the radius of the front impact member and side impact member, that were not directly constrained. Through repeated analysis while varying these radii, they determined the optimum radii that resulted in minimum deformation for the given loads. The final roll cage design met all constraints in the BAJA rulebook and provided adequate protection for the driver.
ANALYSIS OF CNC LATHE SPINDLE FOR MAXIMUM CUTTING FORCE CONDITION AND BEARING...AM Publications
The present CNC machine structures consist of spindle system which plays a relating to the quality of the
final product and the overall productivity and efficiency of the machine tool itself. The spindle of a CNC lathe
machine, which is rotated by the main motor, holds the cutting tool, which cuts the work piece, so that the cutting
forces are generated which effects the spindle accuracy directly. The forces which are affecting the CNC machine tool
spindle are tangential force (Ft), feed force (Fc), radial force (Fr) and will be estimated. Based on maximum cutting
force incurred the analysis will be carried out. The main objective is to find the static, fatigue analysis of spindle
structure for maximum cutting force condition and predicting life of bearings. From static analysis stress and
deformation of the spindle can be found. Stress obtained from the stress analysis is less than the yield strength of the
material and deformation of the spindle is very less which can be neglected. Equivalent alternating stress, factor of
safety and life of the spindle is found by fatigue analysis and which results are closely matches with the analytical
value
This document describes the design and analysis of an automatic stirrup making machine. Some key points:
1. The machine aims to automate the production of stirrups used in concrete beams and columns to reduce human labor and increase productivity.
2. It consists of components like a rectifier, motor, sprockets, and dies that rotate to bend rebar into the square shape of the stirrup.
3. Design calculations are shown for selecting transmission components like sprockets and chain to achieve the desired bending speed from the motor torque.
4. The machine is designed to continuously produce 200x200mm stirrups from 6-8mm rebar with low power consumption for use in construction sites
This document provides information on bevel gears, including their design, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. It discusses straight and spiral bevel gear types and proportions. Formulas are presented for calculating forces, bending stresses, contact stresses, and permissible stress values for bevel gear design. Diagrams illustrate bevel gear geometry, terminology, and force analysis. The document is intended to inform the design of bevel gear elements and machine components.
IRJET - Design and Development of Axial Feed using Recirculating Ball Screw f...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and development of an axial feed system using a recirculating ball screw for a 6-axis CNC gear hobbing machine. It begins with an overview of the gear hobbing process and advantages of using a ball screw over a lead screw. It then describes the design process for the axial feed system, which involves selecting a suitable ball screw based on calculations of stroke length, load capacity, rigidity and service life. A 63mm diameter ball screw with 10mm lead is selected that meets the design requirements for axial load, rotational speed and long service life.
FEA OF A CRANKSHAFT IN CRANK-PIN WEB FILLET REGION FOR IMPROVING FATIGUE LIFEijiert bestjournal
A crankshaft is often designed with a fillet radius to improving fatigue life of crankshaft. The fatigue life of crankshaft is depend on the proper fillet radius. This fillet radius is changes than fatigue life is also changes of crankshaft. In most of the time fatigue failure is occur in crank-pin web fillet region. The crankshaft fillet rolling process is one of the commonly adopted methods in engineering to improve fatigue life of the crankshaft. A finite element analysis is implemented to approximate the stress distribution induced in the crankpin fillet region. The modelling of crankshaft is created by Creo-parametric. Finite element analysis is performed to obtain the variation of stress at critical locations and fatigue life of the crank shaft using the ANSYS software and applying th e boundary conditions. Radius of fillet is changes in model of crankshaft to improvement in fatigue life. Th is work in doing for optimization of a crankshaft in crank-pin web fillet region with fatigue life as well as to study a relation between fillet radius/diameter of crankpin to fatigue life. .
Review of shaft failure in Coil Car AssemblyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on failures of shafts in coil car assemblies. The researchers investigated a failed coil car shaft and found that reversed bending fatigue caused it to fracture, occasionally due to misalignment. They calculated loads on the existing shaft theoretically and analytically and found the stresses exceeded permissible levels, indicating it was prone to failure. To improve shaft design, they examined increasing diameter and using fillets/chamfers to disperse stresses. A literature review showed other shaft failures were due to low radius of curvature, incorrect chamfer size increasing stress concentration, and vibrations from imbalance.
The Radical RXC chassis was designed as a tubular space frame to achieve high torsional stiffness while minimizing weight for improved performance. Triangulation was used in the design to reduce shear forces. The frame material was AISI 1020 steel with Ultimate tensile strength of 420 MPa and yield strength of 350MPa. Finite element analysis showed a maximum deflection of 0.1339mm and von Mises stress of 1.06 x 107 N/m^2 under an applied torque of 410 N-m, yielding a torsional stiffness of 22,043 N-m/deg. While satisfactory, improvements could include optimizing stiffness, reducing weight, addressing buckling risks from low slenderness ratios
This document summarizes the design of a gear reducer for a tractor. It describes the design of two gear pairs, three shafts, and keys to connect the gears to the shafts. Calculations were done to select gear materials, dimensions, and ensure safety factors were adequate to withstand the loads from the tractor's 22 horsepower engine producing 1800 RPM at the input shaft. The design was intended to fit within a 22" x 22" x 25" gearbox and reduce the input speed to between 330-335 RPM at the output shaft.
Design and Analysis of Centrifugal Governor: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of the design and analysis of a centrifugal governor. It begins with an abstract describing the objective to identify stress concentration areas and areas most susceptible to failure when the governor rotates. It then discusses the materials used for different governor parts, including stainless steel for the spindle and arms due to its strength. The document outlines the governor design process and criteria. It also analyzes the stresses on parts like the shaft and bearings. Graphs show how the governor's axial deflection increases with angular velocity. The analysis identifies high stress concentration areas that require strengthening to avoid failure.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
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B013131219
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. - Feb. 2016), PP 12-19
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13131219 www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
Design And Analysis Of High Speed Milling Spindle For Minimum
Deflection
Suhas D. Upase
1
, M. C. Swami
2
1
(M.E. Machine Design Student of Mechanical Department, M. S. Bidve Engineering College,
Latur,Maharashtra,India.)
2
(Faculty of Mechanical Department, M. S. Bidve Engineering College, Latur, Maharashtra, India.)
3
(Faculty of Mechanical Department, G. N. D. Engineering College, Bidar, Karnataka, India.)
Abstract: In this paper high speed milling spindle design of 16000rpm with minimum static deflection has
been determined by varying bearing stiffness, span length between bearings and front bearing inner diameter. In
present work intially we design different diameter spindles like 55, 60, 65 and differnet bearing stiffness of
respective diamenter by keeping 150
contact angle . Further we evaluate the deflection of the spindle nose, static
analysis and optimum bearing span length by theoretical analysis and compaire with ANSYS results. The result
shows that the span length and bearing siffness has significant effect on spindle deflection.
Keywords: High speed spindle, Static deflection, Bearing stiffness,Ansys software .
I. Introduction
The main mechanical component in machining centers is spindle. The spindle rotates at high speed with
holding different cutter, to machines a material assembled to machine tool table. Finishing quality of workpiece
and productivity directely affected by static and dynamic stffness of the spindle. The bearing arrangement is
important factor for spindle design. In machine tools spindles are rotating drive shafts that act as axes for cutting
tools or to hold cutting instruments.High speed spindles have important component of any type of high machining
process whether in CNC, tool machining centers and oyher process components. Motorized spindle have been
developed to achive high speed rotation, which equipped with bulit in motor as a part of spindle for eliminating the
power transmission devices like gears, belts.
Fig. 1 High frequency milling spindle arrangements [7]
II. Static Stiffness Analysis.
2.1. Introduction
Static stiffness is one of the important performances of machine tools. Hence it must be correctly defined
and related parameters of spindle must be properly determined. Since power loss will be there in terms of
mechanical effciency, but as compared to conventional belt drive system where around 20-30%, here it has been
reduced to 10-15%.
2. Design And Analysis Of High Speed Milling Spindle For Minimum Deflection
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13131219 www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
Hence the available power at the spindle is assumed to be around 8.5 to 9 KW. Stiffness of the spindle is
defined as its ability to resist deflection under the action of cutting force.[11]
As shown in fig. 2 when a force exerted on the spindle nose is P, the displacement at the spindle nose in the same
direction as that of P is ‘δ’ and correlation stiffness is defined as K = P/δ
Using carbide cutting tool, cutting speed to cut thestainless steel material is 120 m/min.[9]
The cutting force P can be calculated from the unit powerconcept referring to the following equations:[7]
P = 6120 Nm/ V kgf ---------(Eqn.-1)
where, Nm=power of the motor at the spindle=9 KW=9x103
W
V =cutting speed =120 m/min=2 m/sec
Therefore,
P=6120*9/120 =459 kgf
P= 4502.8 N
III. High Speed Millingspindle
3.1. Features of milling high speed spindle to be designed
The spindle rotates at 16000 rpm with power rating 9 KW. Spindle is mounted on ball bearing of150
angular contact. In analysis the stiffness of outer diameter of spindle is near about inner diameter of bearing.
3.2 Rigidity analysis by analytical (Determination of spindle deflection)
Unit deflection of the spindle due to its own bending under the cutting force and also deflection caused
due to elasticity of bearing.
Fig. 2 Deflection of the spindle nose
The deflection of the spindle nose 'δ' for an unloaded spindle due to load P is given by [5]
δ = δ1 + δ2
------- (Eqn. 2)
Where, δ1= Deflection due to radial yielding of the bearings in mm
δ2 = Deflection due to elastic bending of the spindle in mm
a = Length of overhang in mm
L = Bearing span in mm
E = Young's modulus of Spindle material in N/mm2
P = Cutting force in N
SA = Stiffness of the front bearing N/mm
SB = Stiffness of the rear bearing in N/mm
IL = Second moment of area of the shaft at the span in mm4
Ia = Second moment of area of the shaft at the overhang in mm4
3.3 Arrangements of Bearing
Two different bearing arrangements ‘A’ and ‘B’ are considered for the design. Angular contact ball
bearings with 15° contact angle are used with medium preloading. The bearing arrangement ‘A’, with duplex
bearing set at the front, in which a pair of angular contact ball bearings are arranged in back-to-back and the duplex
bearing set at the rear mounted in back-to-back fashion. The bearing arrangement ‘B’, with triplet bearing set at the
front, in which one pair of angular contact ball bearings are arranged in tandem with respect to each other and
back-to-back with respect to a single angular contact ball bearing and the duplex bearing set at the rear mounted in
back-to-back fashion. The triplet bearing and duplex bearing sets are shown in fig. 3.
3. Design And Analysis Of High Speed Milling Spindle For Minimum Deflection
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13131219 www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Fig. 3 bearing arrangements (a) Triplet bearing, (b) Duplex bearing [8]
The stiffness can be calculated for 150
contact angle [2], for medium preloading and for 55, 60, 65
mm diameters bearings. From the FAG Spindle Bearing catalogue: [6]
For Triplet arrangement, Stiffness K = 1.36*6*Ca
For Duplex arrangement, Stiffness K = 6*Ca
Where Ca = stiffness value of the bearing in N/m
1) For dia. 60 mm front triplet bearing , axial rigidity (axial stiffness value) for medium preloading condition
is Ca =71.6 N/m. [8]
K= 1.36*6*71.6= 582.64 N/m.
2) For dia. 55 mm front duplex bearing , axial rigidity (axial stiffness value) for medium preloading condition is
Ca =67.2 N/m. [8]
K= 6*67.2= 403.2 N/m
Specifications, size, & stiffness of different bearings is given and calculated by FAG Spindle Bearings is
shown in the table
Table: 1Specifications, size, & stiffness of different bearings[8]
Sl.
No
Details
Type and
Specification
Size
Details
Stiffness
(N/µm)
Load
rating
dynamic
C (kN)
Load
rating
static
Co
(kN)
Attainable
Speed in
(r/min)
1A
Front
bearing
HSS 7011
CT P4S
Duplex
d=55mm
D=90mm
B=18mm
403.2 1860 1900 20000
2A
Front
bearing
HSS 7012
CT P4S
Duplex
d=60mm
D=95mm
B=18mm
428.4 1930 2000 19000
3A
Front
bearing
HSS 7013
CT P4S
Duplex
d=65mm
D=100mm
B=18mm
453.0 2000 2160 17000
1B
Front
bearing
HSS 7011
CT P4S
Triplet
d=55mm
D=90mm
B=18mm
548.3 1860 1900 20000
2B
Front
bearing
HSS 7012
CT P4S
Triplet
d=60mm
D=95mm
B=18mm
582.64 1930 2000 19000
3B
Front
bearing
HSS 7013
CT P4S
Triplet
d=65mm
D=100mm
B=18mm
616.08 2000 2160 17000
4R
Rear
bearing
HSS 7011
CT P4S
Duplex
d=55mm
D=90mm
B=18mm
403.2 1860 1900 20000
3.4 Optimum Bearing Span Length
The front bearing set should be positioned to minimize the overhang of the spindle nose. It is required to
optimize the bearing spacing 'L0' for maximum spindle stiffness. This requires examination of relative
combinations to deflection, which arise from both bearing deflections and spindle bearing. By using bearings with
a smaller cross section, larger spindle diameters can be used without changing the housing bore diameter or slightly
increasing the housing bore diameter. This increases the bending rigidity of spindle and leads to increase in overall
rigidity. Initially optimum bearing span is calculated using eq. 3for each configuration. Fig.4.shows the influence
of spread on spindle deflection at point of load. Details of different bearing arrangements and calculated optimum
bearing span length (L0) are listed in table .
Equation to calculate Optimum Bearing Span Length is [11]
---------- (Eqn. 3)
Where,
L0 = Static optimum Bearing Span Length in mm
4. Design And Analysis Of High Speed Milling Spindle For Minimum Deflection
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13131219 www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
Q =Trial value for iterative determination of L0 = 4a
Fig. 4Influence of spread on spindle deflection at point of load
3.5. Calculation to find Optimum Bearing Span Length:
E = Young’s modulus = 2.1x105
N/mm2
SA= Stiffness of front bearing = 403.2x103
N/mm ( for dia. 55mm)
SB = Stiffness of rear bearing = 403.2x103
N/mm ( for dia. 55mm )
Ia = Second moment of area = it is calculated and found to be 379.84x103
mm4
IL = Second moment of area of the shaft at the span in mm4
= it is calculated and found to be 562.5x103
N/mm
a = Length of overhang = 65 mm
Q = Trial value for iterative determination of L0 = 4xa = 4x65 = 260
For First trial value take Q =260mm, therefore
L1 = 202.12mm
For second trial value take Q =202.12mm, therefore
L2= 193.10mm
For third trial value take Q =193.10mm, therefore
L3 = 191.62mm
For fourth trial value take Q =191.62mm, therefore
L4 = 191.37mm=L0
Table: 2 Details of different bearing arrangements with optimum bearing span length (L0).
Sl.
N
o
Front bearings Bearing
Stiffnes
s N/µm
Rear
bearin
gs
Beari
ng
Stiffn
ess
N/µm
Attainabl
e speed in
rpm
Optimum
bearing
span
length ‘L0’
mm
‘A
’
Ø55 x 90 x 18
Duplex
403.2
Ø55 x
90 x 18
Duplex
403.2
20000 193.33
Ø60 x 95 x 18
Duplex
428.4 19000 205.52
Ø65 x 100 x18
Duplex
453.0 17000 222.39
‘B
’
Ø55 x 90 x 18
Triplet
548.3
Ø55 x
90 x 18
Duplex
403.2
20000 175.53
Ø60 x 95 x 18
Triplet
582.64 19000 186.49
Ø65 x 100 x18
Triplet
616.08 17000 199.85
Analylitical analysis has been carried to evaluate stiffness of the spindle and to optimize the design to
have maximum spindle nose deflection. Varying the span length from 140 mm to 230 mm. This span length
variation becomes important to accommodate the integral motor rotor. By considering overhang of the spindle
is around 65 mm from front bearing center and spindle nose size BT-40 taper also the flange. Front
bearingdiameter is varied from 55 to 65 mm to evaluate its role in imparting the stiffness to the spindle system.
5. Design And Analysis Of High Speed Milling Spindle For Minimum Deflection
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13131219 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
3.5. Calculation of spindle deflection
------------(Eqn. 2)
Where,
a = Length of overhang in mm = 65 mm
L = Bearing span in mm = 140 mm
E = Young's modulus of Spindle material in N/mm2
= 2.1x105
N/mm2
P = Cutting force in N =4502.8 N
SA = Stiffness of the front bearing N/mm = 403.2x103
N/mm (for dia. 55mm)
SB = Stiffness of the rear bearing in N/mm = 403.2x103
N/mm (for dia. 55mm)
IL = Second moment of area of the shaft at the span in mm4
= it is calculated and found to be 562.5x103
mm4
= x (604
– 354
)/64 = 562.5x103
mm4
Ia = Second moment of area of the shaft at the overhang in mm4
Consider BT-40 Taper. Front taper side is 44.45mm and rear taper is 24.5mm.
Average Diameter at the mid of BT-40 Taper is = (44.45+24.5) / 2 = 34.475mm
Ia = Second moment of area = it is calculated for 55, 60 and 65mm and found to be
= x (554
– 34.4754
)/64 = 379.84x103
mm4
= x (604
– 34.4754
)/64 = 566.83x103
mm4
= x (654
– 34.4754
)/64 = 806.9x103
mm4
eq. 3.3 For bearing A type and front & rear dia. is 55mm then deflection is found to be
δ = 39.07x10-3
mm.
Variations of deflection and stiffness values for bearing arrangements ‘A’ and ‘B’ are given in following table.
Table: 3 Variations ofDeflections and Stiffness for bearing arrangements ‘A’ & ‘B’ .
Optimum deflection and stiffness values for bearing arrangements ‘A’ and ‘B’ are given in the table 4.
Table: 4 Optimum Deflections and Stiffness for bearing arrangements ‘A’, ‘B’.
Front bearing dia
mm
A B
Span length
mm
Δ
µm
K
N/ µm
Span
length
Mm
Δ
µm
K
N/ µm
55 210 36.69 122.7 190 31.47 142.9
60 200 33.84 133.06 190 28.9 155.8
65 200 31.80 141.6 180 27.08 166.2
The diameter of the spindle between the bearings has more influence on the rigidity as is evident from
the table3. This diameter could be varied to the extent of a maximum of 65 mm from the practical
considerations. To accommodate the integral motor rotor, the span length is taken as 200 mm [Table 2]. At the
65 mm diameter & 200mm span length, the stiffness of the arrangement ‘B’has a value of around 166.2 N/µm
and the deflection of the spindle nose based on static analysis is around 27.08 micron. From the point of view
of static analysis, bearing arrangement type ‘B’ is chosen as an optimum design.
Sr. No. Front
bearing
dia.mm
Span
Length
Mm
Bearing arrangement ‘A’ Bearing arrangement ‘B’
Deflection δ
µm
Stiffness K
N/µm
Deflection δ
µm
Stiffness K
N/µm
1 55 140 to 230 39.07 to 36.81 115.2 to 122.3 32.70 to 31.91 137.5 to 141.1
2 60 140 to 230 35.93 to 34.00 125.3 to 132.4 29.97 to 29.43 150.2 to 155.0
3 65 140 to 230 33.67 to 32.03 133.7 to 140.5 27.99 to 27.70 160.8 to 162.5
6. Design And Analysis Of High Speed Milling Spindle For Minimum Deflection
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13131219 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
Fig. 5 Deflection at the nose for bearing arrangements (front bearing dia 55mm)
Fig. 6 Deflection at the nose for bearing arrangements (front bearing dia 60mm)
Fig. 7 Deflection at the nose for bearing arrangements (front bearing dia 65mm)
Fig. 5 to 7 shows the effect of bearing elasticity and spindle deflection on the overall rigidity.Variation of
deflection and the stiffness when the bearing span is changed from 140 to 230 mm is not significant. This gives the
designer flexibility in sizing the span to accommodate the integral induction motor [11]. As there is not much
difference in the spindle stiffness in 180mm, 190mm, 200mm span length, to accommodate the integral motor
200mm span length will be considered
IV. Static Stiffness Analysis By Fem
4.1 Element Description: Beam Elements
There are several element types used for FE analysis such as solid, plane and beam elements. For the
spindle analysis for the bearing spans optimization, beam elements are the most suitable because the shapes of the
spindle and the cutting tool are roughly cylindrical. Besides a time consuming iteration method will be used for the
optimization, so the calculation time for the dynamic properties in each iteration step must be as short as possible.
In order to shorten the calculation time, the simplest elements (the beam elements ) are the most suitable type.[11]
7. Design And Analysis Of High Speed Milling Spindle For Minimum Deflection
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13131219 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
4.2 Static Stiffness Analysis
The geometric model is created in ANSYS. The finite element model is built using BEAM3 and COMBIN14
element[11].
4.2.1 Material properties
For the static analysis of the spindle, the following propertiesare used:[11]
Modulus of elasticity =210 GPa
Poisson’sratio =0.27
Density =7.8×10
-6
kg/mm
3
4.2.2 Boundary Conditions
The spindle is modeled using BEAM3 and COMBIN14 elements. A tangential force of4502.8 N is
applied at the spindle nose as shown in fig. 8.
Fig.8 FEM showing Boundary Condition[11]
Table: 5 Comparison of Theoretical & FEA values for deflection and stiffness at the spindle nose whenspan
length= 200 mm with‘B’ type bearing arrangement.[11]
4.3 Static Results
The deflection at the spindle nose in Y direction is computed for various configurations and results are
obtained for different diameters of spindle at the front bearing with ‘B’ type arrangement and span length of
200 mm as shown in fig. 9.
Fig.9Deflection at the spindle nose (front bearing Ø65mm, span length =200 mm)
Span length
Mm
THEORETICAL ANSYS
Deflection at
spindle nose
µm
Stiffness
N/µm
Deflection at
spindle nose
µm
Stiffness
N/µm
170 27.14 165.9 23.72 189.8
180 27.08 166.2 23.94 188.0
190 27.07 166.3 24.24 185.7
200 27.14 165.9 24.60 183.0
8. Design And Analysis Of High Speed Milling Spindle For Minimum Deflection
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13131219 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
Table:6Comparison of Theoretical & FEA values for deflection and stiffness at the spindle nose when the s
pan length various from
170 mm to 200 mm for the front bearing with diameter of 65 mm with ‘B’ type Bearing arrangement [11]
The deflection at the spindle nose in Y direction and the stiffness vlaues obtained through theoretical
calculations and ANSYS are given in the table.5 and 6. The diamenter could be varied to the extent of a maximum
of 65 mm from the practical considerations. The stiffness obtained by ANSYS of the optimized spindle with given
configuration is around 183.0 N/ µm at the span length of 200 mm.
In this we consider Triplet bearing set arrangement ‘B’for the front end of the spindle, in which one pair of
angular contact ball bearings are arranged in tandem with respect to each other and back-to-back with respect to a
single angular contact ball bearing. Tandem bearing pair will carry both radial and axial loads equally shared. [11]
4.4 Analysis of Results
The deflection of the spindle nose in Y direction is function of bearing stiffness, span length and diameter
of the spindle bearing for a given overhang. The deflection of the spindle nose in Y direction affects the machining
accuracy.[11]
V. Conclusions
Span length between bearing is varied from 140 to 230 mm which gives flexibility in sizing the span to
accommodate the integral induction motor.
From results it is clear that Rigidity of the spindle is depends on the diameter of the spindle between the
bearing. So from practical considerations of bearing speed, the diameter of the spindle varied from 55 to 65 mm
maximum and result shows that 65mm diameter spindle for the arrangement ‘B’ has getting a stiffness value
165.9 N/µm and 27.14 mm is the deflection of the spindle nose based on static analysis for above arrangement.
Therefore bearing arrangement type ‘B’ is chosen as an optimum design from static analysis results.
The effect of front bearing stiffness is on overall stiffness, hence locate higher siffness bearings at the front.
Rigidity analysis was carried out by using ANSYS and the result gives good correlation between theoretical
calculation and ANSYS result.
References.
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th
Print, page 186-198.
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®
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Research Transactions, 45 (1964) 65-80.
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Engineering Vol.1, No 6, 1999, pp. 665 – 674. Spindle Basics, 2008, www.spindlesworld.com.
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Diameter at
Front bearing
Mm
THEORETICAL ANSYS
Deflection at
spindle nose
µm
Stiffness
N/µm
Deflection at
spindle nose
µm
Stiffness
N/µm
55 31.50 142.8 25.07 179.6
60 28.96 155.4 24.19 186.1
65 27.14 165.9 24.60 183.0