This document discusses the influence of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys. Specifically, it examines how properties like the coefficient of work hardening (χp), yield stress (σy), and fracture stress (σf) change with aging temperature (Ta) for both quenched (type I) and slowly cooled (type II) samples. It finds that these properties decrease with increasing Ta in two stages around the transformation temperature, and are generally higher for type I samples. The fracture strain (εf) increases with Ta. Microstructural analysis shows the Sb-rich phase dissolving at higher Ta. Activation energies indicate different deformation mechanisms are active in
2018 khodan an-porous monoliths consisting of aluminum oxyhydroxide nanofibrilsAnatoleNKhodan
Abstract We present a study on the chemical and structural transformations in highly porous monolitic materials consisting of the nanofibrils of aluminum oxyhydroxides (NOA, Al2O3·nH2O) in the temperature range 20– 1700 °C. A remarkable property of the NOA material is the preservation of the monolithic state during annealing over the entire temperature range, although the density of the monolith increases from ~0.02 up to ~3 g/cm3, the total porosity decreases from 99.3 to 25% and remains open up to 4 h annealing at the temperature ~1300 °C. The physical parameters of NOA monoliths such as density, porosity, specific area were studied and a simple physical model describing these parameters as the function of the average size of NOA fibrils—the basic element of 3D structure—was proposed. The observed thermally induced changes in composition and structure of NOA were successfully described and two mechanisms of mass transport in NOA materials were revealed. (i) At moderate temperatures (T ≤ 800 °C), the mass transport occurs along a surface of amorphous single fibril, which results in a weak decrease of the length-to-diameter aspect ratio from the initial value ~24 till ~20; the corresponding NOA porosity change is also small: from initial ~99.5 to 98.5%. (ii) At high temperatures (T > 800 °C), the mass transport occurs in the volume of fibrils, that results in changes of fibrils shape to elliptical and strong decrease of the aspect ratio down to ≤ 2; the porosity of NOA decreases to 25%. These two regimes are characterized by activation energies of 28 and 61 kJ/mol respectively, and the transition temperature corresponds to the beginning of γ-phase crystallization at 870 °C.
The document summarizes research on the erosion-corrosion behavior of WC-Co-Cr cermet coatings applied by thermal spraying. Experiments were conducted exposing the coatings to a liquid-solid jet of 3.5% NaCl solution with silica sand loadings of 200 and 500 mg/l. Electrochemical measurements and surface analysis using SEM were used to understand the corrosion and erosion damage mechanisms. Cathodic protection was applied to isolate the erosion effects. The results showed the WC-Co-Cr coating had higher resistance to erosion-corrosion compared to stainless steel controls. Microstructural characterization revealed the coating had a lamellar structure and composition of WC-12% Co-6% Cr with
Evaluation on the reduced graphene oxide thermal interface material and heat ...Journal Papers
This document evaluates the performance of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a thermal interface material (TIM) and heat spreader for thermal management in high-temperature power devices. It describes how graphene oxide films of varying thickness were deposited on silicon substrates via drop-casting and then partially reduced to form hybrid rGO/graphene oxide films. Thermal testing found that a 300nm thick hybrid film formed from four drop-castings improved the heating rate of the silicon substrate from 14.85°C/W to 18.37°C/W, demonstrating the effectiveness of rGO for heat spreading applications. Raman spectroscopy and microscopy characterization confirmed the formation of electrically insulating graphene oxide cores surrounded by thermally conductive rGO shells in the
Compatibility Analyses of Bicuvox.10 as a Cathode in Yttria-stabilized Zircon...Marcelo Tramontin
The document examines the compatibility of copper-substituted bismuth vanadate (BICUVOX.10) as a cathode material in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells. When BICUVOX.10 interacts with YSZ, secondary phases form including yttrium vanadate (YVO4) and monoclinic zirconia. This is due to a reaction between the YO1.5 stabilizer cation in ZrO2 and VO2.5 from BICUVOX.10, depleting yttria from the zirconia lattice and destabilizing the tetragonal and cubic zirconia
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy has adequate properties for solder applications.
Study the effect of Mn2+ ions on the ac electrical properties of some iron do...IJRES Journal
Oxide glasses doped with transition metal ions are of high interest because of their variant applications in both science and technology fields. However, the normal melt quench method have used to prepared some iron doped phosphate glasses according the following molecular formula: (65-x) mol% P2O5 - 20 mol% Na2O - 15 mol% Fe2O3 - x mol% MnO, Where x= 0, 5,10, 20, 25. The room temperature Mössbauer Effect ME Spectra used to characterized the glassy state homogeneity of these glasses. ME spectra show, for all glasses, no magnetic field participate which mean good glassy state formation. The ac electrical transport properties were also measured, as function of temperature up to 500k. It was found that the ac conductivity increased with the gradual increase of Mn2+ cations, while the electrical activation energy decreased.
The document investigates the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn alloy (β-Ti alloy) in HCl and NaCl solutions of varying concentrations. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were conducted on samples of the alloy in both the solution treated and aged conditions. The corrosion rates were calculated from the polarization curves. It was found that the corrosion properties of the β-titanium alloy remained intact even after aging heat treatment. The corrosion rates in both HCl and NaCl increased with increasing concentrations but no significant change was observed between the solution treated and aged alloy conditions.
Effect of cu thickness and temperature on growth of graphene on 8 inch Cu/SiO...Journal Papers
The document summarizes research on growing graphene on copper thin films deposited on silicon dioxide substrates using a cold-wall chemical vapor deposition reactor. Key findings include:
1) Thinner copper films (100-300nm) underwent significant dewetting and formed isolated copper islands when annealed at 725°C or above, due to the high interfacial energy between copper and the substrate. Thicker films (600nm) formed a continuous film with an average grain size of 2 micrometers.
2) Increasing the annealing temperature to 825°C caused even thicker films (100-400nm) to dewet, forming isolated islands. A minimum thickness of 600nm was needed to prevent dewetting
2018 khodan an-porous monoliths consisting of aluminum oxyhydroxide nanofibrilsAnatoleNKhodan
Abstract We present a study on the chemical and structural transformations in highly porous monolitic materials consisting of the nanofibrils of aluminum oxyhydroxides (NOA, Al2O3·nH2O) in the temperature range 20– 1700 °C. A remarkable property of the NOA material is the preservation of the monolithic state during annealing over the entire temperature range, although the density of the monolith increases from ~0.02 up to ~3 g/cm3, the total porosity decreases from 99.3 to 25% and remains open up to 4 h annealing at the temperature ~1300 °C. The physical parameters of NOA monoliths such as density, porosity, specific area were studied and a simple physical model describing these parameters as the function of the average size of NOA fibrils—the basic element of 3D structure—was proposed. The observed thermally induced changes in composition and structure of NOA were successfully described and two mechanisms of mass transport in NOA materials were revealed. (i) At moderate temperatures (T ≤ 800 °C), the mass transport occurs along a surface of amorphous single fibril, which results in a weak decrease of the length-to-diameter aspect ratio from the initial value ~24 till ~20; the corresponding NOA porosity change is also small: from initial ~99.5 to 98.5%. (ii) At high temperatures (T > 800 °C), the mass transport occurs in the volume of fibrils, that results in changes of fibrils shape to elliptical and strong decrease of the aspect ratio down to ≤ 2; the porosity of NOA decreases to 25%. These two regimes are characterized by activation energies of 28 and 61 kJ/mol respectively, and the transition temperature corresponds to the beginning of γ-phase crystallization at 870 °C.
The document summarizes research on the erosion-corrosion behavior of WC-Co-Cr cermet coatings applied by thermal spraying. Experiments were conducted exposing the coatings to a liquid-solid jet of 3.5% NaCl solution with silica sand loadings of 200 and 500 mg/l. Electrochemical measurements and surface analysis using SEM were used to understand the corrosion and erosion damage mechanisms. Cathodic protection was applied to isolate the erosion effects. The results showed the WC-Co-Cr coating had higher resistance to erosion-corrosion compared to stainless steel controls. Microstructural characterization revealed the coating had a lamellar structure and composition of WC-12% Co-6% Cr with
Evaluation on the reduced graphene oxide thermal interface material and heat ...Journal Papers
This document evaluates the performance of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a thermal interface material (TIM) and heat spreader for thermal management in high-temperature power devices. It describes how graphene oxide films of varying thickness were deposited on silicon substrates via drop-casting and then partially reduced to form hybrid rGO/graphene oxide films. Thermal testing found that a 300nm thick hybrid film formed from four drop-castings improved the heating rate of the silicon substrate from 14.85°C/W to 18.37°C/W, demonstrating the effectiveness of rGO for heat spreading applications. Raman spectroscopy and microscopy characterization confirmed the formation of electrically insulating graphene oxide cores surrounded by thermally conductive rGO shells in the
Compatibility Analyses of Bicuvox.10 as a Cathode in Yttria-stabilized Zircon...Marcelo Tramontin
The document examines the compatibility of copper-substituted bismuth vanadate (BICUVOX.10) as a cathode material in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells. When BICUVOX.10 interacts with YSZ, secondary phases form including yttrium vanadate (YVO4) and monoclinic zirconia. This is due to a reaction between the YO1.5 stabilizer cation in ZrO2 and VO2.5 from BICUVOX.10, depleting yttria from the zirconia lattice and destabilizing the tetragonal and cubic zirconia
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy has adequate properties for solder applications.
Study the effect of Mn2+ ions on the ac electrical properties of some iron do...IJRES Journal
Oxide glasses doped with transition metal ions are of high interest because of their variant applications in both science and technology fields. However, the normal melt quench method have used to prepared some iron doped phosphate glasses according the following molecular formula: (65-x) mol% P2O5 - 20 mol% Na2O - 15 mol% Fe2O3 - x mol% MnO, Where x= 0, 5,10, 20, 25. The room temperature Mössbauer Effect ME Spectra used to characterized the glassy state homogeneity of these glasses. ME spectra show, for all glasses, no magnetic field participate which mean good glassy state formation. The ac electrical transport properties were also measured, as function of temperature up to 500k. It was found that the ac conductivity increased with the gradual increase of Mn2+ cations, while the electrical activation energy decreased.
The document investigates the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn alloy (β-Ti alloy) in HCl and NaCl solutions of varying concentrations. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were conducted on samples of the alloy in both the solution treated and aged conditions. The corrosion rates were calculated from the polarization curves. It was found that the corrosion properties of the β-titanium alloy remained intact even after aging heat treatment. The corrosion rates in both HCl and NaCl increased with increasing concentrations but no significant change was observed between the solution treated and aged alloy conditions.
Effect of cu thickness and temperature on growth of graphene on 8 inch Cu/SiO...Journal Papers
The document summarizes research on growing graphene on copper thin films deposited on silicon dioxide substrates using a cold-wall chemical vapor deposition reactor. Key findings include:
1) Thinner copper films (100-300nm) underwent significant dewetting and formed isolated copper islands when annealed at 725°C or above, due to the high interfacial energy between copper and the substrate. Thicker films (600nm) formed a continuous film with an average grain size of 2 micrometers.
2) Increasing the annealing temperature to 825°C caused even thicker films (100-400nm) to dewet, forming isolated islands. A minimum thickness of 600nm was needed to prevent dewetting
1) The document examines the high temperature oxidation behavior of a nickel-based superalloy produced by mechanical alloying. Samples were mechanically alloyed, sintered, hot-deformed, and underwent secondary recrystallization.
2) Isothermal oxidation tests were conducted on the samples at 1000°C for up to 100 hours. SEM and XRD analysis found that a protective chromium oxide (Cr2O3) film formed on the surfaces. Weight change results indicated the samples gained a small amount of weight over time, exhibiting sub-parabolic oxidation behavior.
3) XRD analysis identified the primary oxide as Cr2O3. The intensity of Cr2O3 peaks in XRD
Study of Crystallization Process of Fe78Tm2B20 and Fe76Tm4B20 AlloysIJERA Editor
The amorphous to crystalline transformation in Fe78Tm2B20 (Sample S1) and Fe76Tm4B20 (Sample S2) alloys has been carried out using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) of the samples are also discussed to confirm the complete crystallization after heating. DSC analysis of the samples S1 and S2 showed that on heating the samples upto 10000C, a sharp peak was observed at 5450C and 7910C respectively, indicating a primary crystalline phase appearing in the amorphous matrix. In sample S2 another sharp peak was observed at 8960C, indicating further crystallization in the sample. Both the samples are completely crystallized when temperature is above 9290C. In sample S2, the crystallization is a multi stage process where different crystalline phases grow in the amorphous matrix. SEM patterns of these samples showed that as cast samples are amorphous and the sample are completely crystallized when heated to 10000C. EDS patterns also confirmed the complete crystallization of the samples after heating to 10000C. Thus increase of Tm concentration in Fe-Tm-B alloy changes the process of crystallization.
This document summarizes the one-pot synthesis of wurtzite CuInS2 (CIS) using copper-thiourea precursors and indium salts in ethylene glycol. Reactions involving indium sulfate produced high yields of metastable wurtzite and zincblende CIS phases, while reactions with indium acetate were sluggish and produced low yields. Doping studies with non-magnetic gallium and magnetic iron ions were also examined. Gallium-doped CIS samples showed both wurtzite and chalcopyrite phases, while iron-doping resulted in cubic or tetragonal crystal structures depending on conditions. Introduction of iron also produced paramagnetic behavior and photolum
An equiaxed, submicron grain size distribution was generated in an Al (0.1 wt.% Sc) alloy by
processing through equal channel angular pressing followed by a low temperature pre-
ageing heat treatment. The alloy was subsequently annealed for various times at 300, 350,
400 and 450° C for investigating the thermal stability of the deformation microstructure. It
was found that up to 400° C, the submicron grain structure coarsens slowly and uniformly by
a process of continuous recrystallization.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of sintering time on the particle size and dielectric properties of La...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Investigation of the distribution of lead in three different combinations of ...Rautomead Limited
The main objective of this paper was to assess three leaded
brass samples (pending application with Copper Development
Association) using optical microscopy and mass
spectrometry to compare the distribution of lead. Based on
the mass spectrometry data, a great deal of variation was
not found within each of the samples based on five different
sample locations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
confirmed that the lead was homogenously distributed in
brass.
Improved understanding of self sustained, sub-micrometric multi-composition s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes experiments conducted using Constantan alloy wires interacting with hydrogen gas at high temperatures. The researchers produced Constantan wires with sub-micrometer nanostructures on the surface through thermal treatments. They observed anomalous heat effects when the wires absorbed hydrogen isotopes like deuterium at temperatures over 100°C. To improve the experiments, they developed a new transparent reactor and calorimetry method to directly measure the external temperature of the glass wall and calculate heat dissipation, allowing visual observation of the wire during testing. The improvements achieved smaller particle sizes and higher fractions of active material, producing more reliable and reproducible results than previous experiments.
Effects of thermo mechanical simulation on the corrosion of steelJaideep Adusumelli
Performed numerous stress-strain elasticity tests along with impact test under controlled temperature and stress factors.
then the corrosion properties were studied based on the microstructures and corrosion current graphs.
Preparation and Characterization of (Bi1.65Pb0.35 )2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Superco...IJSRD
The (Bi1.65Pb0.35 )2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ type high temperature superconductor compounds have been synthesized by solid state reaction method and characterized by structural and superconducting properties. Four-probe resistivity confirmed the superconducting transition temperature of 102K.The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed tetragonal structure. The effects of modified sample preparation on structural, surface and superconducting properties are presented.
1. A melt spinning and spark plasma sintering (MS-SPS) process was used to prepare n-type Bi2(Te1-xSex)3 (x = 0.0-1.0) solid solutions from high purity elemental chunks.
2. Substitution of tellurium with selenium significantly impacted the electrical and thermal transport properties in a way that can be understood using valence bond rules and changes in band gap.
3. The Bi2(Se0.2Te0.8)3 sample achieved the highest ZT of 1.05 at 420K, with an average ZT of around 0.97 in the entire measurement temperature range from 300-500K, representing
Structural Hardening Mechanisms of Lead-Cadmium-Bismuth-Silver Alloys for Bat...IJCMESJOURNAL
The return of equilibrium of structure state of supersaturated solid solutions of lead-cadmium-Bismuth-silver alloys has been studied by different techniques: hardness, micro-hardness, microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Two structural states were considered: raw casting alloy and rehomogenized alloy. We studied alloys Pb2%Cd1%Bi and Pb3,2%Cd2%Bi to which we added the following concentrations by weight of silver to elaborate our alloys: 0,07% Ag, 0,15% Ag, 0, 2% Ag and 0,3% Ag. The explored temperatures are: 20°C and 80°C. Overall, the influence of silver resides in a slight increase in hardness. For the alloy Pb2%Cd3%Bi0,07%Ag, the microstructure is characterized by the formation of Ag5Cd8 compound during solidification.
Simulation of curing process of carbon/epoxy composite during autoclave degas...Darkdragon766
Simulation of curing process of carbon/epoxy composite during
autoclave degassing molding by considering phase changes of epoxy
resin
Seong-Hwan Yoo a, b
, Min-Gu Han a
, Jin-Ho Hong a
, Seung-Hwan Chang a, *
a School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University (CAU), 221, Huksuk-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
b Korea Photonics Technology Institute Lighting Solution R&BD Center, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
Space charge and dielectric behavior of epoxy composite with si o2 al2o3 nano...Oussama Elbouadi
The document discusses a study of the space charge distribution, complex dielectric permittivity, and conduction current of an epoxy resin and its composite with SiO2-Al2O3 nano-micro fillers at temperatures ranging from 20 to 200°C. The results show that below the glass transition temperature (Tg), space charge behavior is dominated by electronic charge transport, while above Tg it is dominated by ion transport. Both the real and imaginary parts of complex permittivity increase dramatically above Tg, which can be attributed to ion accumulation at the electrodes. The conduction current also increases with temperature and transitions from electronic to ionic charge transport above Tg. The composite exhibits weaker space charge accumulation, lower complex permit
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a smart blood bank system as a cloud-based service. The proposed system aims to address issues with conventional blood bank management systems, especially in rural areas, by providing online access and data sharing capabilities. It utilizes a multi-tenant cloud architecture that allows individual blood banks to register and store their data independently, while also linking the databases to provide a unified search portal for users. The system is intended to improve blood availability information and help connect donors with seekers more efficiently.
The document presents an electromagnetic and thermal analysis of an internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) design. It describes the initial design process including calculating dimensions, winding arrangement, and material selection. Finite element analysis was used to optimize the design by varying parameters like number of turns, magnet size, and flux barrier placement. This improved the torque from 5.25Nm to 12.94Nm. A lumped thermal network model was developed and losses were simulated. Temperature distribution was calculated and found to be within safe limits. Case studies on efficiency and load characteristics validated the machine configuration.
Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in Barapukuria 2×125 M...IOSR Journals
The detection and measurement of radionuclides in feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples collected from Barapukuria 2×125 MW coal-fired thermal power plant in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh, have been performed by gamma ray spectrometry technique. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples were 10.46±5.24, 23.50±10.88 and 232.23±131.94 Bqkg-1; 56.91±2.77, 69.22±4.26 and 189.79±64.65 Bqkg-1; and 70.91±2.90, 115.26±5.79 and 205.53±65.56 Bqkg-1; respectively. These measured values were compared with other literature values. The calculated absorbed dose rates were found higher than the worldwide average values for both the bottom ash and fly ash samples. Moreover, the radium equivalent activity in all the samples was less than 370 Bqkg-1 and external hazard indices were less than unity (except in FA-1). Therefore, there is no probability of immediate health effect on workers and public due to natural radioactivity present in the samples.
This document summarizes the optimization of a circularly polarized knight's helm shaped patch antenna for ultra wideband applications. The proposed antenna was designed on an FR-4 substrate and capable of operating from 3.04GHz to 10.96GHz, covering various wireless standards. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a return loss below -10dB and VSWR less than 2 across the bandwidth. Parameters like gain, directivity, radiation efficiency and electric/magnetic fields were also calculated at 10GHz to analyze the antenna's performance. The optimized antenna structure was then fabricated using photolithography and testing validated it could operate within the allocated UWB frequency band.
1) The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and morphological details of the ciliate Nyctotherus periplanetae found in the intestine of the cockroach Periplaneta americana.
2) Over two years, 1842 cockroaches were examined and the prevalence of N. periplanetae was found to be 57.77% in 2007 and 60.75% in 2008, with the highest rates occurring after monsoon rains.
3) Morphological analysis found N. periplanetae to be oval in shape, 100-175μ in length, with a straight cytopharynx, irregularly shaped macronucleus, and slit-like cytopy
This document proposes a unified approach to refine measures of central tendency and dispersion. It defines a generalized measure of central tendency as the value that minimizes the deviation between a point and a dataset. Various common measures of central tendency like mean, median, mode, geometric mean and harmonic mean are derived as special cases of this generalized definition. The concept is extended to introduce an "interval of central tendency" and methods to estimate it. Simulation studies show the interval of central tendency can capture more observations than a single point estimate, and allow comparison of different measures. The approach is also applied to derive confidence intervals for the population mean and probability of success in Bernoulli trials.
Rainy and Dry Days as a Stochastic Process (Albaha City)IOSR Journals
1) The document presents a mathematical model using Markov chains to represent rainy and dry days in Albaha City, Saudi Arabia based on weather data from 1431-1434 Hijri.
2) A two-state Markov chain is constructed with states 0 (dry day) and 1 (rainy day) and the transition probabilities between states are estimated from historical weather data.
3) The Markov chain is used to determine probability distributions of the number of consecutive rainy/dry days, time until returning to each state, and the long-term probabilities of being in each state.
4) The model is tested by comparing its 4-step transition probabilities to actual weather data and found to accurately represent
Increase In Electrical And Thermal Conductivities Of Doped Polymers Dependent...IOSR Journals
Most Polymers do not possess natural intrinsic properties that will be enough for them to be used as semi- conductors. In the world trend of industrial growth where polymers seem to be replacing all semi-conductors because of their availability, durability, recyclability and reduced cost, attention is being strongly given to their improvement them for this essential function hence the need for this research.Eight samples each of four polymers; polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), poly propylene (PP),nylon 66 were prepared by doping with different concentrationsof graphite to enhance their electrical and thermal conductivities, considering the fact that they are of different intrinsic properties. The samples were testedfor their electrical and thermal conductivities.It was evident that as the concentration of the graphite dopantincreases, the electrical and thermal conductivities of all the polymers increased although not at the same rate.The most interesting fact is that all polymers that showed highly favorable results in electrical conductivity, showed the least for thermal conductivities which can be attributed to their intrinsic properties.
1) The document examines the high temperature oxidation behavior of a nickel-based superalloy produced by mechanical alloying. Samples were mechanically alloyed, sintered, hot-deformed, and underwent secondary recrystallization.
2) Isothermal oxidation tests were conducted on the samples at 1000°C for up to 100 hours. SEM and XRD analysis found that a protective chromium oxide (Cr2O3) film formed on the surfaces. Weight change results indicated the samples gained a small amount of weight over time, exhibiting sub-parabolic oxidation behavior.
3) XRD analysis identified the primary oxide as Cr2O3. The intensity of Cr2O3 peaks in XRD
Study of Crystallization Process of Fe78Tm2B20 and Fe76Tm4B20 AlloysIJERA Editor
The amorphous to crystalline transformation in Fe78Tm2B20 (Sample S1) and Fe76Tm4B20 (Sample S2) alloys has been carried out using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) of the samples are also discussed to confirm the complete crystallization after heating. DSC analysis of the samples S1 and S2 showed that on heating the samples upto 10000C, a sharp peak was observed at 5450C and 7910C respectively, indicating a primary crystalline phase appearing in the amorphous matrix. In sample S2 another sharp peak was observed at 8960C, indicating further crystallization in the sample. Both the samples are completely crystallized when temperature is above 9290C. In sample S2, the crystallization is a multi stage process where different crystalline phases grow in the amorphous matrix. SEM patterns of these samples showed that as cast samples are amorphous and the sample are completely crystallized when heated to 10000C. EDS patterns also confirmed the complete crystallization of the samples after heating to 10000C. Thus increase of Tm concentration in Fe-Tm-B alloy changes the process of crystallization.
This document summarizes the one-pot synthesis of wurtzite CuInS2 (CIS) using copper-thiourea precursors and indium salts in ethylene glycol. Reactions involving indium sulfate produced high yields of metastable wurtzite and zincblende CIS phases, while reactions with indium acetate were sluggish and produced low yields. Doping studies with non-magnetic gallium and magnetic iron ions were also examined. Gallium-doped CIS samples showed both wurtzite and chalcopyrite phases, while iron-doping resulted in cubic or tetragonal crystal structures depending on conditions. Introduction of iron also produced paramagnetic behavior and photolum
An equiaxed, submicron grain size distribution was generated in an Al (0.1 wt.% Sc) alloy by
processing through equal channel angular pressing followed by a low temperature pre-
ageing heat treatment. The alloy was subsequently annealed for various times at 300, 350,
400 and 450° C for investigating the thermal stability of the deformation microstructure. It
was found that up to 400° C, the submicron grain structure coarsens slowly and uniformly by
a process of continuous recrystallization.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of sintering time on the particle size and dielectric properties of La...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Investigation of the distribution of lead in three different combinations of ...Rautomead Limited
The main objective of this paper was to assess three leaded
brass samples (pending application with Copper Development
Association) using optical microscopy and mass
spectrometry to compare the distribution of lead. Based on
the mass spectrometry data, a great deal of variation was
not found within each of the samples based on five different
sample locations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
confirmed that the lead was homogenously distributed in
brass.
Improved understanding of self sustained, sub-micrometric multi-composition s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes experiments conducted using Constantan alloy wires interacting with hydrogen gas at high temperatures. The researchers produced Constantan wires with sub-micrometer nanostructures on the surface through thermal treatments. They observed anomalous heat effects when the wires absorbed hydrogen isotopes like deuterium at temperatures over 100°C. To improve the experiments, they developed a new transparent reactor and calorimetry method to directly measure the external temperature of the glass wall and calculate heat dissipation, allowing visual observation of the wire during testing. The improvements achieved smaller particle sizes and higher fractions of active material, producing more reliable and reproducible results than previous experiments.
Effects of thermo mechanical simulation on the corrosion of steelJaideep Adusumelli
Performed numerous stress-strain elasticity tests along with impact test under controlled temperature and stress factors.
then the corrosion properties were studied based on the microstructures and corrosion current graphs.
Preparation and Characterization of (Bi1.65Pb0.35 )2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Superco...IJSRD
The (Bi1.65Pb0.35 )2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ type high temperature superconductor compounds have been synthesized by solid state reaction method and characterized by structural and superconducting properties. Four-probe resistivity confirmed the superconducting transition temperature of 102K.The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed tetragonal structure. The effects of modified sample preparation on structural, surface and superconducting properties are presented.
1. A melt spinning and spark plasma sintering (MS-SPS) process was used to prepare n-type Bi2(Te1-xSex)3 (x = 0.0-1.0) solid solutions from high purity elemental chunks.
2. Substitution of tellurium with selenium significantly impacted the electrical and thermal transport properties in a way that can be understood using valence bond rules and changes in band gap.
3. The Bi2(Se0.2Te0.8)3 sample achieved the highest ZT of 1.05 at 420K, with an average ZT of around 0.97 in the entire measurement temperature range from 300-500K, representing
Structural Hardening Mechanisms of Lead-Cadmium-Bismuth-Silver Alloys for Bat...IJCMESJOURNAL
The return of equilibrium of structure state of supersaturated solid solutions of lead-cadmium-Bismuth-silver alloys has been studied by different techniques: hardness, micro-hardness, microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Two structural states were considered: raw casting alloy and rehomogenized alloy. We studied alloys Pb2%Cd1%Bi and Pb3,2%Cd2%Bi to which we added the following concentrations by weight of silver to elaborate our alloys: 0,07% Ag, 0,15% Ag, 0, 2% Ag and 0,3% Ag. The explored temperatures are: 20°C and 80°C. Overall, the influence of silver resides in a slight increase in hardness. For the alloy Pb2%Cd3%Bi0,07%Ag, the microstructure is characterized by the formation of Ag5Cd8 compound during solidification.
Simulation of curing process of carbon/epoxy composite during autoclave degas...Darkdragon766
Simulation of curing process of carbon/epoxy composite during
autoclave degassing molding by considering phase changes of epoxy
resin
Seong-Hwan Yoo a, b
, Min-Gu Han a
, Jin-Ho Hong a
, Seung-Hwan Chang a, *
a School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University (CAU), 221, Huksuk-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
b Korea Photonics Technology Institute Lighting Solution R&BD Center, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
Space charge and dielectric behavior of epoxy composite with si o2 al2o3 nano...Oussama Elbouadi
The document discusses a study of the space charge distribution, complex dielectric permittivity, and conduction current of an epoxy resin and its composite with SiO2-Al2O3 nano-micro fillers at temperatures ranging from 20 to 200°C. The results show that below the glass transition temperature (Tg), space charge behavior is dominated by electronic charge transport, while above Tg it is dominated by ion transport. Both the real and imaginary parts of complex permittivity increase dramatically above Tg, which can be attributed to ion accumulation at the electrodes. The conduction current also increases with temperature and transitions from electronic to ionic charge transport above Tg. The composite exhibits weaker space charge accumulation, lower complex permit
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a smart blood bank system as a cloud-based service. The proposed system aims to address issues with conventional blood bank management systems, especially in rural areas, by providing online access and data sharing capabilities. It utilizes a multi-tenant cloud architecture that allows individual blood banks to register and store their data independently, while also linking the databases to provide a unified search portal for users. The system is intended to improve blood availability information and help connect donors with seekers more efficiently.
The document presents an electromagnetic and thermal analysis of an internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) design. It describes the initial design process including calculating dimensions, winding arrangement, and material selection. Finite element analysis was used to optimize the design by varying parameters like number of turns, magnet size, and flux barrier placement. This improved the torque from 5.25Nm to 12.94Nm. A lumped thermal network model was developed and losses were simulated. Temperature distribution was calculated and found to be within safe limits. Case studies on efficiency and load characteristics validated the machine configuration.
Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in Barapukuria 2×125 M...IOSR Journals
The detection and measurement of radionuclides in feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples collected from Barapukuria 2×125 MW coal-fired thermal power plant in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh, have been performed by gamma ray spectrometry technique. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples were 10.46±5.24, 23.50±10.88 and 232.23±131.94 Bqkg-1; 56.91±2.77, 69.22±4.26 and 189.79±64.65 Bqkg-1; and 70.91±2.90, 115.26±5.79 and 205.53±65.56 Bqkg-1; respectively. These measured values were compared with other literature values. The calculated absorbed dose rates were found higher than the worldwide average values for both the bottom ash and fly ash samples. Moreover, the radium equivalent activity in all the samples was less than 370 Bqkg-1 and external hazard indices were less than unity (except in FA-1). Therefore, there is no probability of immediate health effect on workers and public due to natural radioactivity present in the samples.
This document summarizes the optimization of a circularly polarized knight's helm shaped patch antenna for ultra wideband applications. The proposed antenna was designed on an FR-4 substrate and capable of operating from 3.04GHz to 10.96GHz, covering various wireless standards. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a return loss below -10dB and VSWR less than 2 across the bandwidth. Parameters like gain, directivity, radiation efficiency and electric/magnetic fields were also calculated at 10GHz to analyze the antenna's performance. The optimized antenna structure was then fabricated using photolithography and testing validated it could operate within the allocated UWB frequency band.
1) The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and morphological details of the ciliate Nyctotherus periplanetae found in the intestine of the cockroach Periplaneta americana.
2) Over two years, 1842 cockroaches were examined and the prevalence of N. periplanetae was found to be 57.77% in 2007 and 60.75% in 2008, with the highest rates occurring after monsoon rains.
3) Morphological analysis found N. periplanetae to be oval in shape, 100-175μ in length, with a straight cytopharynx, irregularly shaped macronucleus, and slit-like cytopy
This document proposes a unified approach to refine measures of central tendency and dispersion. It defines a generalized measure of central tendency as the value that minimizes the deviation between a point and a dataset. Various common measures of central tendency like mean, median, mode, geometric mean and harmonic mean are derived as special cases of this generalized definition. The concept is extended to introduce an "interval of central tendency" and methods to estimate it. Simulation studies show the interval of central tendency can capture more observations than a single point estimate, and allow comparison of different measures. The approach is also applied to derive confidence intervals for the population mean and probability of success in Bernoulli trials.
Rainy and Dry Days as a Stochastic Process (Albaha City)IOSR Journals
1) The document presents a mathematical model using Markov chains to represent rainy and dry days in Albaha City, Saudi Arabia based on weather data from 1431-1434 Hijri.
2) A two-state Markov chain is constructed with states 0 (dry day) and 1 (rainy day) and the transition probabilities between states are estimated from historical weather data.
3) The Markov chain is used to determine probability distributions of the number of consecutive rainy/dry days, time until returning to each state, and the long-term probabilities of being in each state.
4) The model is tested by comparing its 4-step transition probabilities to actual weather data and found to accurately represent
Increase In Electrical And Thermal Conductivities Of Doped Polymers Dependent...IOSR Journals
Most Polymers do not possess natural intrinsic properties that will be enough for them to be used as semi- conductors. In the world trend of industrial growth where polymers seem to be replacing all semi-conductors because of their availability, durability, recyclability and reduced cost, attention is being strongly given to their improvement them for this essential function hence the need for this research.Eight samples each of four polymers; polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), poly propylene (PP),nylon 66 were prepared by doping with different concentrationsof graphite to enhance their electrical and thermal conductivities, considering the fact that they are of different intrinsic properties. The samples were testedfor their electrical and thermal conductivities.It was evident that as the concentration of the graphite dopantincreases, the electrical and thermal conductivities of all the polymers increased although not at the same rate.The most interesting fact is that all polymers that showed highly favorable results in electrical conductivity, showed the least for thermal conductivities which can be attributed to their intrinsic properties.
Comparison of 60GHz CSRRs Ground Shield and Patterned Ground Shield On-chip B...IOSR Journals
This document compares two 60GHz on-chip bandpass filters designed using a 0.18μm CMOS technology. The first filter uses complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) as the ground shield, while the second uses a patterned ground shield. Simulation results show that the CSRR ground shield filter has slightly lower insertion loss of -2.682dB, a narrower 3dB bandwidth of 10.8GHz, and a smaller chip size of 0.651mm^2. The patterned ground shield filter has a higher insertion loss of -2.77dB but a wider 3dB bandwidth of 14GHz and slightly smaller chip size of 0.527mm^2. Both filters demonstrate good return loss and
Lean and Agile Manufacturing as productivity enhancement techniques - a compa...IOSR Journals
This document provides an overview of lean and agile manufacturing as techniques to enhance productivity. It defines lean manufacturing as focusing on eliminating waste to improve productivity, while agile manufacturing emphasizes responsiveness and flexibility to meet customer needs. The document compares the two approaches, noting they both aim to improve competitiveness but have different origins, goals, and implementation processes. Lean focuses on efficiency and waste removal, while agile prioritizes flexibility and responsiveness to change. Both can benefit organizations but require overcoming cultural barriers to successful adoption.
This document discusses the use of treated wastewater in concrete. It begins by providing background on wastewater treatment in Kuwait and previous research on using treated wastewater in concrete mixing and curing. The document then details the methodology used, which included designing concrete mixes with 100% cement, 80% cement 20% fly ash, and 80% cement 20% GGBS. Cubes were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed compressive strengths over 28 days were similar or higher when using treated wastewater compared to potable water. The conclusion is that treated wastewater can be used in concrete with similar results to potable water, helping address water scarcity issues.
The document discusses a study that investigated using quarry dust as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete. Concrete cubes were made with 0-25% replacement of gravel with quarry dust. Testing found that replacing 10% of gravel with quarry dust and using Ibeto cement yielded the highest compressive strength of 32.3N/mm2. Strengths were satisfactory up to 15% replacement when using Dangote cement. This suggests quarry dust can partially replace coarse aggregates at certain replacement levels while still achieving adequate strength. However, properties of different cement brands can impact concrete strengths made with quarry dust.
The document describes a digital pen system for handwritten digit and gesture recognition using a trajectory recognition algorithm. The system uses a tri-axial accelerometer, ARM processor, and Zigbee module in a pen-like device to capture acceleration signals from hand motions. The signals are transmitted wirelessly and a trajectory recognition algorithm processes the data through steps of acquisition, preprocessing, feature generation/selection, and extraction to recognize digits and gestures written in air. The system aims to allow for flexible use without limitations of range, environment, or surface that other methods impose.
Towards Reducing the Number of Traffic Accidents in Khartoum State (Republic of Sudan)
The study identifies the causes of traffic accidents in Khartoum state and ways to minimize them. A questionnaire was distributed to collect feedback from the public on the causes of accidents and most effective reduction methods. The top causes identified were reckless driving, driving under the influence of alcohol/drugs, and lack of respect for traffic rules. Application of vehicle and road safety standards was found to be lacking. Suggestions to improve safety included increasing enforcement of traffic laws and infrastructure improvements like adding lanes, traffic lights, and pedestrian crossings.
This document discusses enhancing power system restoration in a restructured power system using hydrogen energy storage and a unified power flow controller. It proposes using a proportional-double integral controller optimized with a bacterial foraging algorithm for automatic generation control. The controller aims to improve power system restoration indices and reduce restoration time to improve reliability. Hydrogen energy storage and unified power flow control are introduced to provide fast response to load changes and improve power transfer limits to facilitate faster restoration.
This document summarizes a study that measured the field strength distribution of a 91.5 MHz FM radio signal across Ekiti State, Nigeria. Field strength, location coordinates, and distance from transmitter were measured along four routes moving away from the broadcast station. The path loss along each route was calculated using Friis and Okumura-Hata propagation models and compared to measured values. Okumura-Hata provided closer predictions, with a mean error of 2.68dB across routes, suggesting it is more suitable for modeling VHF path loss in Ekiti State when a 2.68dB loss factor is included.
Influence of soil texture and bed preparation on growth performance in Plectr...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of soil texture and bed preparation on the growth of Plectranthus vettiveroides. The study found that sandy soil produced the highest growth and yield, with maximum plant height, leaves, biomass, and essential oil content. Sandy soil had better aeration and drainage than other soil types tested. Raised beds of 60 cm height produced the highest root biomass. Beds with coconut husks around the edges and a height of 75 cm resulted in maximum above-ground growth parameters like plant height and shoot biomass. Overall, sandy soil and raised beds of 60-75 cm provide optimal growing conditions for Plectranthus vettiveroides.
This document provides a review of simulation techniques for parallel and distributed computing. It discusses several key topics:
1) It defines parallel computing, distributed computing, and parallel and distributed computing systems. Various classification schemes for parallel and distributed systems are also described.
2) It examines several modeling techniques for parallel and distributed systems including system modeling, network modeling, performance modeling, and mathematical modeling. It provides details on parallel discrete event simulation.
3) It reviews several simulation software tools used for modeling parallel and distributed systems including SimOS, SimJava, and MicroGrid.
4) It concludes with a focused discussion on cloud computing as the latest development in parallel and distributed computing.
This document provides a review of construction defects, including their causes and types. It begins by defining construction defects and discussing their negative impacts on cost, duration, and resources. It then reviews literature on previous studies of defect causes, including factors related to design, construction management, materials, and human errors. The document categorizes defects as structural or non-structural. It provides examples of common structural defects like cracks and discusses non-structural defects. Recommendations are provided for minimizing defects during the design and construction phases, including quality management programs, design reviews, coordination between teams, and proper construction methods.
This document describes a study that investigated the effect of angle orientation of flat mirror concentrators on the output of a solar panel system. A theoretical model was designed using Zemax software to determine the best inclination angle. The maximum efficiency of 59.5% was found at an angle of 60 degrees. A practical solar panel system was then constructed with two flat glass mirrors as concentrators. Outdoor measurements showed that efficiency and output power increased with the concentrator angle, reaching maximum values of 0.85 efficiency and 72.8 watts of power at an angle of 60 degrees.
A Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study of welding consumables for mo...RAMASUBBU VELAYUTHAM
This document reports on a study that used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to characterize the thermal stability and phase transformation properties of four welding consumables developed for welding modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel. DSC was used to precisely determine transformation temperatures like Ac1 and Ac3 as well as solidus and liquidus temperatures. The kinetics of austenite formation from tempered martensite was also modeled. It was found that Ac1 and Ac3 decreased with increasing (Mn+Ni) content and that apparent activation energy for austenite formation was sensitive to heating rate. An activation energy of around 260 kJ/mol was suggested for the α→γ transformation in high chromium steels
The document summarizes a study that investigated the temperature dependent current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of chromium Schottky contacts formed on n-type silicon substrates by electrodeposition from 80-320K. The diode parameters such as ideality factor and barrier height were extracted from I-V measurements and showed an abnormal decrease in barrier height and increase in ideality factor with decreasing temperature. This was explained by a double Gaussian distribution of barrier heights over two temperature regions. Analysis of the I-V characteristics confirmed mean barrier heights of 0.910eV and 0.693eV for the two regions.
1) A study investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of TIG welded magnesium-lithium alloy plates.
2) The results showed that the microstructure in the fusion zone was refined while the heat affected zone had coarser grains than the base metal.
3) Tensile testing found that the tensile strength of the welded joint was 84% of the base metal strength due to the coarse grains in the heat affected zone causing lower mechanical properties.
Effects of Continuous Cooling On Impact and Micro Structural Properties of Lo...IJMER
Some mechanical properties and microstructural analysis were conducted on shielded
metal arc weldments of low carbon steels in some simulated environments. Specimens were prepared
and subjected to welding and continuous cooling at the same time at various positions. Results obtained
for impact strength using Charpy impact testing machine showed that impact strength of water cooled
samples were higher compared to salty water cooled samples. This is due to the increased formation of
martensitic structure and finer pearlite grains. The microstructure of the samples was studied using
photographic visual metallurgical microscope. For low cooling rate as in the air cooled sample, the
austenite was observed to transform into ferrite and pearlite. Ferrite is a body-centred cubic crystal
structure of iron alloys. For higher cooling rates of water and salt water cooled samples, low
temperature transformation products like bainite (an acicular microstructure which is not a phase) or
martensite (a very hard form of steel crystalline structure) were formed. The salt water cooled samples
had more martensite regions because of the increased cooling rate
This summary provides the key information from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study on the austempering behavior of engineering grade ductile iron castings. Various factors were examined including heat treatment parameters, chemical composition, and nodular characteristics. The results showed that austempering temperature and time had the greatest effect on impact toughness, while higher austempering rates were achieved with additions of nickel, molybdenum, and copper to the alloy composition.
This document discusses a numerical model for analyzing nucleation modeling in ductile cast iron. The model simulates heat transfer during solidification and microstructure evolution. Experiments involved casting ductile iron samples with different thicknesses and inoculants. Microstructural analysis and thermal analysis were performed. The numerical model showed good agreement with experimental results for cooling curves, cooling rates, nodule counts, and solid fraction. The model was then used to study inoculation parameters and their effects.
SYNTHESIS AND DIELECTRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BARIUM SUBSTITUTED STRONTIUM BIS...ijrap
The strontium bismuth niobate, SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBN) is a bismuth layered perovskite oxide
compound with potentially useful ferroelectric properties which offer several advantages such as fatigue
free, lead free, low operating voltages, relatively high Curie temperature; and most importantly, their
ferroelectric properties are independent of film thickness. These materials are also important for Fe-RAM
applications having large remanent polarization and low coercivity accompanied by high Curie
temperature for better performance and reliable operation. Present paper describes synthesis, dielectric
properties and impedance studies to reveal the important properties of barium substituted strontium
bismuth niobate, Sr0.85Ba0.15Bi2Nb2O9 in the system Sr1-xBaxBi2Nb2O9(x=0.15).
Synthesis and Dielectric Characterization of Barium Substituted Strontium Bis...ijrap
The strontium bismuth niobate, SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBN) is a bismuth layered perovskite oxide
compound with potentially useful ferroelectric properties which offer several advantages such as fatigue
free, lead free, low operating voltages, relatively high Curie temperature; and most importantly, their
ferroelectric properties are independent of film thickness. These materials are also important for Fe-RAM
applications having large remanent polarization and low coercivity accompanied by high Curie
temperature for better performance and reliable operation. Present paper describes synthesis, dielectric
properties and impedance studies to reveal the important properties of barium substituted strontium
bismuth niobate, Sr0.85Ba0.15Bi2Nb2O9 in the system Sr1-xBaxBi2Nb2O9(x=0.15).
Design &Analysis of Pure Iron Casting with Different MouldsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document summarizes a study on the deformation and aging properties of three 316 austenitic stainless steel alloys with varying compositions. Room temperature tensile testing showed the alloy with higher ferrite and carbon content had higher strength but lower ductility due to deformation twinning and martensite formation. In-situ neutron diffraction tensile testing at 350°C found similar deformation behavior between alloys, with slip dominating. Thermal aging at 750°C led to different phase precipitations depending on carbon content, with the lower carbon alloy forming intermetallic phases that increased hardness the most. Future work will further analyze deformation behavior and quantify effects of processing and irradiation on high temperature performance.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Structure, microstructure and dielectric study of (ba0.6 sr0.4)(zr0.6ti0.4)o3...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Crystallization kinetics and phase transformation in amorphous Fe74Co10B16 an...IJERA Editor
Crystallization kinetics and phase transformation studies have been carried out on amorphous Fe74Co10B16 (S1) and Fe67Co18B14Si1 (S2) alloys using Mossbauer Spectroscopy (MS), Electrical Resistivity (ER), Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC), X-ray Diffraction(XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) to determine the thermal stability. Results show that the transformation to an equilibrium crystalline state occurs through a two step process. Crystallization process is associated with precipitation of two or more phases which are magnetic in nature. From DSC curves, the activation energy of sample S2 has been calculated using Kissinger, Matusita-Sakka and Augis-Bennet methods and the average value is found to be 211 kJ/mol. The detected phases upon crystallization in the samples are α–(Fe-Co) and (Fe-Co)2B. Exact compositions of these phases in the completely crystallized sample are found to be α–(Fe0.7Co0.3) and (Fe0.3Co0.7)2B.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy
have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline
phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation
occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of
Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding
indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy
has adequate properties for solder applications.
Changes in Structural Features of Al-12Si-3Cu Alloy Due to Age HardeningIRJET Journal
The document discusses changes in the structural features of an Al-12Si-3Cu alloy due to artificial age hardening. Samples of the alloy were solutionized at 500°C for 8 hours and quenched before artificial aging at 200°C for varying times. Hardness measurements and optical microscopy observations were performed. Hardness increased with aging time up to a peak of 145 BHN after 12 hours, corresponding to changes in the morphology and size of eutectic Si particles and dissolution of intermetallic phases. The improvement in hardness was attributed to the formation of coherent precipitates during aging that strengthen the alloy.
Different Topics Dealing With Sputtering Of Cu, Ni And Cu-Ni Targets In Diffe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses the effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of gray cast iron. It finds that hardening gray cast iron through quenching increases its hardness significantly compared to the as-received material due to the formation of martensite. Hardening and tempering gray cast iron results in a slight decrease in hardness compared to just hardening, as tempering allows some graphite flakes to reform. Microstructural analysis shows hardened gray cast iron has a martensitic needle-like structure instead of graphite flakes, accounting for the increase in hardness.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
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G012655365
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. V (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 53-65
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12655365 www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
Influence of phase transformation on the work hardening
characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys
Gh. Mohammed1
, S. El-Gamal*1
, A. S. Mahmoud2
, R. H. Nada2
and
A.M. Abd El-Khalek2
1
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Northern Borders University, Arar, 91431, KSA, permanent address;
Physics Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11747, Egypt.
2
Physics Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11747, Egypt
*Corresponding author. Tel.: 0966 567414468. E-mail address: samyelgamal@gmail.com
Abstract: This study focuses on the effect of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-
(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys either quenched (type I) or slowly cooled samples (type II) at different ageing temperature
(Ta). Three work hardening characteristics were studied which are; the coefficient of work hardening p, yield
stress σy and fracture stress σf. It was found that; these parameters of both types of samples decrease with
increasing Ta, showing two stages around the transformation temperature which changes with the Sb addition
and equal to 453 K for 1wt.%Sb, 483 K for 2wt.%Sb and 513 K for 3wt.%Sb. The values of these parameters of
type I samples were higher than type II samples. The fracture strain εf, the strain at the fracture point, increases
with increasing Ta showing two stages also. The dislocation slip distance, L, increases as Ta increases. The
magnitude of the variation of all these parameters point to two fracture mechanisms activated with 0.11 and
0.39 eV for 1wt.%Sb, 0.15 and 0.49 eV for 2wt.%Sb, 0.20 and 0.65 eV for 3wt.%Sb for type I samples and equal
0.21 and 0.52 eV for 1wt.%Sb, 0.17 and 0.56 eV for 2wt.%Sb, 0.16 and 0.63 eV for 3wt.%Sb for type II for both
first and second stages, respectively. The microstructure of the samples under investigation has been examined
after stress-strain measurements by scanning electron microscope.
Keywords: Work hardening characteristics, Ageing temperature, Pb-Sb alloys, Mechanical characterization
I. Introduction
Lead is very soft and ductile so it is normally used commercially as lead alloys [1]. Lead alloys had
become established by the end of the first half of the twentieth century [2]. Antimony, tin, arsenic, and calcium
are the most common alloying elements [3]. The addition of Antimony, in particular, enhances the alloy
hardness greatly and lowers the casting temperature and minimizes the contraction during freezing. Indeed, such
addition plays a vital role in increasing the resistance to compressive impact and wear [4]. Also, it increases the
conductive properties [5]. In fact, such addition produces a significant segregation at grain boundaries and a
high concentration of alloying vacancies which should modify the viscous flow processes along the grain
boundaries [6]. Antimony contents in lead-antimony alloys can range from 0.5 to 25%, but they are usually
about 2-5% [1]. Lead- antimony alloys are considered as an important material in industrial applications for
their use as the best stable material for battery grids in accumulator manufacturing [7, 8] because of the
properties of Pb-Sb alloys, mentioned lately. It should be noted that, these alloys are very well hardened by
continuous precipitation, whereas lead–tin alloys present a discontinuous precipitation with a weak hardening
effect [9]. It is noted that, the choice of the suitable heat treatment plays an important role in enhancing the
mechanical properties of the metallic materials to achieve more applications in industry and this topic attracts
more and more investigators [10-15]. Pb-Sb alloy consists of Pb-rich phase and some amounts of Sb-rich phase
this is according to its phase diagram [16]. It was reported that, Sb-rich phase has always formed at the
boundaries of Pb-rich phase [7] and the solid solubility of Sb in Pb increases as the heating temperature
increases up to transformation temperature. The process of ageing of the super-saturated solid solution of this
alloy leads to the formation of more β-phase.
The thorough surveying of the literature has revealed that; some investigators were interested in
studying the corrosion resistance and electrochemical behavior of the Pb-Sb alloys [2, 17] while others studied
their structure and mechanical properties by changing the deformation temperature [18, 19] or with adding of tin
[18]. As was noticed, little attention has been given to the topic of effect of ageing temperature (423-543 K) on
the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys and this represents a gap. So the aim of the present
work is to try to fill this gap.
2. Influence of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12655365 www.iosrjournals.org 54 | Page
II. Experimental procedure
2.1 Alloy preparation and heat treatment
Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys were prepared from high purity Pb and Sb (99.99%) by melting a mixture of the
appropriate weights under vacuum in a high purity graphite crucible, in a high frequency induction furnace. The
obtained ingot was homogenized at 553 K for 8 h then cold drawn into two forms; wires of diameter 0.6 mm
and sheets of thickness 0.4 mm. Chemical analysis revealed that sample composition is very close to the alloy
compositions required. The samples were divided into two parts, one of them were quenched in water at RT
(type I) while the remaining (other) part were slowly cooled (type II). Ageing of the samples (wires and sheets)
were performed in the temperature range; 423-483K, 453-513K and 483-543 K for Pb-1wt.%Sb, 2wt.%Sb and
3wt. %Sb alloys, respectively, with accuracy ±2 K, at an interval of 10 K and the time of ageing was 1 hr.
2.2 Measurements
2.2.1 Tensile test
One of the most important tests to investigate the material's mechanical properties is the tensile test.
This test was performed using a computerized locally made tensile testing machine. More details about this
machine were described elsewhere [20]. All samples were stretched with a constant strain rate of 1.2×10-3
s-1
at
room temperature (300 K) up to fracture.
2.2.2 Microstructure examination
The microstructure of Pb-Sb alloys were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM)
(JEOL, JSM-5400) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Using different techniques helped us to
investigate the microstructure precisely.
III. Results
3.1 Tensile properties
The engineering stress-strain curves at different Ta for both types of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys are shown
in Figs. (1-3). It was found that, the stress-strain curves vary with changing Ta for the both types of the samples.
Figs. (4-6) show the dependence of the work hardening parameters (p, σy and σf) on Ta. Where σy is called the
yield stress, σf is the fracture stress and p is the work-hardening coefficient, which could be calculated from the
parabolic part of stress-strain curves (Figs. (1-3)) by using the following equation;
𝜒 𝑝 =
𝜕𝜎2
𝜕𝜀 𝑇
(1)
It was found that, the three parameters decrease as the ageing temperature increases for the both types
of the samples and such decrease occurred in two distinguished stages. The first one extends to temperatures up
to 453 K for 1wt.% Sb, 483 K for 2wt.% Sb and 513 K for 3wt.% Sb and the second stage extends to a higher
range above 453 K, 483 K and 513 K. The values of p, σy and σf for samples of type I are higher than those of
type II. The fracture strain εf (the strain corresponding to the fracture point in the stress-strain curves) as a
function of Ta is shown in Fig. 7. It is clear that εf increases as the ageing temperatures increase and showing
two stages for the two types of alloy samples. Also, the value of εf for type I samples were found to be less than
type II at all the applied temperatures. The dislocation slip distance L is one of the important parameters in the
field of tensile properties of materials [21]. Its values could be found by applying Mott’s work hardening model
[22]. The model predicts that the coefficient of work hardening 𝜒 𝑝 is given by the equation:
𝜒 𝑝 =
𝐺2 𝑏
2𝜋2 𝐿
(2)
where L is the distance slipped by the moving dislocation, G is the shear modulus for Pb alloy (G=4.3x104
MPa), and b is the Burgers vector (b = 3.5x10-10
m) [23]. The dependence of L on Ta for both types of samples is
depicted in figure 8. It is clear that, increasing Ta resulted in increasing L.
2-Structural properties
It is well known that, investigating the microstructure of different Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys plays a vital
role in determining and predicting the mechanical response. In the present study, the evaluation of the
microstructure changes due to the aging temperature under different conditions was performed by using SEM
and EDS investigations.
Figure 9 shows SEM micrographs of the Pb-2wt.% Sb quenched samples (type I) aged for 1h at the
temperatures 463,483 and 513K. As observed, there are two phases, dark phase and white phase, the white
phase was detected to be Sb-rich phase embedded in dark phase, which is the Pb-matrix and this was confirmed
by EDS investigation. Also, the Sb-rich phase in Pb-matrix decrease with increasing ageing temperature.
3. Influence of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12655365 www.iosrjournals.org 55 | Page
IV. Discussion
The stress-strain curves in the present work were considered as raw experimental data and hence it is
more suitable to discuss the parameters extracted from these curves other than discussing the curves themselves.
The decrease in p, σy and σf in the first stage (see Figs. (4-6)) could be attributed to the amount of the second
phase (β-phase or Sb-rich phase) and its corresponding diffusivity with the matrix (Pb) which controls the
dislocation mobility at the inter-phase boundaries [24]. This continues until the transformation temperature,
which is 453 K, 483 K and 513 K for 1, 2 and 3wt. % Sb respectively. But, in the second stage, i.e., above
transformation temperature, the β-phase dissolves completely and disappears [25] and this result in an intensive
decrease in the work hardening parameters which could be due to the relaxation of dislocations at the fronts of
the pileups at grain boundaries [26]. This process might be associated with dislocation annihilation by increased
thermal agitation [18]. The above explanation was confirmed by SEM micrographs (see Fig. 9) for the sample
Pb 2wt.% Sb, as an example, at different ageing temperatures 463, 483 and 513 K. From these micrographs, the
solubility of Sb-rich phase in Pb-matrix increases until the transformation temperature, 483 K, and after that the
Sb-rich phase disappears.
On the other hand, εf increases as Ta increases (see Fig. 7) because in the first stage the solubility of Sb
in Pb increases, so the motion of dislocations enhanced as a result of the decrease in the percent of Sb-rich
phase. In the second stage the materials became more ductile due to the rearrangement of the dislocations [27].
The higher values of p, σy and σf for type I samples compared with type II is due to the more tangling
in dislocations occurred in type I samples because of the quenching process [28] which obstacle the movement
of Sb-rich phase. But for type II samples the dislocation motion is easier.
The higher values of εf of the type II samples than type I (see Fig. 7) is due to the relaxation of alloy as
a result of some degree of dislocation annihilation which accelerate the solubility of β-phase in the matrix,
reduces the hardness and consequently increases the ductility, i.e., εf increases. For type I samples, εf is lower
because the sample became harder due to the quenching process. Increasing the Sb content, the work hardening
parameters increases while εf decreases this is because the addition of Sb hardens the alloy.
The increase in L as Ta increases (see Fig. 8) could be due to the relaxation of dislocation heads of the
pileups at the phases existed in the Pb-matrix. This relaxation is accompanied by escaping of dislocations from
these pileups by the cross-slipping process as a result of the thermal agitation. Finally, the dislocations will
move through longer slip distances L.
The activation energies of the operating mechanisms in both types I and II are determined from the
slopes of the straight lines of the relation between Ln (σf) and 1000/T as shown in Fig. 10 according to the
Arrhenius’s equation;
σf =A exp. (Q/RT) (3)
where A is a constant, Q is the activation energy in eV and R is the gas constant. The values of the activation
energies were represented in Table (1). It is clear that, the values of Q in type II samples are higher than that of
type I. For all the samples, Q values in region II are higher. These values indicate that the operating mechanism
may be a dislocation intersection [8, 29] and diffusion of Sb through Pb-Sb boundaries [8] in the low
temperature range. While in the high temperature range, grain boundary sliding is the principal mechanism [7,
8].
V. Conclusion
The effect of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys
either quenched (type I) or slowly cooled samples(type II) at different ageing temperature (Ta) was studied. The
coefficient of work hardening p, yield stress σy and fracture stress σf were found. They decrease with increasing
Ta in two stages around the transformation temperature. The transformation temperature changes with the
addition of Sb and equal 453 K for 1wt.%Sb, 483 K for 2wt.%Sb and 513 K for 3wt.%Sb. The values of these
parameters of the type I samples were higher than those of type II. The fracture strain εf, the strain at the fracture
point, increases with increasing Ta showing two stages also. The dislocation slip distance, L, increases as Ta
increases. The operating mechanism may be dislocation intersection and diffusion of Sb through Pb-Sb
boundaries in the low temperature range and changed to the grain boundary sliding in the high temperature
range.
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Figure Captions
Fig. (1): Stress–strain curves of both types of Pb–1wt.%Sb alloy.
Fig. (2): Stress–strain curves of both types of Pb–2wt.%Sb alloy.
Fig. (3): Stress–strain curves of both types of Pb–3wt.%Sb alloy.
Fig. (4): The dependence of work-hardening coefficient, p on the ageing temperature for both types of Pb–1-
3wt.% Sb alloys.
Fig. (5): The dependence of yield stress, σy on the ageing temperature for both types of Pb–1-3wt.% Sb alloys
Fig. (6): The fracture stress, σf as a function of ageing temperature for both types of Pb–1-3wt.% Sb alloys
Fig. (7): The fracture strain, f as a function of ageing temperature for both types of Pb–1-3wt.% Sb alloys
Fig. (8): Temperature dependence of slip distance, L for both types of Pb–1-3wt.% Sb alloys
Fig. (9): SEM micrographs of the quenched samples (2wt.% Sb) at different ageing temperatures
Fig. (10): The relation between Ln (σf) and 1000/T of both types of Pb–1-3wt.% Sb alloys
Table (1): The values of the activation energies for both types of Pb–1-3wt.% Sb alloys
Region I Region II
Type I Type II Type I Type II
1 wt.% Sb 0.11 0.12 0.39 0.52
2 wt.% Sb 0.15 0.17 0.49 0.56
3 wt.% Sb 0.20 0.16 0.65 0.63
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
423K
433K
443K
453K
463K
473K
483K
Strain,
Stress,(MPa)
Pb-1wt.%Sb (type I)
7. Influence of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12655365 www.iosrjournals.org 59 | Page
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
483K
493K
503K
513K
523K
533K
543K
Strain,
Stress,(MPa)
Pb-3wt.%Sb (type II)
Fig. (3): Stress–strain curves of both types of Pb–3wt% Sb alloy.
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
Type I
Work-HardeningCoefficient,p
(MPa)
2
3 wt.% Sb
2 wt.% Sb
1 wt.% Sb
Ageing Temperature, T (K)
8. Influence of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12655365 www.iosrjournals.org 60 | Page
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
10
2
10
3
10
4
Type II
Work-HardeningCoefficient,p
(MPa)
2
3 wt.% Sb
2 wt.% Sb
1 wt.% Sb
Ageing Temperature, T (K)
Fig. (4): The dependence of work-hardening coefficient, p on the ageing temperature for both types of Pb–1-
3wt% Sb alloys.
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Type I
YieldStress,y
(MPa)
3 wt.% Sb
2 wt.% Sb
1 wt.% Sb
Ageing Temperature, T (K)
9. Influence of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12655365 www.iosrjournals.org 61 | Page
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Type II
YieldStress,y
(MPa)
3 wt.% Sb
2 wt.% Sb
1 wt.% Sb
Ageing Temperature, T (K)
Fig. (5): The dependence of yield stress, σy on the ageing temperature for both types of Pb–1-3wt% Sb alloys
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
FractureStress,f
(MPa)
3 wt.% Sb
2 wt.% Sb
1 wt.% Sb
Ageing Temperature, T (K)
Type I
10. Influence of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12655365 www.iosrjournals.org 62 | Page
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Type II
FractureStress,f
(MPa)
3 wt.% Sb
2 wt.% Sb
1 wt.% Sb
Ageing Temperature, T (K)
Fig. (6): The fracture stress, σf as a function of ageing temperature for both types of Pb–1-3wt% Sb alloys
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Type I
FractureStrain,f
3 wt.% Sb
2 wt.% Sb
1 wt.% Sb
Ageing Temperature, T (K)
11. Influence of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12655365 www.iosrjournals.org 63 | Page
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
Type II
FractureStrain,f
3 wt.% Sb
2 wt.% Sb
1 wt.% Sb
Ageing Temperature, T (K)
Fig. (7): The fracture strain, f as a function of ageing temperature for both types of Pb–1-3wt% Sb alloys
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
0.0
1.0x10
-5
2.0x10
-5
3.0x10
-5
4.0x10
-5
5.0x10
-5
6.0x10
-5
Type I
Slipdistance,L(m)
3 wt.% Sb
2 wt.% Sb
1 wt.% Sb
Ageing Temperature, T (K)
12. Influence of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12655365 www.iosrjournals.org 64 | Page
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
0.0
1.0x10
-4
2.0x10
-4
3.0x10
-4
4.0x10
-4
Type II
Slipdistance,L(m)
3 wt.% Sb
2 wt.% Sb
1 wt.% Sb
Ageing Temperature, T (K)
Fig. (8): Temperature dependence of slip distance, L for both types of Pb–1-3wt% Sb alloys
Fig. (9): SEM micrographs of the quenched samples (2wt.% Sb) at different ageing temperatures.
3 µm
3 µm
13. Influence of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12655365 www.iosrjournals.org 65 | Page
1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ln(f
)
3 wt.% Sb
2 wt.% Sb
1 wt.% Sb
1000/T(K)
type I
1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
type II
Ln(f
)
3 wt.% Sb
2 wt.% Sb
1 wt.% Sb
1000/T(K)
Fig. (10): The relation between Ln (σf) and 1000/T of both types of Pb–1-3wt% Sb alloys.