This document discusses human body axes and planes. It defines axes as lines that movements occur around, and planes as surfaces where movements take place. The three main axes are the sagittal, frontal, and vertical axes. The sagittal axis runs head to toe, the frontal axis side to side, and the vertical axis up and down. Key body movements like flexion, extension, and rotation are described in relation to these axes and the sagittal, frontal, and horizontal planes. Understanding human movement in the context of axes and planes provides a standardized way to describe types and directions of body motions.

1. AXIS AND PLANES
Made by –dr. bharti pawar

2. AXES
This is a line about which movements takes place.”
Human movements are described in relation to axis and planes.

3. PLANES
• This is the surface in which movements takes
place.
• Axis and planes are right angle(90 degree) to each other.
• In the human body, movements occurs at joints so axis passes
Through joints.

4. Sagittal axis –frontal plane
frontal axis –sagittal plane
vertical axis – horizontal plane

5. sagittal axis
• Lies parallel to sagittal suture in
skull in human body i.e. Antero
posterior direction.
• Movements about this axis is in
a frontal plane.

7. Frontal axis
• Lies parallel to the
transverse suture
of skull .
• Movements occurs
in sagittal plane.

8. vertical axis
• This axis lies parallel to line of
gravity.
• Movements occurs in
horizontal

9. Human movements in relation to axis &planes
• Abduction /adduction at shoulder joint.
• Flexion/extension at hip joint.
• Rotation movement at neck.

11. • It is conventional and convenient to indicate the type and direction of
Movements of the body with reference to these axes and planes.
• In many instances there Is more than one axis and therefore more than
one plan about the axis.

13. Horizontal plane
• Movements in this plane are
not affected by gravity. "gravity
free.”
• Weak muscle which are unable
to produce movements against
can produce movement in this
plane.

14. Inclined plane
• 2 movements-upwards or downward.
• During upward movement, resistance
depends on force of gravity and reduce
by the reaction of plane.
• So resistance is least when incline is
nearly horizontal &increase as it
approach to vertical.
• Downward movement is produce by
force of gravity. Magnitude of force
increases as inclination approaches the
vertical.

15. vertical plane
Upward movements Downward movements
Muscular force> gravity force is modified
Force of gravity at specific speed by
muscular action.

16. THANK YOU!!!!!!
• Made by-dr.bharti pawar.