This ppt is on regenerative braking in electric vehicle.Electric vehicles, or EVs for short, are becoming more and more popular as an alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. These cars are powered by an electric motor that is run on electricity stored in rechargeable batteries, rather than by burning fossil fuels. The batteries are typically lithium-ion, which is the same type of battery found in smartphones and laptops. The first electric cars were developed in the mid-19th century, but it wasn't until the late 20th century that they began to be developed on a larger scale. The biggest factor driving the development of EVs has been concern over the environmental impact of gasoline-powered vehicles. While gasoline-powered cars produce emissions such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, meaning that they do not contribute to air pollution. There are two main types of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). BEVs run entirely on electricity and have no gasoline engine, while PHEVs have both an electric motor and a gasoline engine, allowing them to run on electricity for short distances before switching to gasoline for longer trips. The biggest advantage of electric vehicles is their environmental impact. By producing zero tailpipe emissions, EVs help to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. This is especially important as the transportation sector is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions globally. EVs also reduce dependence on oil and can help to stabilize fuel prices. Another advantage of electric vehicles is their lower operating costs. While the upfront cost of an electric vehicle is typically higher than a gasoline-powered car, the cost of fueling and maintaining an EV is lower. Electricity is cheaper than gasoline, and EVs require less maintenance than traditional cars because they have fewer moving parts. One of the biggest challenges facing electric vehicles is range anxiety. Unlike gasoline-powered cars, which can be refueled in a matter of minutes, electric vehicles require charging, which can take hours. This means that drivers must carefully plan their trips to ensure that they have enough charge to get to their destination. However, advances in battery technology are making it possible for EVs to travel further on a single charge, reducing range anxiety. Another challenge facing electric vehicles is the availability of charging infrastructure. While gasoline stations are ubiquitous, charging stations are still relatively rare, especially in rural areas. However, governments and private companies are working to install more charging stations to make it easier for EV drivers to charge their cars. Despite these challenges, the popularity of electric vehicles is increasing rapidly.

1. STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF
REGENERATIVE BRAKING IN
ELECTRIC VEHICLE
BY
SIDDHARTH PATNAIK

2. OVERVIEW
• EV BASICS
• EV COMPONENTS
• BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• EV CONTROLLERS
• ELECTRIC POWERTRAIN MODELLING
• ELECTRIC MOTOR
• ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEM
• REGENERATIVE BRAKING
• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
• MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION
• MATLAB SIMULATION AND RESULTS
• FUTURE SCOPE

3. Brief History of Electric Vehicle
• Thomas Davenport made world’s first electric car using dc motor in 1834.

4. ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND ITS TYPES
HYBRID EV
They are powered by both
petrol and electricity. They
can recharge the battery
by regenerative braking.
PLUG IN HYBRID EV
They use electricity as the main
source of energy. They can
recharge the battery by
regenerative braking as well as by
plugging in the charger.
BATTERY EV
They are powered by electricity
and do not have a petrol
engine. They can also recover
energy by regenerative braking.
EV is defined as a vehicle that can be powered by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery
and is capable of being charged from an external source.

5. Benefits of Electric vehicle over Conventional
vehicle
• Electricity is cheaper than petrol
• Better for environment due to non
emission of green house gases.
• Reduced noise pollution
• Maintenance cost is low due to less
mechanical components involved

6. Working Principle of EV
1.Electric vehicles use an electric motor to convert electrical energy stored in batteries into
mechanical energy that powers the vehicle.
2.EVs are powered by rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which provide energy to the electric
motor. The batteries are charged by plugging the vehicle into a charging station or using
regenerative braking.
3.The electric motor is controlled by an electronic controller, which manages the flow of energy
from the battery to the motor. The controller also monitors the vehicle's speed, acceleration,
and other parameters to optimize performance and efficiency.
4.EVs typically have a range of around 100-300 miles on a single charge, depending on the
battery size and driving conditions. The range can be extended by driving efficiently, using
regenerative braking, and avoiding excessive acceleration or speed.
5.EVs have fewer moving parts than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, which means they
require less maintenance and have a longer lifespan.
6.EVs produce zero emissions, which makes them more environmentally friendly than
gasoline-powered vehicles.

7. Major Components of EV
• Battery
• Controller
• BLDC motor
• Differential
• Tyres/Rim
• Chassis

8. EV Battery
• There are several types of battery used in EV. Some of them are-
1. Lithium ion (Li-ion)
2. Nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH)
3. Solid-state batteries
4. Lead acid Batteries
5. Zinc air batteries
Overall, Li-ion batteries are currently the most widely used and best-suited type of
battery for EVs because of the following reasons :-
• High Energy Density: Li-ion batteries have a high energy density, meaning they can
store a lot of energy in a relatively small and lightweight package.
• Fast Charging: Li-ion batteries can be charged quickly as compared to other batteries.

9. Motor Controller
1.The controller is a key component of an EV's powertrain and is
responsible for managing the flow of energy from the battery pack
to the motor.
2.The controller regulates the speed and torque of the motor, which in
turn affects the speed and acceleration of the vehicle.
3.The controller also manages the charging and discharging of the
battery pack, ensuring that it is not overcharged or discharged too
quickly, which can damage the batteries.
4.Advanced controllers use sophisticated algorithms to optimize the
powertrain performance, maximizing efficiency and range while
minimizing energy consumption.

10. Motors Used In EV
1.AC Induction Motor: A popular motor used in EVs due to its reliability, low cost, and
high efficiency. It operates by inducing a magnetic field in a rotor, which then rotates
due to the interaction with the stator's magnetic field.
2.Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM): Another common motor used in EVs,
which uses permanent magnets to create the rotor's magnetic field. It provides high
torque density, which makes it suitable for EVs.
3.Brushless DC Motor (BLDC): A type of synchronous motor that uses electronic
commutation instead of brushes. BLDC motors have high efficiency, low maintenance,
and are durable.
4.Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM): A motor that operates on the principle of magnetic
reluctance, where the rotor seeks the minimum magnetic reluctance path. It is relatively
inexpensive and offers high power density and efficiency.
5.Direct Drive Motor: A motor that directly drives the vehicle's wheels without the use of a
transmission. Direct drive motors are simple and efficient, but they can be heavy and

11. ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEM
• An energy recovery system is a technology that allows for the recovery and reuse of
energy that would otherwise be lost during various processes. There are various
types of energy recovery system. Some of them are noted below:-
1. Regenerative Braking
2. Pedal Regeneration
3. Hill descent Control
4. Energy Harvesting Suspension
5. Thermoelectric generators
Overall, these energy recovery systems help to improve the energy efficiency and
range of electric vehicles, and they play an important role in reducing the
environmental impact of transportation.

12. What is Regenerative Braking
1.Regenerative braking is a mechanism that converts the kinetic energy of a moving
vehicle into electrical energy, which can then be stored in a battery or used to power
the vehicle's electric motor.
2.The system works by using the electric motor to slow down the vehicle when the
brakes are applied, instead of relying solely on friction brakes to slow the vehicle down.
3.When the electric motor is used to slow the vehicle down, it acts as a generator,
converting the kinetic energy of the vehicle into electrical energy that is stored in the
battery.
4.Regenerative braking is commonly used in electric and hybrid vehicles, where it helps
to increase the overall efficiency of the vehicle and reduce the amount of energy that is
lost during braking.

13. Factors affecting Regenerative Braking
1.The amount of energy that can be recovered through
regenerative braking depends on several factors, including
the speed of the vehicle, the weight of the vehicle, and the
efficiency of the braking system.
2.Regenerative braking can also help to extend the range of
electric vehicles by reducing the amount of energy that is
required to recharge the battery.
3.However, regenerative braking is less effective at low
speeds, where the amount of kinetic energy that can be
recovered is much lower.
4.Despite this limitation, regenerative braking is still a
valuable technology that can help to improve the overall
efficiency and sustainability of electric and hybrid vehicles

14. AC and DC motor

15. Mathematical equations
1. E_kin = 0.5 * m * v0^2;
2. a = (vf - v0) / t(end);
3. F_brake = m * a;
4. P_regen = min(F_brake * v0, Pmax);
5. E_rec = P_regen * eff * t;
6. v = sqrt(2 * (E_kin - E_rec) / m);
7. plot(t, v);
8. xlabel('Time (s)');
9. ylabel('Velocity (m/s)');

16. BLDC Motor Control

17. MATLAB SIMULATION

18. Controller sub system

19. Speed controller sub system

20. Current Controller subsystem

21. Decoder subsystem

22. Hall effect signal vs Time

23. MATLAB RESULTS

24. Graph of torque, Speed and SoC with time

25. Speed vs Time

26. Stator back Emf vs Time

27. Electromagnetic torque vs Time

28. Advantages of Regenerative braking
Energy efficiency: Regenerative braking can improve the energy efficiency of a
vehicle by recapturing energy that would otherwise be lost during braking.
Reduced wear and tear: Regenerative braking can reduce wear and tear on the
braking system of a vehicle, as it reduces the amount of mechanical braking
required.
Improved safety: Regenerative braking can improve safety by providing more
consistent and predictable braking performance.
Reduced emissions: Regenerative braking can reduce emissions by reducing the
amount of energy required to operate a vehicle, particularly in stop-and-go traffic.

29. Disadvantages of regenerative braking
1.Limited effectiveness: Regenerative braking is most effective at capturing energy
during sudden stops or deceleration.
2.Additional weight: Regenerative braking systems can add weight to a vehicle, which
can reduce its overall efficiency and performance.
3.Higher cost: Regenerative braking systems can be more expensive to manufacture
and maintain than traditional braking systems.
4.Complex technology: Regenerative braking systems are more complex than traditional
braking systems, which can make them more difficult and expensive to repair if
something goes wrong.
5.Limited effectiveness in cold weather: Regenerative braking systems can be less
effective in cold weather, as the battery may not be able to capture as much energy
during braking.
6.Potential safety issues: Regenerative braking systems can create a delay between the
time the driver applies the brakes and the time the vehicle actually begins to slow

30. Conclusion
In conclusion, regenerative braking is a promising technology that can significantly
improve the energy efficiency and environmental impact of transportation systems.
Through our MATLAB simulation, we have demonstrated the potential of regenerative
braking to recover and reuse kinetic energy, resulting in energy savings and reduced
emissions.
While there are some limitations to the technology, ongoing research and
development efforts are addressing these challenges and paving the way for wider
adoption of regenerative braking in different industries

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