This document summarizes an electric monowheel battery management system (BMS) simulation project. The project aims to design a small, portable, low-cost electric vehicle for transportation using lithium-ion batteries. It discusses electric vehicles, a monowheel design, BMS components and functions, and implementing a BMS simulation in Matlab/Simulink. Key blocks used include Goto/From for signal passing, Powergui for circuit solving, and Scope for output display.

1. Electric Monowheel BMS simulation
Under Guidance of:
Asst. Prof. Ujjwal Singh
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
GEC, Bhubaneswar
By :
Ayush Dubey
GANDHI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHUBANESWAR
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Contents:
1. Objective
2. Literature Review
3. E-vehicle & Methodology
4. Unicycle & its overview
5. Electric Monowheel Working principle
6. BMS for vehicle
7. BMS in matlab simulink
8. Work for BMS in Matlab & Simulink
9. Future Scope
10. Conclusion

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Objectives:
To design a high-performance, small-size, portable, easy to drive & low-cost electric
vehicle for better transportation medium in country to reduce traffic & pollution.
The solution proposed is “The E-Monowheel” based
on the L-ion battery power, having the capability
to drive load of 100 kg with driving person.

4. Literature Review
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● Electric Vehicles: Literature Review of technology costs & carbon emission
Authors: Paul Wolfram & Nic Lutsey
(Paper focuses on the low cost development of E-vehicle & maintaining the
low carbon emission rate per kilometers.)
● Battery Management System For Electric Vehicle Applications
Authors: Rui Hu
(Paper focuses on the Li-ion battery pack management under different
conditions of driving)

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● Passive & active battery balancing comparison based on matlab
simulink
2011 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference
Authors: Mohamed Daowd, Noshin Omar, Peter Van Den Bossche
● Rapid EV chargers: Implementation of a charger
Electricity Engineers' Association Conference At: Wellington
Authors: Allan miller, Neville watson & Ben jar

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What is Electric Vehicle?
An electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, is a
vehicle which uses one or more electric motors for propulsion. Depending on
the type of vehicle, motion may be provided by wheels or propellers driven by
rotary motors, or in the case of tracked vehicles, by linear motors.
Electric vehicles can include electric cars, electric trains, electric trucks,
electric lorries, electric airplanes, electric boats, electric motorcycles and
scooters, and electric spacecraft.

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Major Parts of Electric Vehicle

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Main Battery Pack:
The function of the battery in an electric car is as an electrical energy storage system
in the form of direct-current electricity (DC). If it gets a signal from the controller,
the battery will flow DC electrical energy to the inverter to then be used to drive the
motor. The type of battery used is a rechargeable battery that is arranged in such a
way as to form what is called a traction battery pack.

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Power Inverter:
The inverter functions to change the direct current (DC) on the battery into an
alternating current (AC) and
then this alternating current
is used by an electric motor.
In addition, the inverter on an
electric car also has a function
to change the AC current
when regenerative braking to DC current and then used to recharge the battery. The
type of inverter used in some electric car models is the bi-directional inverter category.

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Controller:
The main function of the controller is as a
regulator of electrical energy from batteries
and inverters that will be
distributed to electric motors.
While the controller itself gets the
main input from the car pedal
(which is set by the driver). This pedal setting will determine the frequency
variation or voltage variation that will enter the motor, and at the same time
determine the car’s speed.

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Electric Traction Motor
Because the controller provides electrical power from the traction battery,
the electric traction motors will work turning the transmission and wheels.
Some hybrid electric cars use a type of generator-motor
that performs the functions of propulsion and regeneration.
In general, the type of electric motor used is the BLDC (brushless DC) motor

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Charger:
It is a battery charging device. Chargers get electricity from outside sources, such as
the utility grid or solar power plants. AC electricity is converted into DC electricity
and then stored in the battery. There are 2 types of electric car chargers:
● On-board charger: the charger is located and installed in the car
● Off-board charger: the charger is not located or not installed in the car.

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Transmission:
The transmission transfers mechanical power from the electric traction motor to
drive the wheels.

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DC/DC Converter:
This one of electric car parts that to converts higher-voltage DC power from the
traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle
accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.

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Thermal System – Cooling
This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the
engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other components.

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Charge Port:
The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power supply in order to
charge the traction battery pack.

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Major Parts Comparison in Gasoline & EVs

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Disadvantages of Combustion engine Vehicles
● Most of the times the petrol & diesel are expensive.
● They create lot of pollution & noise.
● Heat generation from the engine is more.
● The Design of vehicles are very complex.
● These vehicles price range are also high when we talk about efficiency,
power, durability & design.
● Total combustion never happens for fuel.

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E-Vehicle & Methodology:
The electric vehicle is one which basically runs on battery powered motors instead of
using internal combustion engine.
Basically the electrical vehicle are of two types:
1. All-Electric vehicle(AEVs)
a. Battery Electric vehicle(BEVs)
b. Hybrid electric vehicle(HEVs)
2. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle(PHEVs)

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Battery Electric vehicle (BEVs)
Battery Electric Vehicles, also called BEVs and more
frequently called EVs, are fully electric vehicles with
rechargeable batteries and no gasoline engine. All energy
to run the vehicle comes from the battery pack which is
recharged from the grid. BEVs are zero emissions
vehicles, as they do not generate any harmful tailpipe
emissions or air pollution hazards caused by traditional
gasoline-powered vehicles.

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Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, or PHEVs,
have both an engine and electric motor to drive
the car. Like regular hybrids, they can recharge
their battery through regenerative braking.
They differ from regular hybrids by having a
much larger battery, and being able to plug into
the grid to recharge.

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While regular hybrids can (at low speed) travel 1-2 miles
before the gasoline engine turns on, PHEVs can go anywhere
from 10-40 miles before their gas engines provide assistance.
Once the all-electric range is depleted, PHEVs act as regular
hybrids, and can travel several hundred miles on a tank of
gasoline. All PHEVs can charge at an EVgo L2 charger, but
most PHEVs are not capable of supporting fast charging.

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Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Hybrid Electric Vehicles, or HEVs, have both a
gas-powered engine and an electric motor to drive the car.
All energy for the battery is gained through regenerative
braking, which recoups otherwise lost energy in braking to
assist the gasoline engine during acceleration. In a
traditional internal combustion engine vehicle, this braking
energy is normally lost as heat in the brake pads and rotors.
Regular hybrids cannot plug into the grid to recharge and
cannot charge with EVgo.

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It basically consists of 5 major parts:
● Controller board
● IMU (Inertial measurement unit)
● Motor Driver
● BLDC Hub motor
● Battery pack
Battery powered E-Monowheel:
No sitting method ● Easy to drive
● Enough space for battery placement

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Mechanical Structure:
● Sitting
● Foot-rest
● Controller
● Shock-absorbers
● Battery

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Working Principle:
A Monowheel electric vehicle is a type of unicycle that uses sensors, gyroscope, and
accelerometer in conjunction with an electric motor to assist a rider with balancing
on a single wheeled vehicle.

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Main parts in Electric Monowheel:
A brushless DC motor (also known as a BLDC motor or BL
motor) is an electronically commuted DC motor which does not
have brushes. The controller provides pulses of current to the
motor windings which control the speed and torque of the
synchronous motor.

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Inertial Measurement Unit:
It comprises of two parts basically which controls & balances
the linear motion of the vehicle.
Sensors

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Work flow:
With controller

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BMS for E-Monowheel:
The battery management system (BMS) is responsible for safe
operation, performance, and battery life under diverse charge-discharge
and environmental conditions.
● State-of-charge control of battery for charging
● Performing individual cell balancing
● Estimates state-of-charge and state-of-health
● Temperature measuring & control
● Isolates the battery pack from the load when necessary

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Some Matlab Blocks & simulink tools:
1. Goto: The Goto block passes its input to its corresponding From blocks. The
input can be a real- or complex-valued signal or vector of any data type. From
and Goto blocks allow you to pass a signal from one block to another without
actually connecting them.
2. From: The From block accepts a signal from a corresponding Goto block, then
passes it as output. The data type of the output is the same as that of the input
from the Goto block.
3. Powergui: Environment block for Simscape Electrical Specialized Power
Systems models.

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The powergui block allows you to choose one of these methods to solve your circuit:
(a.) Continuous, which uses a variable-step solver from Simulink®
(b.) Discretization of the electrical system for a solution at fixed time steps
(c.) Continuous or discrete phasor solution
Scope: The Scope allows you to adjust the amount of time and the range of input values
displayed. We can move and resize the Scope window and you can modify the Scope's
parameter values during the simulation. When you start a simulation, Simulink does not
open Scope windows, although it does write data to connected Scopes.

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Matlab Function: MATLAB Function blocks enable you to define custom
functionality in Simulink models by using the MATLAB language. They are the easiest
way to bring MATLAB code into Simulink. MATLAB Function blocks support C/C++
code generation from Simulink Coder and Embedded Coder. E.g-

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Bus Selector: It basically selects signals from an incoming bus.The Bus Selector block
accepts input from a Bus Creator block or another Bus Selector block. This block has
one input port. The number of output ports depends on the state of the
Muxed output checkbox. If you select Muxed output,
the signals are combined at the output port
and there is only one output port; otherwise, there
is one output port for each selected signal.

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For matlab simulink:
● Passive cell Balancing simulation
● Li-ion Battery pack discharge circuit
● State-of-charge control of Li-ion Battery
● Battery thermal management system Design

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Passive cell balancing in Matlab simulink:
Switched Shunt resistors technique

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Benefits from BMS Simulation project work:
● It gave the calculated data before experimenting over physical model.
● It helped us to get the SOC & SoH of the battery pack.
● We got the estimated time that when the SoC will be zero for our 3 cells
having SoC 15%, 25%, 50% it took 4000 secs to make zero SoC.
● We got the charge & discharge graph from the simulink simulation.
● The Overall simulation helped to design & developed the BMS of the
Electric monowheel.

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Future Scope:
Solves max traffic issue in india

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Conclusion:
Hence our aim is to develop the efficient battery management system in order
to achieve a well-structured electric monowheel having the ability to beat the
electric two-wheelers in the daily use transportation medium.
In this the BMS must have:
● High charging method
● Over-charge, over-discharge, short-circuit protection
● Temperature controlling
● Better cell balancing inside battery-pack
● Good state of health

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Thank You