Transportation is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Personal vehicles, freight trucks, and airplanes account for over 80% of transportation emissions. Several strategies can help reduce these emissions, including telecommuting to reduce commuting, fleet management through driver training and efficient routing, using more fuel-efficient hybrid and electric vehicles, adopting alternative fuels, and implementing designs that reduce vehicle drag. Larger adoption of these approaches could meaningfully lower the environmental impacts of the transportation sector.

1. Transportation Impacts on the Environment Transportation Impacts on the Environment Business, Society & Environment Professor Hector R Rodriguez School of Business Mount Ida College

2. Society The Corporation and Its Stakeholders People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Corporate Citizenship The Social Responsibility of Business The Shareholder Primacy Norm CSR, Citizenship and Sustainability Reporting Responsible Investing The Community and the Corporation Taxation and Corporate Citizenship Corporate Philanthropy Programs Employees and the Corporation Managing a Diverse Workforce Environment A Balanced Look at Climate Change Non-anthropogenic Causes of Climate Change Sulfates, Urban Warming and Permafrost Conventional Energy The Kyoto Protocol Green Building Green Information Technology Transportation, Electric Vehicles and the Environment Geo-Engineering Carbon Capture and Storage Renewable Energy Solid, Toxic and Hazardous Waste Forests, Paper and Carbon Sinks Life Cycle Analysis Water Use and Management Water Pollution Course Map – Topics Covered in Course

3. Discuss transportation impacts on greenhouse gas emissions Review impacts and potential mitigations in some transportation sectors including: Freight (trucking and rail) Fleet, and Employee Commuting Short overview of some alternatives Telecommuting Hybrid cars Objectives

4. Transportation Emissions Source: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 – 2006; EPA, 2008

5. Transportation Emissions Source: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 – 2006; EPA, 2008

6. Transportation Emissions Source: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 – 2006; EPA, 2008

7. Source: Center for Neighborhood Technology, www.cnt.org A Matter of Perspective? Emissions per Household are significantly Less In Urban (vs. Rural) areas… Why?

8. GHG Emissions per Passenger Mile Source: http://knowledge.allianz.com/nopi_downloads/images/co2_emissions_lb_1.gif

9. Freight Impacts

10. Transportation is the second largest contributor to greenhouse gases (after electricity generation). It plays a significant role because the industry relies so heavily on oil. Moving freight in the U.S. accounts for 20 percent of energy consumed by the transportation sector Freight Impacts The Department of Energy has set a goal of reducing petroleum use by 20 per cent in large trucks by 2050 It expects weight reduction to be a big part of that effort as fleets deploy new trucks and trailers built with weigh saving materials.

11. Using Alternative Fuels Driving Efficiently: Tire pressures and air conditioner Reducing Packaging: It represents approximately 5% of the shipping weight of consumer goods and an unknown but certainly significant amount of volume. Slowing Down: Slowing down 13 percent (from 75 mph to 65) will reduce fuel consumption by 27 percent. Consolidating: Increasing load capacity utilization is one of the most effective ways of reducing carbon caused by shipping. Optimizing Routes: Computer programs can help design the most efficient routes, taking into account traffic patterns and the likelihood of delays. Source: EA Logistics," Get it There Green,”: (2009) Making Freight Transport More Efficient

12. Low collaborative solution provide cost to visibility to Shippers and Carriers by identifying potential opportunities to reduce empty backhaul capacity. A web based Service to match carrier availability (empty miles) with transportation demand (loads) delivered through a members only internet portal. A toolset comprised of collaborative processes, cost and emissions savings Benefits calculator, negotiating VICS Empty Miles checklists, legal agreement templates, and standard data definitions to use the service.

13. Current Subscribers

14. Partnership with Eaton Corp developing Hybrid Diesel Delivery Trucks Currently, 170 Hybrid electric heavy delivery trucks in the US and Canada Decreased emissions by 37% Increased mileage by 32% Case Study: Coca Cola

15. Idle Time Reduction Automatic shutoff installed on all tractors 14% reduction in idle time Estimated annual fuel savings – 75,000 gallons Collaborate to Eliminate Dead-head Miles 5-7% reduction on line-haul loads Estimated annual fuel savings – 53,000 gallons Equipment Efficiencies Use of lightweight trailers 42% of weekly orders moved with lightweight trailers 12% fewer loads for equivalent # of cases Estimated Fuel Savings – 9,500 gallons Case Study: Coca Cola

16. Using friction reducers on the wheel-to-rail interface Improving trailer positioning on trains to reduce drag Case Study: BNSF Using hybrid switch engines, such as the Green Goat, which use 40 to 70 percent less diesel fuel and reduce particulate emissions by 80 to 90 percent Adding idle control mechanisms that reduce fuel consumption and emissions

17. Fleet Impacts

18. The nation’s corporate fleets drive about twice the rate of personal vehicles, representing a major opportunity for fuel efficiency efforts. Fluctuating gas prices, coupled with corporate sustainability commitments, have cast a spotlight on green fleet initiatives that can save money and boost reputations. Elements to consider include cost, alternative fuel infrastructure limitations, resale potential, and driver behavior, to name a few. Fleet management companies have stepped in the fill the demand with services including fleet greenhouse gas measurement and driver education. Source: GreenBiz.com,“The State of Green Business,”: (2009) Fleet Impacts

19. Still, cost is viewed as a major obstacle to reducing fleet impacts. Newer technologies in passenger vehicles, such as gasoline-electric hybrids, can carry a purchase price premium that may be difficult to recoup in the projected lifetime of some vehicles For some larger vehicles, such as cargo vans, hybrid technology is limited or nonexistent. Pushback from drivers and attractive manufacturer incentives for less-efficient vehicles can also slow the transition from larger trucks to greener fleets. Source: GreenBiz.com,“The State of Green Business,”: (2009) Fleet Impacts

20. Employee Commuting

21. Overall commuting patterns in recent years have idled. Workers value their cars because driving alone is perceived to be the fastest way to get to work. Source: GreenBiz.com,“The State of Green Business,”: (2009) Employee Commuting Public transit systems, in many cases resembling a hub-and-spoke model don’t always offer a convenient alternative to workers who commute suburb to suburb.

22. Interest in public transportation has grown as employers search for ways to ease their workers’ commutes. Some cities are concerned, borne of the need to ease congestion and pollution. Massachusetts for example, created a law requiring that employers offer workers transit benefits; other States and Countries have similar programs in place. Employee Commuting

23. Telecommuting

24. A “telecommuter” is defined as someone who works from home at least three days a month as part of an arrangement with an outside employer. Source: GreenBiz.com,“The State of Green Business,”: (2009) Telecommuting

25. Telecommuting programs Employer-subsidized phone lines and furniture to boost work-life balance and reduce commuting costs Often leads to happier, more productive workers, too. Can also save money for both workers and employers; A study found that individual workers save more than $1,700 in gasoline and vehicle wear and tear, while home office equipment typically consumes about half the energy as standard office equipment. Companies have also turned to telecommuting to trim their carbon footprints. Cisco tested its telecommuting technology on about 20% of its staff cutting GHG emissions by about 30,000 tons a year Source: GreenBiz.com,“The State of Green Business,”: (2009) Telecommuting

26. Hybrids

27. Gasoline Power vs. Electric Power The gasoline-electric hybrid car is just what it sounds like -- a cross between a gasoline-powered car and an electric car. A gas-powered car has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine. The engine then turns a transmission, which turns the wheels. How do Hybrid Cars Work? Source: http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car1.htm An electric car, on the other hand, has a set of batteries that provides electricity to an electric motor. The motor turns a transmission, and the transmission turns the wheels.

28. Produce 80% less Toyota Prius produces 3.5 tons per year. H3 produces 12.2 tons per year GHG Emissions Compared to Gas-Powered Car

29. Advantages: Lower emissions & better mileage Reduce the dependency on fossil fuels Money saved Low maintenance Better for environment Disadvantages: High cost More weight due to battery packs Risky in accidents Batteries are non-reusable Acceleration Disposal of batteries. Advantages and Disadvantages Interesting Variables to Consider Here…

30. Electric

31. 2009 Alignment of new capabilities and market forces Promising EV programs succumb to market forces 1990’s Electrics lose to Ford’s Model T and abundant gas Early 1900’s Electric Vehicles are Our Past and…

32. Traditional and new OEMs introducing EVs to the market With recyclable batteries by… Renault ZE Fluence … are the Future of Transportation

33. Instant and smooth acceleration Quiet (inside and out) Reduced maintenance Efficient energy usage EV’s Provide Solid Driving Experience

34. “ Better Place” Approach Obstacle Solution Upfront Cost Better Place pays for and owns the battery, charges for monthly services, lowering the initial cost of purchase 160 km Range Battery switch stations provide fully charged batteries en route, providing unlimited range Consumer Convenience Better Place installs charge spots at home, work, and public places for convenient charging Grid Scalability Better Place Service & Control Center allows ‘smart’ charging, enabling mass EV adoption with existing utility grid infrastructure

35. Driving Systems: “Old” v. “New”

36. Charging Personal and public charge spots Battery switch stations In-car support Energy monitoring and management Information and media services Customer care Mileage, time of day, location charging options Roadside and other assistance Energy management Power use, distribution and grid stability enabling Comprehensive System

37. Full-size 5-seat passenger sedan with spacious interior ~24 kWh lithium ion battery allows for ~100 mile driving range on single charge Switchable battery provides infinite range extension; switch time < 5 minutes Regenerative braking increases energy efficiency and reduces brake maintenance Some Options for Fleets Already Exist

38. Personal charge spots at driver home or taxi depot Battery exchange infrastructure throughout service territory allows for 24/7 driving System supports energy-aware navigation and energy management for taxi driving Battery Charge spot AutOS Battery Switch Station Control Center Taxi Systems

39. Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry awarded Better Place grant to pilot EV taxi program in Tokyo While taxis comprise only 2% of vehicle population, they account for ~ 20% of all passenger vehicle emissions First System Implemented in Tokyo Q1 ‘10 Multiple companies partnering in taxi demonstration: BPLC will oversee project, and installed and will operate a battery switch station in high-traffic location Tokyo’s largest taxi operator will incorporate multiple switchable battery EVs into its taxi fleet Automotive engineering specialist will supply EVs, based on commercially available vehicles

40. Summary Transportation accounts for approximately 25% of greenhouse emissions. This percentage is increasing Personal and freight use through vehicles and trucks account for over 80% of total emissions in the transportation sector There are several well established engineering and administrative controls which help mitigate transportation sector emissions, including: Telecommuting Fleet management (training, route planning, packaging) Hybrids and electrical vehicles, alternative fuels and drag-reducing designs