Publication ethics: Definitions, Introduction and Importance

1. PUBLICATION ETHICS:
DEFINITIONS, INTRODUCTION
& IMPORTANCE
Department of Education (M.Ed.)
Mangalore University, Mangalore
20 February 2022

2. HELLO!
I am Vasantha Raju N.
Librarian
Government First Grade College-Talakadu
You can mail me at
vasanthrz@gmail.com
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What is Publication Ethics?
“the principles and standards associated with the process
of publishing the results of scientific research or scholarly
work in general.
These include such requirements as giving the appropriate credit
and authorship status to those who have earned it; ensuring that
appropriate citations are given to ideas, methodology, or findings
from another study; not submitting the same article to more than
one journal simultaneously; and not submitting results for
republication without indicating that they have already been
published elsewhere”
- APA Dictionary of Psychology

4. “ “Most people say that it is the
intellect which makes a great
scientist. They are wrong: it is
character.”
- Albert Einstein
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5. Why UGC Introduced
Consortium for Academic and Research Ethics
(UGC-CARE)
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6. 6

7. Common Unethical Research & Publication Practice and
Retraction of Indian Literature
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Source: Elango, B. (2021). Retracted articles in the biomedical literature from Indian authors. Scientometrics, 126(5), 3965-3981.

8. • Authorship
An author is someone who has made a significant
contribution to the work reported: in terms of
research conception or design, or acquisition of
data, or the analysis and interpretation of data.
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9. When Authorship Should be Given
According to the ICMJE following criteria should be met to be
credited as an author
▪ Substantial contribution to the study conception and design,
data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation.
▪ Drafting or revising the article for intellectual content
▪ Approval of the final version.
▪ Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work related
to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work.
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10. Authorship
▪ First Author
▫ One who conceptualizes the study and contributes immensely in
every aspects of the research process (study design, data
acquisitions, analysis, interpretations and writing the manuscript)
▪ Co-Authors
▫ Those who significantly contributes to the research work and in
preparing the manuscript
▪ Corresponding Author
▫ One who takes responsibility for the manuscript during the
submission, peer review and production process. All
communication from submission to publication will be with the
corresponding author.
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11.  Conceptualization
 Data Curation
 Formal Analysis
 Funding Acquisition
 Investigation
 Methodology
 Project Administration
CRediT (Contribution Roles Taxonomy)
▪ Resource
▪ Software
▪ Supervision
▪ Validation
▪ Visualization
▪ Writing – Original Draft Preparation
▪ Writing – Review & Editing
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Source: https://casrai.org/credit/
https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/Journal-Authors/open-access/credit.html

12. Example for Author Contribution
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13. Unethical Authorship Practices
▪ Guest Authorship
authorship based solely on
an expectation that
inclusion of a particular
name will improve the
chances that the study will
be published or increase the
perceived status of the
publication
▪ Gift Authorship
An author is added to a
paper when they have
not actually made a
contribution to the work,
perhaps to reward a
collaborator, return a
favour, or for some other
gain. Including PhD
supervisor or HoD, etc.
▪
▪ Ghost Authorship
This usually refers to
professional writers
(often paid by
commercial sponsors)
whose role is not
acknowledged.
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14. • Plagiarism
One of the most common types of research misconduct
“The practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas
and passing them off as one’s own”
- The Oxford English Dictionary
- Derived from a Latin word “ Plagiarius”
- Meaning ‘kidnapper’
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15. According to the Merriam-Webster online
dictionary, to "plagiarize" means:
▪ to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
▪ to use (another's production) without crediting the source
▪ to commit literary theft
▪ to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
Plagiarism is nothing but an act of fraud. It involves both stealing
someone else's work and lying about it afterward.
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16. 16 Source: https://libguides.lindsey.edu/plagiarism/types

17. • UGC’s Efforts in Curbing the Menace of Plagiarism
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18. UGC’s Penalties in case of plagiarism in academic
and research publications
▪ Level 0 : Similarities up to 10% - Minor similarities no penalty
▪ Level 1: Similarities above 10% to 40%
▫ Shall be asked to withdraw the manuscript
▪ Level 2 : Similarities above 40% to 60%
▫ Shall be asked to withdraw manuscript.
▫ Shall be denied a right to one annual increment.
▫ Shall not be allowed to be a supervisor to any new Master’s, M.Phil., Ph.D.
Student/scholar for a period of two years.
▪ Level 3: Similarities above 60 %
▫ Shall be asked to withdraw manuscript.
▫ Shall be denied a right to two successive annual increments.
▫ Shall not be allowed to be a supervisor to any new Master’s, M.Phil., Ph.D.
Student/scholar for a period of three years.
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19. ▪ Simultaneous Submissions
▫ Submitting same manuscript in same or different
language(s) to one or more than one journal at the
same time.
▪ Duplication/Redundant Publications
▫ Duplicate publication is a form of redundant publication
where the same article is published more than once,
without acknowledging the first publication.
▪ Salami (Slicing) Publications
▫ Slicing single study into multiple fragments and
develop multiple papers out of it and submit it.
▪
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These practices are prevalent in Indian academia for lack of awareness on
publication ethics and pressure to publish

20. • Conflict of Interest (Competing Interest)
Conflict of interest exist in research when an
individual (author, investigator, editor and reviewer)
has a specific interest, that could affect his/her
impartiality or maliciously influence his/her action.
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Authors
Editors Reviewers

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22. • Research Frauds
▪ Fabrication
▫ Making up research data and results, and recording or
reporting them
▪ Falsification
▫ manipulating research materials, images, data, equipment,
or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such
that the research is not accurately represented in the
research record.
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Source: Elsevier Ethics in Research & Publication

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https://retractionwatch.com/

24. • Predatory Journals
▪ Stop publishing in predatory journals
▪ Use appropriate indexing databases to select
good journals
▫ Web of Science (Woo's)
▫ Scopus
▫ PubMed
▫ DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
▫ Cabell’s Journal Analytics
▫ UGC-CARE List
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25. Be Aware of Fake Journal Metrics
▪ Advanced Science Index
▪ Cosmos Impact Factor
▪ Directory of Journal Quality Factor
▪ Global Impact Factor
▪ IndexCopernicus
▪ International Scientific Indexing (ISI)
▪ Scientific Indexing Services (SIS)
▪ Universal Impact Factor, and other fake metrics
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26. Verify with Think.Check.Submit Checklist
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https://thinkchecksubmit.org/

27. • Major International Organizations On Research
& Publication Ethics
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COPE ( Committee on Publication Ethics )
WAME (World Association of Medical Editors)
ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journals & Editors)
CSE (Council of Science Editors)
EASE (European Association of Science Editors)

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Some of the Major Research Reporting Guidelines
Reporting
Guidelines
PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
Reviews and Meta-analyses)
CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials)
STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of
OBservational studies in Epidemiology)
SRQR ( Standards for reporting qualitative research: a
synthesis of recommendations
MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in
Epidemiology)
STARD (STAndards for the Reporting of Diagnostic
accuracy studies)
Source: https://www.equator-network.org/

29. • Importance of Publication Ethics
▪ Enhance Institutions and Researchers Reputations
▪ Open Doors to Collaborations and Funding Body’s Interest
▪ Attract Young Researchers to Institutions/Labs
▪ Stop Waste of Resources (Time, Efforts and Money)
▪ Promotes Ethical Practices and Encourage Others to Follow
Suit
▪ Stop Dubious/Predatory Journals & Publishers
▪ Societal and Institutional Recognitions (Awards and
Accolades)
▪ Provide Facts and Figures to Counter Fake News/Narratives
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30. • India’s Policy Interventions on Research Ethics
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Source: Association of Publishers in India

31. • India’s Policy Interventions on Research Ethics
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Source: Association of Publishers in India

32. Barriers in Scholarly Publishing
& How to Overcome this by adopting
Ethical Publication Practices
Using Open Science Platforms
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34. Barriers Faced in Publishing Top LIS
Journals
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Source: Lund, B. D., Wang, T., Shamsi, A., Abdullahi, J., Awojobi, E. A., Borgohain, D. J., ... & Yusuf, A. O. (2021).
Barriers to scholarly publishing among library and information science researchers: International perspectives. Information
Development, 02666669211052522.

35. Impact of COVID-19 on Scholarly Communications
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Source: Miller, R. C., & Tsai, C. J. (2020). Scholarly Publishing in the Wake of COVID-19.

36. • Open Science Platforms
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Open
Data
Repositories
Preprints
Open Peer
Review
Systems
Open
Educational
Resources
Open Access
Publications
Scientific
Social
Networks
Open Source
Citizen
Science

37. • Preprints
▪ “A preprint is a version of a scientific manuscript
posted on a public server prior to formal peer
review. As soon as it’s posted, your preprint
becomes a permanent part of the scientific record,
citable with its own unique DOI”
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38. Distributions of COVID-19 Related Research Across Different
Publication Platforms
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39. • Preprints Benefits
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Rapid Dissemination of Research Results
Establishing Priority
Increased Attention (and Citations)
Career Advancement
Community
Unlimited and Timely Updates

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Preprints in Education

42. • Open Data Repositories
Open research data refers to the data
underpinning scientific research results
that has no restrictions on its access,
enabling anyone to access it.
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Source: https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/strategy/goals-research-and-innovation-policy/open-science/open-
science-monitor/facts-and-figures-open-research-data_en#additional-indicators

45. • Open Peer Review
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46. Scientific Social Networking Sites/Altmetrics
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47. ▪ Make Research Publication freely available to everyone
which upholds the scientific integrity
▪ Increase the visibility of your research by having
researcher profile either in Google Scholar /WoS
Researcher ID/Scopus Author ID/ORCID
▪ Share Research results in Social Media Platforms
(Twitter/FB/blogs)
▪ Create Scientific Social Networking Profile (ResearchGate)
▪ Publish your Research in Preprints/ Open Access journals
▪ Publish your Research Outcomes in Local Languages
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48. Our Initiative
Research &
Publication Support
for College Faculty
http://researchhelpgfgctdk.in/.
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49. THANKS!
Any questions?
You can mail me at:
vasanthrz@gmail.com
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