The document discusses steam turbines, including their basic components and operating principles. It describes the main types of steam turbines such as condensing, extraction, and reheat turbines. It also discusses the key parts like nozzles, blades, bearings, seals, monitoring systems, and control valves. The final section provides an overview of the typical start-up procedure for a steam turbine, including lubrication, turning, control system checks, and testing of valves before admitting steam.
This document provides an overview of steam turbine maintenance for new executives. It covers the basic working principles of steam turbines, including how they convert high pressure steam into rotational energy. It also describes different turbine types like impulse and reaction turbines. The document outlines key components like blades and discusses velocity compounding. It details various losses in steam turbines and maintenance best practices for bearings, lubrication, alignments and other aspects.
The document discusses the basics of steam turbines. It explains that steam turbines convert the potential energy of high-pressure, high-temperature steam into kinetic energy and then mechanical energy. This mechanical energy can be used to drive rotating equipment. Steam turbines are preferred in process plants because waste heat from reactions generates high-pressure steam. The document describes the main types of turbines and compares impulse and reaction turbines. It also outlines key components, safety devices, starting procedures, maintenance checks, and losses within steam turbine systems.
1. The document discusses steam turbines, including their basic definition and classification as either impulse or reaction turbines. It describes the key components and operating principles of each type.
2. Compounding is discussed as a way to reduce the extremely high rotational speeds of impulse turbines by expanding steam in multiple stages. The three main types of compounding are described.
3. The document outlines some of the main advantages of steam turbines, including their higher thermal efficiency compared to steam engines. Uniform power output and lack of initial condensation losses are also cited as advantages.
Steam turbines work by converting the energy of expanding steam into rotational motion. They have several key components and come in two main types: impulse and reaction. Impulse turbines use nozzles to direct high velocity steam onto turbine blades for impulse, while reaction turbines utilize both fixed and moving blades to expand steam. Common problems in steam turbines include stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, thermal fatigue, and pitting due to chemical attack from corrosive elements in the steam. Proper lubrication and preventing blade deterioration are important for optimizing steam turbine performance and lifespan.
This document discusses the key aspects of a 134 MW steam turbine. It begins by defining a steam turbine as a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and converts it into mechanical energy. It then provides specific design data for a 134 MW turbine, including its rated output, speed, steam conditions, number of extractions and stages. The document goes on to classify turbines based on their steam flow, type of energy conversion, compounding, cylinder arrangement, and exhaust conditions. It describes impulse, reaction, and combined impulse-reaction turbines as well as tandem and cross-compound cylinder arrangements.
The document describes the key components of a steam power plant, including:
1. The coal handling plant which includes unloading, conveying, and crushing coal.
2. The boiler, which uses water tubes or fire tubes to generate high pressure steam.
3. Turbines which convert the thermal energy of steam into rotational motion using impulse or reaction blades.
4. Condensers which cool the steam from the turbines before it returns to the boiler via feed pumps to repeat the Rankine cycle that powers the plant.
In this presentation study on the basic parts of the steam turbine as following turbine casting, turbine rotors, turbine blades, shrouds, turbine bearing device, turbine seals, turbine couplings, governor and lubrication system.
This document provides an overview of steam turbine maintenance for new executives. It covers the basic working principles of steam turbines, including how they convert high pressure steam into rotational energy. It also describes different turbine types like impulse and reaction turbines. The document outlines key components like blades and discusses velocity compounding. It details various losses in steam turbines and maintenance best practices for bearings, lubrication, alignments and other aspects.
The document discusses the basics of steam turbines. It explains that steam turbines convert the potential energy of high-pressure, high-temperature steam into kinetic energy and then mechanical energy. This mechanical energy can be used to drive rotating equipment. Steam turbines are preferred in process plants because waste heat from reactions generates high-pressure steam. The document describes the main types of turbines and compares impulse and reaction turbines. It also outlines key components, safety devices, starting procedures, maintenance checks, and losses within steam turbine systems.
1. The document discusses steam turbines, including their basic definition and classification as either impulse or reaction turbines. It describes the key components and operating principles of each type.
2. Compounding is discussed as a way to reduce the extremely high rotational speeds of impulse turbines by expanding steam in multiple stages. The three main types of compounding are described.
3. The document outlines some of the main advantages of steam turbines, including their higher thermal efficiency compared to steam engines. Uniform power output and lack of initial condensation losses are also cited as advantages.
Steam turbines work by converting the energy of expanding steam into rotational motion. They have several key components and come in two main types: impulse and reaction. Impulse turbines use nozzles to direct high velocity steam onto turbine blades for impulse, while reaction turbines utilize both fixed and moving blades to expand steam. Common problems in steam turbines include stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, thermal fatigue, and pitting due to chemical attack from corrosive elements in the steam. Proper lubrication and preventing blade deterioration are important for optimizing steam turbine performance and lifespan.
This document discusses the key aspects of a 134 MW steam turbine. It begins by defining a steam turbine as a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and converts it into mechanical energy. It then provides specific design data for a 134 MW turbine, including its rated output, speed, steam conditions, number of extractions and stages. The document goes on to classify turbines based on their steam flow, type of energy conversion, compounding, cylinder arrangement, and exhaust conditions. It describes impulse, reaction, and combined impulse-reaction turbines as well as tandem and cross-compound cylinder arrangements.
The document describes the key components of a steam power plant, including:
1. The coal handling plant which includes unloading, conveying, and crushing coal.
2. The boiler, which uses water tubes or fire tubes to generate high pressure steam.
3. Turbines which convert the thermal energy of steam into rotational motion using impulse or reaction blades.
4. Condensers which cool the steam from the turbines before it returns to the boiler via feed pumps to repeat the Rankine cycle that powers the plant.
In this presentation study on the basic parts of the steam turbine as following turbine casting, turbine rotors, turbine blades, shrouds, turbine bearing device, turbine seals, turbine couplings, governor and lubrication system.
This document provides information about steam turbines, including:
- Steam turbines convert the thermal energy of steam into rotational mechanical energy through a series of stages, with modern turbines invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
- About 90% of electricity in the US is generated using steam turbines, as the rotary motion produced is well-suited to drive electrical generators.
- Steam turbines come in a wide range of sizes, from small <0.75 kW units for pumps and compressors, to large 1,500 MW turbines for electricity generation. They can be classified in various ways such as by flow direction, number of stages, steam pressure, or governing method.
This document provides an overview of steam turbine manufacturing at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) Hyderabad. It discusses BHEL's main turbine types, the thermal power plant system, Rankine cycles, steam turbine components, compounding methods, and the manufacturing process for steam turbine blades at BHEL Hyderabad. The 201 Shop focuses on turbine manufacturing using various machine bays and production processes to fabricate turbine components from raw materials.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
This document discusses the Rankine cycle, which is a thermodynamic cycle derived from the Carnot vapor power cycle. It consists of four processes: 1) Isobaric heat supply in the boiler where water is heated to high pressure steam, 2) Adiabatic expansion of the steam in a turbine to produce work, 3) Isobaric heat rejection in the condenser where the steam is condensed back to water, and 4) Adiabatic pumping of the condensate back to the boiler to complete the cycle. The heat and work transfers are also defined for each process.
The document discusses the HP/LP bypass system used in thermal power stations. The bypass system allows live steam from the boiler to bypass the turbine and be dumped into the condenser. This allows the boiler to continue operating during turbine trips or startup before the turbine is up to temperature. It comprises HP and LP bypass valves, spray valves, and other components. The bypass system cuts startup time, allows boiler operation during trips, and helps match boiler and turbine temperatures for efficient operation.
A gas turbine uses a gaseous working fluid to generate mechanical power that can power industrial devices. It has three main parts - an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The air is compressed in the compressor, mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustion chamber, and the hot gases spin the turbine to generate power. Some applications of gas turbines include aviation, power generation, and the oil and gas industry. The efficiency of gas turbines is typically 20-30% compared to 38-48% for steam power plants.
The bowl mill uses a motor and gear system to rotate a bowl at 40-65 rpm, grinding coal into a fine powder. Hot air enters to dry the coal while heavier debris falls out of the bowl. A grinding roller assembly applies pressure and can be adjusted, while vanes inside separate finer particles from coarser ones that are returned for further grinding. Discharge valves on top can isolate the mill from the boiler for maintenance.
The document discusses turbine governing systems. The objective of turbine governing is to control the steam flow to a turbine to maintain a constant rotation speed as load varies. It describes three common types of governing: throttle, nozzle, and bypass. The key components of a hydro-mechanical governing system are then outlined, including the speed governor, pilot valves, control valves, and emergency shutdown mechanisms. Protection systems using hydraulic and electrical trips are also summarized to safely operate the turbine.
The document discusses the major components of steam turbines, including the casing, nozzles, blades, rotor, bearings, governors, and safety devices. It describes the functions of key parts like the nozzle, blades, governors, and oil pumps. It also classifies steam turbines based on the method of steam expansion, flow direction, final pressure, number of stages, and pressure. The document provides information on standards, parameter ranges, troubleshooting, and starting procedures for steam turbines.
Turbines can be either impulse or reaction turbines. Impulse turbines use nozzles to direct steam onto curved blades with a bucket-like shape, extracting energy from the steam's kinetic energy. Reaction turbines have fixed and moving blades, with the fixed blades acting as nozzles to increase the steam's velocity before it passes over the moving blades. Common impulse turbines include Pelton wheels, while common reaction turbines are Francis and Kaplan turbines. Turbines are highly efficient machines that convert the energy in fluids like steam or water into useful rotational work, and they are widely used in applications like power generation, ships, aircraft, and pumps.
Water tube boiler working and functionShahid Akram
Water tube boilers have water flowing inside tubes and gases circulating outside. They are used for high steam demands and pressures between 4,000-120,000 kg/hour. Water tube boilers have higher efficiency and steam generation capacity than fire tube boilers due to their design with water inside tubes and gases outside providing better heat transfer. They require pure feed water and more maintenance than fire tube boilers.
1) The document describes the governing system and components of a steam turbine. It includes throttle controlled governing and discusses advantages like avoiding overspeeding and adjusting droop.
2) It lists the different oils used like trip oil, auxiliary trip oil, and control oil and describes what each oil is used for like tripping the stop valve or hydraulic governing.
3) The main elements of the governing system are described including remote trip solenoids, main trip valve, speeder gear, and follow-up piston valves that control steam flow and turbine speed.
This Presentation is about working principle of Pumps.Basic Presentation regarding pumps , will definitely help beginners to learn pump types , their working , their parts etc.
Gas turbines work by compressing air, combusting fuel with the compressed air, and expanding the hot combustion gases through turbine blades to produce power. The expanded gases then exit through a nozzle. The turbine drives the compressor. Common applications include aircraft jet engines, power generation, and marine propulsion. Gas turbines can be open or closed cycle. Closed cycle turbines circulate the working fluid through the system while open cycle turbines exhaust the gases to the atmosphere after expansion. Regeneration and reheating can improve the efficiency of gas turbines. Jet engines like turbojets and turbofans use gas turbine principles to provide propulsive thrust. Ramjets rely solely on ram compression for combustion instead of using a compressor.
Construction and manufacturing of steam turbineHome
This document discusses the key components and operation of steam turbines. It describes the different types of steam turbines, including high pressure (HP), intermediate pressure (IP), and low pressure (LP) turbines. Each turbine section has a rotor, blades, and casing made of specialized materials. The rotor spins to extract energy from pressurized steam. Turbines are tested for overspeed balancing and equipped with governing systems to control steam flow and output.
Boiler Water Circulation Pumps
1 SCOPE
2 CHOICE OF TYPE AND NUMBER OF PUMPS
2.1 Need for Continuous Flow
2.2 Pump Reliability
3 CHOICE OF DRIVER
4 DUTY CALCULATIONS
5 CHOICE OF SEAL
5.1 Mechanical Seals
5.2 Soft-packed Glands
5.3 Construction Features
5.4 Guarding
6 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
6.1 Vertical Glandless Wet-stator Motor Pumps
7 LAYOUT
7.1 Non-return Valves
7.2 Reducers at Pump Connections
7.3 Glandless Pumps for System Pressures
Exceeding 60 bar abs
7.4 Access round Glandless Pumps
7.5 Cooling Water Supply
8 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAMS
8.1 Horizontal Pumps in Category 1
8.2 Vertical Wet-stator Motor Pumps in Category
APPENDICES
A PROPERTIES OF WATER AT THE SATURATION LINE
B ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
VERTICAL GLANDLESS WET-STATOR MOTOR PUMPS
C ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
HORIZONTAL BACK PULL-OUT PUMPS FOR BOILER
WATER CIRCULATION DUTY
FIGURES
3.1 NPSH CORRECTION FOR WATER
3.2 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
(NO BUBBLES)
3.3 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
(WITH 3% VAPOR CONTENT)
8.1 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - CATEGORY 1
8.2 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - SOFT PACKED GLAND INSTALLATION
8.3 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - MECHANICAL SEAL INSTALLATION
8.4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM VERTICAL WET STATOR PUMPS - CATEGORY 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The document provides an introduction and overview of governing systems for steam turbines. It defines a governing system as a control mechanism that regulates steam turbine parameters like inlet pressure and steam flow rate to enable stable power production. It describes the main types as nozzle and throttle governing and notes most LMW turbines use nozzle while KWU turbines use throttle governing. It outlines the key components of KWU turbine governing systems including control valves, pumps, speeders and more. It provides details on operating parameters and functions of different elements.
This deals with Boiler feed pumps used in power plants .
contains details about the KHI and FK series pumps , technical parameters and maintenance prctices followed for these pumps
The document presents information on impulse and reaction steam turbines. It explains that steam turbines convert the thermal energy of high temperature steam into mechanical power. Impulse turbines use nozzles to accelerate steam to high velocity, which then strikes turbine blades to rotate the shaft via momentum transfer without pressure change. Reaction turbines gradually decrease steam pressure across fixed and moving blades, extracting energy from pressure and velocity changes. The document compares the two turbine types and includes diagrams and references for further information.
A steam turbine works by transforming the potential energy of steam into kinetic energy and then into rotational mechanical energy. Steam turbines are commonly used for power generation and transport. There are two main types: impulse turbines, where steam pressure remains constant as it strikes and spins turbine blades, and reaction turbines, where steam expands and loses pressure both in nozzles and on moving blades. Impulse turbines generally have higher speeds but reaction turbines are more efficient.
This slideshare has been developed for Engineers entering the Power industry, and enthusiasts of power technology.
It covers the basic history, theory, operation and importance of steam turbines from a mechanical viewpoint.
This document provides information about steam turbines, including:
- Steam turbines convert the thermal energy of steam into rotational mechanical energy through a series of stages, with modern turbines invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
- About 90% of electricity in the US is generated using steam turbines, as the rotary motion produced is well-suited to drive electrical generators.
- Steam turbines come in a wide range of sizes, from small <0.75 kW units for pumps and compressors, to large 1,500 MW turbines for electricity generation. They can be classified in various ways such as by flow direction, number of stages, steam pressure, or governing method.
This document provides an overview of steam turbine manufacturing at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) Hyderabad. It discusses BHEL's main turbine types, the thermal power plant system, Rankine cycles, steam turbine components, compounding methods, and the manufacturing process for steam turbine blades at BHEL Hyderabad. The 201 Shop focuses on turbine manufacturing using various machine bays and production processes to fabricate turbine components from raw materials.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
This document discusses the Rankine cycle, which is a thermodynamic cycle derived from the Carnot vapor power cycle. It consists of four processes: 1) Isobaric heat supply in the boiler where water is heated to high pressure steam, 2) Adiabatic expansion of the steam in a turbine to produce work, 3) Isobaric heat rejection in the condenser where the steam is condensed back to water, and 4) Adiabatic pumping of the condensate back to the boiler to complete the cycle. The heat and work transfers are also defined for each process.
The document discusses the HP/LP bypass system used in thermal power stations. The bypass system allows live steam from the boiler to bypass the turbine and be dumped into the condenser. This allows the boiler to continue operating during turbine trips or startup before the turbine is up to temperature. It comprises HP and LP bypass valves, spray valves, and other components. The bypass system cuts startup time, allows boiler operation during trips, and helps match boiler and turbine temperatures for efficient operation.
A gas turbine uses a gaseous working fluid to generate mechanical power that can power industrial devices. It has three main parts - an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The air is compressed in the compressor, mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustion chamber, and the hot gases spin the turbine to generate power. Some applications of gas turbines include aviation, power generation, and the oil and gas industry. The efficiency of gas turbines is typically 20-30% compared to 38-48% for steam power plants.
The bowl mill uses a motor and gear system to rotate a bowl at 40-65 rpm, grinding coal into a fine powder. Hot air enters to dry the coal while heavier debris falls out of the bowl. A grinding roller assembly applies pressure and can be adjusted, while vanes inside separate finer particles from coarser ones that are returned for further grinding. Discharge valves on top can isolate the mill from the boiler for maintenance.
The document discusses turbine governing systems. The objective of turbine governing is to control the steam flow to a turbine to maintain a constant rotation speed as load varies. It describes three common types of governing: throttle, nozzle, and bypass. The key components of a hydro-mechanical governing system are then outlined, including the speed governor, pilot valves, control valves, and emergency shutdown mechanisms. Protection systems using hydraulic and electrical trips are also summarized to safely operate the turbine.
The document discusses the major components of steam turbines, including the casing, nozzles, blades, rotor, bearings, governors, and safety devices. It describes the functions of key parts like the nozzle, blades, governors, and oil pumps. It also classifies steam turbines based on the method of steam expansion, flow direction, final pressure, number of stages, and pressure. The document provides information on standards, parameter ranges, troubleshooting, and starting procedures for steam turbines.
Turbines can be either impulse or reaction turbines. Impulse turbines use nozzles to direct steam onto curved blades with a bucket-like shape, extracting energy from the steam's kinetic energy. Reaction turbines have fixed and moving blades, with the fixed blades acting as nozzles to increase the steam's velocity before it passes over the moving blades. Common impulse turbines include Pelton wheels, while common reaction turbines are Francis and Kaplan turbines. Turbines are highly efficient machines that convert the energy in fluids like steam or water into useful rotational work, and they are widely used in applications like power generation, ships, aircraft, and pumps.
Water tube boiler working and functionShahid Akram
Water tube boilers have water flowing inside tubes and gases circulating outside. They are used for high steam demands and pressures between 4,000-120,000 kg/hour. Water tube boilers have higher efficiency and steam generation capacity than fire tube boilers due to their design with water inside tubes and gases outside providing better heat transfer. They require pure feed water and more maintenance than fire tube boilers.
1) The document describes the governing system and components of a steam turbine. It includes throttle controlled governing and discusses advantages like avoiding overspeeding and adjusting droop.
2) It lists the different oils used like trip oil, auxiliary trip oil, and control oil and describes what each oil is used for like tripping the stop valve or hydraulic governing.
3) The main elements of the governing system are described including remote trip solenoids, main trip valve, speeder gear, and follow-up piston valves that control steam flow and turbine speed.
This Presentation is about working principle of Pumps.Basic Presentation regarding pumps , will definitely help beginners to learn pump types , their working , their parts etc.
Gas turbines work by compressing air, combusting fuel with the compressed air, and expanding the hot combustion gases through turbine blades to produce power. The expanded gases then exit through a nozzle. The turbine drives the compressor. Common applications include aircraft jet engines, power generation, and marine propulsion. Gas turbines can be open or closed cycle. Closed cycle turbines circulate the working fluid through the system while open cycle turbines exhaust the gases to the atmosphere after expansion. Regeneration and reheating can improve the efficiency of gas turbines. Jet engines like turbojets and turbofans use gas turbine principles to provide propulsive thrust. Ramjets rely solely on ram compression for combustion instead of using a compressor.
Construction and manufacturing of steam turbineHome
This document discusses the key components and operation of steam turbines. It describes the different types of steam turbines, including high pressure (HP), intermediate pressure (IP), and low pressure (LP) turbines. Each turbine section has a rotor, blades, and casing made of specialized materials. The rotor spins to extract energy from pressurized steam. Turbines are tested for overspeed balancing and equipped with governing systems to control steam flow and output.
Boiler Water Circulation Pumps
1 SCOPE
2 CHOICE OF TYPE AND NUMBER OF PUMPS
2.1 Need for Continuous Flow
2.2 Pump Reliability
3 CHOICE OF DRIVER
4 DUTY CALCULATIONS
5 CHOICE OF SEAL
5.1 Mechanical Seals
5.2 Soft-packed Glands
5.3 Construction Features
5.4 Guarding
6 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
6.1 Vertical Glandless Wet-stator Motor Pumps
7 LAYOUT
7.1 Non-return Valves
7.2 Reducers at Pump Connections
7.3 Glandless Pumps for System Pressures
Exceeding 60 bar abs
7.4 Access round Glandless Pumps
7.5 Cooling Water Supply
8 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAMS
8.1 Horizontal Pumps in Category 1
8.2 Vertical Wet-stator Motor Pumps in Category
APPENDICES
A PROPERTIES OF WATER AT THE SATURATION LINE
B ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
VERTICAL GLANDLESS WET-STATOR MOTOR PUMPS
C ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
HORIZONTAL BACK PULL-OUT PUMPS FOR BOILER
WATER CIRCULATION DUTY
FIGURES
3.1 NPSH CORRECTION FOR WATER
3.2 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
(NO BUBBLES)
3.3 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
(WITH 3% VAPOR CONTENT)
8.1 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - CATEGORY 1
8.2 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - SOFT PACKED GLAND INSTALLATION
8.3 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - MECHANICAL SEAL INSTALLATION
8.4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM VERTICAL WET STATOR PUMPS - CATEGORY 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The document provides an introduction and overview of governing systems for steam turbines. It defines a governing system as a control mechanism that regulates steam turbine parameters like inlet pressure and steam flow rate to enable stable power production. It describes the main types as nozzle and throttle governing and notes most LMW turbines use nozzle while KWU turbines use throttle governing. It outlines the key components of KWU turbine governing systems including control valves, pumps, speeders and more. It provides details on operating parameters and functions of different elements.
This deals with Boiler feed pumps used in power plants .
contains details about the KHI and FK series pumps , technical parameters and maintenance prctices followed for these pumps
The document presents information on impulse and reaction steam turbines. It explains that steam turbines convert the thermal energy of high temperature steam into mechanical power. Impulse turbines use nozzles to accelerate steam to high velocity, which then strikes turbine blades to rotate the shaft via momentum transfer without pressure change. Reaction turbines gradually decrease steam pressure across fixed and moving blades, extracting energy from pressure and velocity changes. The document compares the two turbine types and includes diagrams and references for further information.
A steam turbine works by transforming the potential energy of steam into kinetic energy and then into rotational mechanical energy. Steam turbines are commonly used for power generation and transport. There are two main types: impulse turbines, where steam pressure remains constant as it strikes and spins turbine blades, and reaction turbines, where steam expands and loses pressure both in nozzles and on moving blades. Impulse turbines generally have higher speeds but reaction turbines are more efficient.
This slideshare has been developed for Engineers entering the Power industry, and enthusiasts of power technology.
It covers the basic history, theory, operation and importance of steam turbines from a mechanical viewpoint.
Turbines extract energy from moving fluids and convert it to rotational energy. The main types are water, steam, gas, and wind turbines. Water turbines include impulse turbines like Pelton and cross-flow, which use jet velocity, and reaction turbines like Francis and Kaplan, which use changing fluid pressure. Steam turbines convert thermal energy from pressurized steam. Gas turbines power aircraft and generators using combustion. Wind turbines have rotors to capture kinetic wind energy and generators to produce electricity. Turbines are used widely in power generation and industrial applications.
This document discusses steam turbines, including their working principles and different types. It describes how potential energy from steam is converted to kinetic energy and then mechanical energy in a turbine. There are two main types of turbines - impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines expand steam fully in nozzles before it hits moving blades, while reaction turbines feature continuous expansion over fixed and moving blades. The document also discusses methods of compounding turbines to reduce rotor speed, including velocity, pressure, and pressure-velocity compounding.
This document presents information about turbines submitted by Rajeev Kumar Mandal. It includes an introduction defining turbines as devices that convert the kinetic, potential, or intermolecular energy of a fluid into mechanical energy of a rotating member. It then discusses the basic components and design of turbines. It classifies turbines based on their operation as either impulse turbines, which use fluid velocity changes to spin the turbine, or reaction turbines, which react to fluid pressure changes. Examples of different types of turbines are provided, including steam, gas, water, and wind turbines. The document focuses on steam turbines, explaining their use in power plants to generate electricity from coal, oil, or nuclear energy.
Basic Mechanical Engineering-Steam turbines Steve M S
Steam turbines use the pressure energy of steam to power rotation of a shaft. There are two main types: impulse turbines, where steam jet kinetic energy changes the turbine blades' momentum; and reaction turbines, where continuous steam pressure drop over fixed and moving blades provides rotational force. Compounding involves using multiple stages to reduce turbine speed for practical use, through either velocity compounding by absorbing steam kinetic energy in stages, pressure compounding by expanding steam pressure in nozzles, or a combination of both approaches in pressure-velocity compounding turbines.
The document discusses the principles of impulse and reaction steam turbines. It explains that impulse turbines use nozzles to convert steam pressure entirely into velocity before striking moving blades, while reaction turbines use both fixed and moving blades to gradually convert pressure to velocity. Compounding is also discussed as a way to achieve higher expansion ratios by dividing the expansion across multiple stages.
The document discusses the turbine protection system of a thermal power plant. It describes 13 different turbine trip conditions such as low lube oil pressure, high drum level, low main steam temperature, high exhaust steam temperature, fire protection operation, axial shift limits, low vacuum, high hydrogen cooler temperatures, high exciter air temperatures, liquid in bushings, master fuel trip, generator faults, and emergency trip from control room. It provides details on the logic, sensors, and mechanisms for each protection system to safely trip the turbine during abnormal operating conditions.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF STEAM TURBINE AND TURBINE LOSSESMohammed Sameer
This document provides an abstract for a mini-project presentation on studying and analyzing steam turbines and turbine losses at a thermal power plant (KTPS). The abstract introduces the objectives of studying steam turbine performance and evaluating turbine losses. It also briefly discusses the basic components and working of a steam turbine power plant. The document further includes sections on turbine theory, classifications, construction, components, losses, data collection and calculations for turbine efficiency.
Gas Turbine Training Power Point -SampleAli Rafiei
The document provides an overview of gas turbine evolution and components. It discusses the development of axial compressors and turbines from the 18th century ideas of John Barber and John Dumball. It then summarizes the key components of modern gas turbines, including compressors, combustion chambers, turbines, lubrication systems, and controls. Examples are given for Siemens SGT600 components like the compressor, combustion chamber, and control modes.
This document provides an overview of steam turbines, including their components, principles of operation, types, advantages, and disadvantages. A steam turbine converts thermal energy from pressurized steam into rotational mechanical energy. The main components are a casing, rotor, blades, valves, bearings and gearbox. There are two main types - impulse turbines which use nozzles to convert pressure to velocity, and reaction turbines which use stationary and moving blades for gradual pressure drop. Advantages include high efficiency, uniform power output, and lack of friction losses, while disadvantages include need for high speeds of operation and heavy components.
The document discusses steam turbines, including:
- Their basic principle of converting steam energy into rotational energy through fixed and moving blades in stages.
- The two main types: impulse turbines which use nozzles to direct steam onto rotor blades, and reaction turbines which use fixed blades to expand steam before it hits moving blades.
- Key components like the casing, rotor, blades, valves, bearings and gearbox.
- Common problems like stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and thermal fatigue.
- Impulse turbines use pressure drops in nozzles while reaction turbines utilize expanded steam from fixed blades.
How to Improve Steam Turbine Head Rate and Increase OutputMargaret Harrison
As the steam path degrades in mature steam turbines performance loss often occurs. Reducing heat rate while increasing output can have a significant impact on earning potential within the current market and today’s regulatory conditions. Improvements of 3% or more have been seen by users who have installed the full package of steam turbine seals in their units. EthosEnergy has been developing advanced turbine sealing technologies that improve efficiency and performance of steam turbines for over 30 years.
The document discusses the components and operation of condensate extraction pumps, boiler feed pumps, and turbine driven boiler feed pumps. It describes how condensate extraction pumps extract condensate from the condenser hotwell and pump it to the deaerator. It outlines the multi-stage design and sealing of boiler feed pumps used to pressurize feedwater before entering the boiler. It also provides details on the oil, feedwater, gland seal steam, and extraction steam systems involved in starting up a turbine driven boiler feed pump.
This document discusses different types of steam turbines based on their operating principles and design. Steam turbines can be classified based on how steam expands through the turbine (impulse, reaction, or a combination), the number of pressure stages, the direction of steam flow, the number of cylinders, the method of governing steam flow, the steam conditions, and their application in stationary or non-stationary systems. Common types include impulse, reaction, and mixed-flow turbines. The document compares impulse and reaction turbines and discusses methods for reducing turbine speed under varying loads.
660 mw turbo generator & its auxiliariesAshvani Shukla
This document provides an overview of the 660MW turbo-generator, its auxiliaries, and associated systems. Some key points:
- The turbo-generator has 26 concrete columns supporting its deck. The turbine hall has 3 rows of columns and 2 bays of different widths.
- The turbine is rated for 660MW and has 59 stages total across its high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure sections.
- Auxiliary systems include lube oil, seal steam, control fluid, and protection systems. Materials of construction include various steel and alloy compositions.
- Comprehensive details are given on system parameters, components, piping, instrumentation, and operations across the main turbine and auxiliary systems
This document discusses governing systems for turbines. It describes three main governing systems - nozzle governing, throttle governing, and bypass governing. It explains how governing is achieved by varying the amount of steam supplied to the turbine via control valves. Various modes, components, and functions of governing systems are outlined, including constant pressure and variable pressure modes, mechanical and electro-hydraulic transducers, turbine latching, and runback functions. The document also provides details on start-up procedures for a 150MW steam turbine-generator unit.
METHODS OF IMPROVING STEAM TURBINE PERFORMANCEVanita Thakkar
This document discusses various methods of improving the performance of steam turbines, including modifications to the Carnot and Rankine cycles. It describes the ideal Rankine cycle and limitations of using water as the working fluid. The use of superheated steam, reheat cycles, and regenerative feed heating are introduced to increase efficiency. Binary vapor cycles are proposed as an alternative working fluid to overcome some limitations of steam. Key concepts covered include Carnot, Rankine, reheat, regenerative feed heating cycles and the ideal properties desired in a working fluid.
The document provides information about steam turbines, including:
1. It discusses the history of steam turbines, from the first turbine designed by Hero of Alexandria in the 2nd century to modern developments in the late 19th century by engineers like de Laval and Parsons.
2. It explains the basic principles and operation of steam turbines, how steam is expanded through nozzles to impart momentum on turbine blades and rotate the shaft to generate power.
3. It covers different classifications of steam turbines such as impulse vs reaction, single stage vs multi-stage, direction of steam flow, and number of cylinders. Impulse turbines are discussed in more detail, including the basic impulse principle and types like simple, pressure comp
This presentation discusses steam turbines. It begins with introducing steam and its properties. It then discusses the basic steam power plant process and the Rankine cycle. It describes the main types of steam turbines as impulse and reaction turbines and explains compounding. It covers losses in steam turbines and concepts like stage efficiency and reheat factor. Velocity triangles, degree of reaction, and blade height in axial flow turbines are also summarized. The presentation provides a concise overview of key concepts and components of steam turbines.
This document provides information about a 2x55 MW captive power plant including details about the steam turbine, electrical system, cooling system, and operation procedures. The plant includes two 55 MW turbines that use steam at 60 kg/cm2 and 475°C to generate electricity. The turbines are single cylinder single shaft units mounted on a common foundation with generators. Key systems described include the turbine construction, steam distribution system, condensate system, and protection systems. Startup and shutdown procedures are also outlined.
1. A steam turbine uses the potential energy of steam to rotate a shaft. In an impulse turbine, steam expands only in fixed nozzles and strikes moving blades, changing direction but not pressure. In a reaction turbine, steam expands gradually in both fixed and moving blades as it passes over them.
2. A De Laval turbine is a simple impulse turbine with one set of nozzles. It has a high rotor speed due to absorbing all kinetic energy in one set of blades. Compounding methods like pressure and velocity compounding are used to reduce rotor speed.
3. The basic components of a steam turbine are nozzles, rotor blades, casing and shaft. Impulse turbines use the kinetic energy of steam to rotate
The document provides an overview of the major components of a steam power plant, including:
1. The boiler, which heats water into steam, and includes accessories like air preheaters, superheaters, and economizers.
2. The steam turbine, which is spun by the steam to drive an electrical generator.
3. The condenser, which condenses the steam from the turbine.
4. The feedwater pump, which pumps water back to the boiler to repeat the steam cycle.
1) Steam turbines convert the energy of high temperature and pressure steam into mechanical power by expanding steam in nozzles and directing the steam jets onto rotating blades, causing them to spin.
2) Modern turbines use a combination of impulse and reaction principles, with some pressure drop in stationary nozzles and some in moving blades.
3) Impulse turbines are efficient for high pressure steam but reaction turbines are needed for lower pressure steam where they can maintain velocity through shaped rotor blades.
Steam turbines convert heat energy from steam into rotational mechanical energy. There are two main types of steam turbines - impulse and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines expand steam in nozzles, while reaction turbines expand steam in both stationary and moving blades. Turbines require lubrication, governing, safety, and sealing systems to operate properly. Key components include turning gears to rotate turbines slowly for start up and shutdown, oil pumps and filters to lubricate bearings, control valves to govern speed, and condensers to condense exhaust steam using circulating cooling water.
This document discusses steam and gas turbines. It describes the basic parts and working principles of each. Steam turbines can be impulse, reaction, or a combination, and are classified by stage, pressure, and exhaust conditions. High pressure steam expands through nozzles to impart velocity and strike rotor blades, turning the turbine shaft. Gas turbines have an air compressor, combustor, and turbine powered by combustion gases. The compressor pressurizes air that is ignited in the combustor, and the high-velocity exhaust gases cause the turbine to rotate. Gas turbines have advantages over steam turbines like being more compact and not requiring water.
The document discusses the working principles of steam turbines. It explains that steam turbines extract thermal energy from pressurized steam to produce rotary motion. It describes the ideal Rankine cycle that steam turbines follow, involving isentropic compression, heating, expansion, and cooling processes. There are two main types - impulse turbines that convert steam pressure to velocity and reaction turbines that use both pressure and the reaction force of steam. The document classifies steam turbines and discusses their applications in power generation.
This document provides information about Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) and a summer internship completed there in the Steam Turbine Manufacturing department. It includes descriptions of:
- The basic workings of a steam turbine and how it converts thermal energy from pressurized steam into rotary motion.
- The history and development of steam turbines since ancient times.
- The main types and components of modern steam turbines, including impulse and reaction turbines.
- Details about the construction, steam flow, bearings, expansion, seals, valves, controls, and lubrication system of the specific steam turbine studied during the internship.
- An overview of the Rankine cycle that steam turbines are based on
The document summarizes the vocational training report of Shakti Kumar Singh at BHEL Haridwar. It describes the various blocks at BHEL Haridwar involved in manufacturing power equipment. Block 3 focuses on heavy machinery, turbine assembly, blades and steam turbines. It explains the working of impulse and reaction steam turbines. Different types of turbine blades for high, intermediate and low pressure turbines are discussed along with their sizes. The conclusion states that BHEL is a major contributor to industries in India and the summer training gave insights into steam turbine manufacturing processes.
This document provides information on key components and types of steam turbines. It discusses the basic components of steam turbines including the rotating wheel, buckets, nozzles and how steam is directed against the buckets to rotate the wheel. It describes the two main types of steam turbines - impulse and reaction - and how they differ in how steam expansion occurs. It also summarizes key components like the throttle valve, governor systems and emergency governors, as well as considerations for oiling systems and fire hazards at high steam temperatures.
This document discusses steam nozzles and turbines. It begins by explaining how steam nozzles convert heat energy of steam into kinetic energy in two stages. It then describes the types of steam nozzles, including convergent, divergent, and convergent-divergent nozzles. The document also covers steam turbines, including their classification into impulse and reaction turbines. It provides details on velocity diagrams and analyzing impulse and reaction turbines, including the velocity variations of steam as it passes through turbine blades.
The document summarizes the Suratgarh thermal power station located in Rajasthan, India. It has a total installed capacity of 1500 MW generated across 6 stages. It uses coal from local mines to power steam turbines that generate electricity. Raw coal is pulverized and burns in the boiler furnace to heat water and create steam. This high-pressure steam powers the turbines which are connected to generators to produce electricity. The steam is reused through reheating and condensing in a closed loop system.
The document provides information about steam turbines, including:
1) It describes different types of steam nozzles and how they convert heat energy of steam into kinetic energy.
2) It discusses classifications of steam turbines as impulse turbines and reaction turbines and how they expand steam.
3) It explains concepts like compounding, velocity diagrams, and how to analyze impulse and reaction turbines to calculate work done and power output.
This document discusses the Rankine power cycle and methods to improve the efficiency of Rankine cycle power plants. It covers the basic components and processes of the Rankine cycle, as well as more advanced cycles like reheat, regenerative, and binary vapor cycles. It also discusses supercritical cycles, combined cycle power plants, and the components and working of gas turbines. Key topics covered include turbine efficiency, increasing boiler pressure, superheating steam, and using higher temperature working fluids like mercury.
This document provides information about the Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Station located in Rajasthan, India. It has a total installed capacity of 1500 MW generated across 6 stages and 2 additional stages currently under construction. The power station uses coal from local mines which is pulverized and fired into boiler furnaces to generate high pressure steam. This steam powers steam turbines which are connected to generators to produce electricity. The document includes diagrams of the plant layout and descriptions of the main components including the boiler, steam turbine, and generator.
1) A steam turbine uses the dynamic action of steam to convert the energy of high pressure and high temperature steam into mechanical power. Steam is expanded in nozzles which converts pressure energy to kinetic energy.
2) There are two main types of steam turbines - impulse turbines which use the kinetic energy of steam and reaction turbines which use continuous pressure drop of steam as it passes through fixed and moving blades.
3) Compounding involves arranging steam expansion in multiple stages to reduce rotor speed. Methods include velocity compounding using multiple moving blades, pressure compounding with partial expansion at each nozzle, and pressure-velocity compounding combining both.
A steam power plant generates electrical power through a process of converting the chemical energy in fossil fuels into mechanical energy that drives electric generators. Coal is burned to produce steam and raise the steam's temperature and pressure in boilers. The high-pressure steam spins turbines that are coupled to generators, converting the mechanical energy to electrical energy. Steam power plants provide electric power and steam for industrial processes like manufacturing.
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
3. What is the Turbine?What is the Turbine?
TURBINE is a power machine to drive working machine such asTURBINE is a power machine to drive working machine such as
compressor, pump, electrical generator.compressor, pump, electrical generator.
Steam TurbineSteam Turbine
Gas TurbineGas Turbine
Water TurbineWater Turbine
7. Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging fromSteam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from
small <0.75 kW (<1 hp) units (rare) used as mechanical drivessmall <0.75 kW (<1 hp) units (rare) used as mechanical drives
for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, tofor pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, to
1 500 000 kW (1.51 500 000 kW (1.5 GWGW; 2 000 000 hp) turbines used to; 2 000 000 hp) turbines used to
generate electricity.generate electricity.
Selection of steam turbine type depend on the overall processSelection of steam turbine type depend on the overall process
requirement and configuration as well as project/ operationrequirement and configuration as well as project/ operation
cost reason.cost reason.
11. Steam turbine can be classified as theSteam turbine can be classified as the
following:following:
• By steam supply and exhaust conditions:By steam supply and exhaust conditions:
Back pressure Turbine or none condensing turbine.Back pressure Turbine or none condensing turbine.
Condensing Turbine.Condensing Turbine.
Extraction Steam Turbine.Extraction Steam Turbine.
Induction Steam TurbineInduction Steam Turbine
Reheat Steam TurbineReheat Steam Turbine
• By Blades and Stages design:By Blades and Stages design:
Impulse TurbineImpulse Turbine
Reaction Turbine.Reaction Turbine.
12. Non-Condensing Steam Turbine:Non-Condensing Steam Turbine:
Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely usedNon-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used
for process steam applications. The exhaust pressure is controlledfor process steam applications. The exhaust pressure is controlled
by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steamby a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam
pressure.pressure.
13. Condensing Steam TurbineCondensing Steam Turbine
Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electricalCondensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical
power plants. These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in apower plants. These turbines exhaust steam from a boiler in a
partially condensed state, typically of a quality near 90%, at apartially condensed state, typically of a quality near 90%, at a
pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser.pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser.
14. Extraction Steam Turbine:Extraction Steam Turbine:
In an extracting type turbine, steam is released from variousIn an extracting type turbine, steam is released from various
stages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sentstages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sent
to boiler feed water heater to improve overall cycle efficiency.to boiler feed water heater to improve overall cycle efficiency.
Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve, or leftExtraction flows may be controlled with a valve, or left
uncontrolled.uncontrolled...
15. Induction Steam TurbineInduction Steam Turbine
Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at anInduction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an
intermediate stage to produce additional power.intermediate stage to produce additional power.
16. Reheat Steam TurbineReheat Steam Turbine
In a reheat turbine, steam flow exits from a high pressure sectionIn a reheat turbine, steam flow exits from a high pressure section
of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additionalof the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional
superheat is added. The steam then goes back into ansuperheat is added. The steam then goes back into an
intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues itsintermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its
expansion. Using reheat in a cycle increases the work outputexpansion. Using reheat in a cycle increases the work output
from the turbine and also the expansion reaches conclusionfrom the turbine and also the expansion reaches conclusion
before the steam condenses, there by minimizing the erosion ofbefore the steam condenses, there by minimizing the erosion of
19. Impulse Steam TurbineImpulse Steam Turbine
On Impulse Turbine a thermal expansion take place only in theOn Impulse Turbine a thermal expansion take place only in the
nozzles and static energy is converted to the kinetic energynozzles and static energy is converted to the kinetic energy
There is no pressure different at inlet and outlet of blades onThere is no pressure different at inlet and outlet of blades on
the rotor, because the thermal expansion only in the nozzles. Itthe rotor, because the thermal expansion only in the nozzles. It
means no thrust force acting on the rotor disc.means no thrust force acting on the rotor disc.
20. Reaction Steam TurbineReaction Steam Turbine
Reaction stage
Thermal expansion occurs both in the nozzles and blades. The impulse force
comes from the kinetic energy which is converted in the nozzles, and
reaction force created in the blades comes due to decreasing steam pressure.
These two forces produce the rotation torque of the blades on the rotor. On
this type, differential pressure between the inlet and outlet of blades
generates thrust force to turbine shaft. Therefore, to reduce the thrust force
acting on the shaft, shaft diameter is equal to the diameter of the blade root,
and blades are mounted on shaft directly.
22. Actually, Steam turbine using in the refineries are combined impulse andActually, Steam turbine using in the refineries are combined impulse and
reaction to get more advantages and less disadvantagesreaction to get more advantages and less disadvantages
40. Function of Trip Throttle Valve (TTV)Function of Trip Throttle Valve (TTV)
Adjustment of steam flow to turbine duringAdjustment of steam flow to turbine during
start-up.start-up.
Close valve quickly as the pressure ofClose valve quickly as the pressure of
control oil lose due to interlock trip ofcontrol oil lose due to interlock trip of
turbine or push the button trip.turbine or push the button trip.
Partial stroke test of TTV.Partial stroke test of TTV.
41. Trip Valve and Control ValveTrip Valve and Control Valve
47. Condensing system(Cond)Condensing system(Cond)
• Air in condenser is sucked by steam ejector and send to inter coolerAir in condenser is sucked by steam ejector and send to inter cooler
together with ejector driving steam. In inter cooler steam is cooltogether with ejector driving steam. In inter cooler steam is cool
down by condensed water and convert to water and returns todown by condensed water and convert to water and returns to
condeser through siphon tube.condeser through siphon tube.
• Air in inter cooler is suck again by steam ejector and send to afterAir in inter cooler is suck again by steam ejector and send to after
cooler and only water in after cooler return to condenser throughcooler and only water in after cooler return to condenser through
steam trap and air goes to outside.steam trap and air goes to outside.
48. Assume that:
- Steam stream meets all the conditions about pressure and
temperatue before to be taken to turbine.
- All the systems including: electrical, control, pneumatic system,
closed cooling water system, condensate system, feed water
system, boiler) in normal operation condition. No more failure on
the devices
The steps for starting turbine as following:
Start-up Procedure
OPERATION
49. 1. Placing the turbine lubrication oil system in service:
- Start one duty pump and place the remain in spare
- Test change over
- Check parameter: pressure,temperature, condition of cooler,
filter..
50. 2. Running turning gear system:
- Turning gear is done before start up and after shutdown turbine.
- The turning gear times depend on the outage duration of turbine
(start up) or metal temperature (shutdown), may be from severe
hours to one day in case of start up.
Less than one day: 2 hours
Up to7 days: 6 hours
Up to 30 days: 12 hours
Over 30 days: 24 hours
Normally, a motor is used for turning gear. The turning speed varies
from above ten rpm to hundred rpm.
51. 3. Placing the turbine governing system (or EHC)
in service:
- Start the hydraulic pump, check header pressure
- Check condition of valve and pipe is not abnormal
- Trip test (by push Emergency stop button)
- Setting initial loading (for generator driven) or no-load
speed (compressor or pump driven) and loading limiter
(gradient)
52. 4. Pre-runup checks of turbine valves
- In order to detect valve malfunction before steam admitted to the
turbine
- If having any problem in valve operation , it must be repaired
before turbine start up
- The valves are tested including stop valves and control valves
- During the valve checks, the turbine isolating valves close to
prevent steam flow through the turbine. Once valve completely
checked, these valve open to allow steam flow to the emergency
stop valve.
53. 5. Place the condensate cooling water (ccw) system
in service:
-Start ccw pump, check the parameters
-Place the condensate cleaning system in service
-Place vacumn the primary system (for water box) in service
(if installed)
-Monitoring parameters..
54. 6. Place the gland sealing steam system in service:
- To sealing turbine before pulling condensate vacumn
- Before start up, gland sealing steam is extracted from the
live steam system ( or auxiliary steam systeam) and
decreased both pressure and temperature (pressure: sligher
than atmospheric about 30-40 mbar, temperature: different
from metal temperature about 50oC)
- Check the gland steam condenser in normal condition
55. 7. Pulling condenser vacumn:
Doing before start up:
-To reduce the tendency of the LP turbine exhause to overheat
-To prevent excessive flow – induced vibration of moving
blades in the turbine last stage
Activities:
-Start the vacumn pumps or ejectors.
-Monitoring the condensate pressure below 150 mbara
56. 8. Placing the LP turbine exhaust cooling system in
service:
- Supply the cooling spray water to protect the LP turbine last
stages, condensate tubes from overheating when turbine
exhaust temperature is high.
- The control valve will open and closing base on exhaust
temperature.
57. 9. Turbine warm-up
-To reduce thermal stress caused by temperature different
between live steam and turbine metal
-Normally, a control valve is used to extract steam from live
steam and taken to the turbine. The temperature rising of
turbine metal is limited and depend on the initial turbine metal
temperature, may from 30-100o
C/hour.
-After temperature different between live steam and turbine
metal below 50o
C, can finish warm-up step.
58. 10. Start - up turbine:
Base on initial turbine metal temperature, can classify 3 start up
modes:
- Cold start: Turbine metal temperature < 150o
C
- Warm start: Turbine metal temperature :150o
C - 410o
C
- Hot start: Turbine metal temperature > 410o
C
59. Before start up, operators must carefully check performance of all the
system concerned are normal and ready, example: vacumn pressure,
lube oil pressure and temperature, position of drain valve….
-Setting the speed target, run up rate, initial loading, holding speed,
warm up time.. base on mismatch diagram. Carefully check in case of
auto-setting.
-Press start button to run up turbine.
-The control valve will slowly open and steam flow to the turbine for
rotary
-Turning gear disengaged and turbine run up base on start up curve.