Density Based Traffic System with Emergency Override

Density based Traffic system with Emergency Override 2016-17
Dept. of ECE, SCE Page 1
A PROJECT REPORT
On
Density Based Traffic System with Emergency Override using RFID
Submitted to
Visvesvaraya Technological University
Belgavi, Karnataka – 590014
in Partial fulfillment for the award of degree in
Bachelor of Engineering
During VIII Semester of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
for the academic year 2016-17
Submitted by
Sharique Anwar 1SG13EC099
Vivek Kumar Singh 1SG12EC120
Saroj Kumar Singh 1SG13EC097
Vikas Mudgal 1SG13EC121
Under the guidance of
Mrs. Vani V.
(Asst. Professor, Dept. of ECE, SCE)
2016-17
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
14/5, Chikkasandra, Hesaraghatta Main Road, Bengaluru– 560057

SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
14/5, Chikkasandra, Hesaraghatta Main Road, Bengaluru– 560057
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC SYSTEM
WITH EMERGENCY OVERRIDE USING RFID” carried out by Mr. Sharique
Anwar(1SG13EC099), Vivek Kumar Singh(1SG12EC120), Saroj Kumar
Singh(1SG13EC097), Vikas Mudgal(1SG13EC121) bonafide students of 8th Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering in partial fulfillment for the award
of Bachelor of Engineering in Sapthagiri College of Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belgavi during the year 2016-17. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the
report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project work prescribed for the said
Degree.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the
Principal
Mrs. Vani V. Mrs. Sandhya Rani M.H Dr. Aswatha Kumar M.
Asst. Professor H.O.D Principal
Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE SCE, Bengaluru
SCE, Bengaluru SCE, Bengaluru
External Viva
Name of the examiners Signature with
date
1.
2.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant
guidance and encouragement ground my efforts with success.
We would like to profoundly thank the Management of Sapthagiri College of
Engineering for providing such a healthy environment for successful completion of the
Project work.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our Principal Dr. Aswatha Kumar M. for
his encouragement that motivated us for successful completion of the Project work.
We wish to express our gratitude to Mrs. Sandhya Rani M.H., Associate Professor &
HOD of Electronics and Communication Engineering for providing a good working
environment and for her constant support and encouragement.
It gives us great pleasure in placing on record a deep sense of gratitude to our guide
Mrs. Vani V., Asst. Professor, Dept of ECE, for her expert guidance, initiative and
encouragement that led us throughout our Project work.
We would like to thank the teaching and non teaching staff members of Electronics and
Communication Dept. who have helped us directly or indirectly during the Project work..
And lastly we would hereby acknowledge and thank our parents who have been a
source of inspiration and also instrumental in the successful completion of the Project
work.
Sharique Anwar
(1SG13EC099)
Vivek Kumar Singh
(1SG12EC120)
Saroj Kumar Singh
(1SG13EC097)

Vikas Mudgal
(1SG13EC121)
Abstract
With the increase in human population in cities and therefore number of vehicles,
traffic control signals have been playing significant role in managing traffic flow in cities.
It provides safety and convenience to both drivers and pedestrians.
However, traditional traffic control signals fails in time management, as it
allocates equal time slots to each road it is managing. This creates unnecessary waiting
for drivers, which could not be endurable in every case, as being in time, is important to
everyone.
A density based traffic control signal prototype with emergency override based on
Bluetooth technology is proposed in this project. The proposed project allocates different
time slots to each road according to vehicle density; thereby providing time management.
The project incorporates priority based traffic signal management for high density lanes
and emergency vehicles. An additional safer alternative for pedestrians crossing the road
is provided; wherein based on priority the traffic signal goes red while pedestrians request
to cross the road.
Thus the project implements a prototype for automatic and safer traffic signal
management system based on emergency; which can be further used on a larger scale in
real time for better and safer roads using RFIDs.

Contents
Chapter 1
1. Introduction
1
Chapter 2
2. Literature Review
5
2.1 CCTV and Speed Cameras
5
2.2 Triangular Method or Floating Car Data
6
2.3 Vehicle Re-Identification
7
2.4 GPS based Methods
7
2.5 Emergency Vehicle Notification System
8
2.6 Inductive Loop Detection
8
2.7 Bluetooth Detection
8
2.8 Sensing Technologies
9
Chapter 3
3. Design And Specifications
10
3.1 Problem Statements
10
3.2 Existing Methods
11

3.2.1 Area Traffic Control System
12
3.2.2 Urban Traffic Control System
13
3.3 Proposed Smart Traffic Junction
13
Chapter 4
4. Hardware Desciption
15
4.1.1 Block Diagram
15
4.1.2 Circuit Diagram
16
4.2 Bluetooth Module
16
4.3 IR Sensors
18
4.4 Arduino Mega 2560
20
4.5 16*2 LCD Display
24
4.6 Switch
25
4.7 Light Emitting Diode
26
4.7.1 LED Driver Circuit
28
Chapter 5
5. Software Implementations
29

5.1 Software Requirements
29
5.2 Flow Diagram
30
5.3 Algorithm
31
Chapter 6
6. Implementation and Results
32
Chapter 7
7. Applications and Advantages
36
7.1 Applications
36
7.2 Advantages
36
Chapter 8
8. Conclusion and Future Scope
37
8.1 Conclusion
37
8.2 Future Scopes
37
References
39
Appendix
41

List of Figures
Title
Pages
Fig. 1.1 Overview of Density Based Traffic Signal with Emergency Override 3
Fig. 1.2 Flow of traffic at a cross junction 4
Fig. 3.1 Traffic Density Measurement 14
Fig. 4.1 Block Diagram of density based 15
traffic control system with emergency override
Fig. 4.2 Circuit Diagram 16
Fig. 4.3 Bluetooth Module HC-05 17
Fig. 4.4 IR Sensor 20
Fig. 4.5 Arduino Mega 2560 21
Fig. 4.6 Pin Configuration of Arduino Mega 2560 23
Fig. 4.7 LCD Display 25
Fig 4.8 Switch 26
Fig. 4.9 Light Emitting Diode 26
Fig. 4.10 LED Driver Circuit 27
Fig. 5.1 Flow Diagram of Density Based Traffic Junction with Emergency Override 31
Fig. 6.1 Normal Traffic Light System 33
Fig. 6. 2 Status of Traffic Signal at the time of Heavy Density of Vehicles 34
Fig. 6. 3 Status of LCD Display at the time of Emergency 34
Fig. 6.4. Status of Traffic Lights at the time of turning on Switch 35

Abbreviations
1. AC Alternating Current
2. AI Artificial Intelligence
3. ASK Amplitude Shift Keying
4. ATCS Area Traffic Control System
5. CCS Central Control System
6. CCTV Close Circuit Television
7. DC Direct Current
8. DVD Digital Video Disk
9. FSK Frequency Shift Keying
10. GPS Global Positioning System
11. ICT Information &
Communication .
Technology
12. IR Infra- Red
13. LCD Liquid Crystal Display
14. LED Light Emitting Diode
15. NMT Non-Motorized Transport
16. PCB Printed Circuit Board
17. PSTN Public Switching Telephone
Network
18. PWM Pulse Width Modulation
19. RF Radio Frequency
20. RTC Real Time Clock
21. SMT Surface Mount Technology
22. UDP User Datagram Protocol
23. UTCS Urban Traffic Control System
24. WML Wireless Markup Language

Chapter 1
Introduction
Transportation has been instrumental in the global economic growth since the earliest
civilizations known to man and efficient traffic management has a major impact on the
country’s economy. We have to face with many problems one of which is traffic
congestion becoming more serious day after day. It is said that the high volume of
vehicles, the inadequate infrastructure and the irrational distribution of the development
are main reasons for increasing traffic jam. The major cause leading to traffic congestion
is the high number of vehicle which was caused by the population and the development of
economy. Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases,
and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing.
The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand
is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic
stream, these results in some congestion .As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or
of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are
fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic
snarl-up. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road
rage impacts in check. The goal of Intelligent Traffic Management system is to achieve
improvements in mobility, safety and productivity of transport system through integrated
applications of advanced monitoring, communication, display and control process
technologies both in the vehicle as well as on the road. The advent of ICT during
Industrial Revolution led to faster, or productive management of resources worldwide [3].
However, the Industrial Revolution also resulted in huge improvements in road
construction and cheaper vehicles. Over the past few years, the exponential increase in
urban population and vehicle ownership has led to a substantial increase in traffic
congestion. Hence, there arose a need to integrate ICT with transport infrastructure and
vehicle to form a background for ITS which were expected to deal with traffic congestion
problems throughout the world very efficiently.[4]
ITS mainly make use of Artificial Intelligence AI for the purpose of automation
minimal human intervention. Vehicle detection technologies are ITS based and are used
for vehicle actuated signal control. Actuated control implies the dependence of signal

cycle length, phase split and even phase sequence on the vehicle actuations registered at
detectors and sensors. It is a type of traffic responsive signal control in which signal
receives inputs that reflect current traffic conditions and use this data to automatically
create an optimal timing plan for the crossing. These signals receive data from vehicle
detectors placed at the crossing and modify the default timing plan accordingly. As per
information available from ministry of road transport and highways, India, over 130,000
deaths annually, the country has overtaken China and has the worst road traffic accident
rate worldwide. Experts say that it might be higher considering the case of under
reporting.
It is rated that 13 people die every hour in road accidents and majority of the
victims fall under the active age group 25-32. Losing the earning number of families
would be disastrous for their families. India loses about $30 billion to road accident. Most
of the time, accidents are blamed upon drivers, calling it aggressive or over speeding. But
if the equipment meant for road safety is working perfectly then accidents should not
occur even in the case of wrong driver behavior because such equipment should have
been designed only after considering all affecting factors [2].
In considering the traffic signals, which are placed at road junctions to regulate the
flow of traffic, cannot be simply at any intersection. Each intersection has its own unique
characteristics. The traffic engineer designs the signal only after studying all of the
characteristics and analyzing the various possible scenarios. The problem arises when the
earlier assumed scenarios do not match with real time scenarios. Hence, it is a method to
solve the problem of invisibility of traffic signal caused by huge vehicles blocking the
view, prevent traffic congestion at toll gate and highways. The system comprising of an
Arduino which is installed at major traffic junctions and is programmed to connect to
each automobile passing by with the help of IR sensors. In case of emergency vehicles
like Ambulance or fire brigade, a Bluetooth/Wi-fi module is connected so that it can send
signals to signal posts and display status on the LCD and allow it to get pass through the
signals stopping all other vehicles. If a pedestrian is in emergency and want to cross the
road, then a switch is installed so that by pressing of it, the signals become red and he can
cross the road easily.
The traffic lights ensure that vehicles from every direction get a chance to proceed
through intersection in an orderly fashion. Normally, the traffic lights are programmed for

particular time intervals. But, in day-to-day life, it has been observed that traffic on one
side on a two way road is predominantly more when compared to the other. In such
situation, programming equals interval of time for both types of traffics, attributes to
congestion during hours of heavy traffic, making traffic delays.
Theoretical views of different applications implemented through this project work are as
follows:
Fig. 1.1 Overview of Density Based Traffic Signal with Emergency Override
The advantages of this project are road congestion is reduced, road which is
heavily dense is given high priority and released first thus saving time of larger number of
passengers, helps in violating traffic rules, reduced man power and further allow any kind
of emergency vehicle to pass through the signals by turning the green light on of that lane
and allow pedestrians to cross the road in case of any emergency by pressing the switch,
as shown in fig. 1.1[4].

Fig. 1.2 Flow of traffic at a cross junction

Chapter 2
Literature Review
The traffic pattern on Indian roads is highly heterogeneous in nature. There are around 30
billion vehicles in India growing at the rate of 15-17% annually. The probability of
accidents is also increasing. Average number of roads accidents per thousand is around 23
which is highest in the world. Buses and trucks are responsible for 43% of accidents [1].
K.M. Yousef et al [3] in his paper has developed an adaptive traffic control system
based on a traffic infrastructure using wireless sensor network to control the flow of
traffic. They also developed an intelligent traffic controller to control the operation of the
traffic infrastructure supported by WSN. It senses the traffic and dynamically changes the
traffic lights through wireless transmission. It only adds convenience to already existing
traffic light system and not safety.
W. Wen [5] in his paper has proposed a framework for a dynamic and automatic
traffic light control system. They paste RFID tags on cars and us RFID reafers to make
note of that number of cars, average speed, traffic flow etc. and store in a database by
passing the information wireless. This database is later used to control the traffic signal
lights, which helps in reduction of traffic congestion.
P. Sinhmar [4] has proposed in his paper a solution to reduce the number of traffic
jams with the help of IR transmission and microcontroller. The IR transmistter and
receiver is to count the number of vehicles passing and decision to change the traffic
delay is made by microcontroller based on the collected information. Such a system is
useful in getting accurate statistics and helps in designing better traffic signal lights.
A number of intelligent transport system technologies were developed to allow
safe and easy transportation. They vary from basic management system such as CCTV
systems, triangular method, GPS based traffic system, Bluetooth detection and sensing
technologies.
2.1. CCTV and Speed Cameras
M. Kilger [16] has suggested in his paper that CCTV and speed cameras can track the
speeding vehicles in a periphery of 1Km but they will not be able to prevent immediate

accidents and they do not take immediate actions. The number plate recognition system
tracks the vehicle of rash driver but by the time the vehicle is recognized and cops arrive
at the spot there is a possibility that the person speeding up might have already
encountered an accident.
The images used in this work are grey scale, 320*240 pixels and sampled five
times per second. The resolution and sample rate are selected to provide sufficient detail
in images to identify individual vehicles and to capture sequential images rapidly enough
so that individual vehicles can be tracked between images without pattern recognition
techniques.
2.2. Triangular Method or Floating Car Data
S. Brietenberger has proposed in his paper that in developed countries, a high proportion
of cars contain one or more mobile phones. These phones periodically transmit their
present location information to the mobile network even when no voice connection is
established. In mid-2000’s attempts were made to use mobile phones as anonymous
traffic probes [10].
Floating car data are positions of vehicles traversing city throughout the day. The
most common type of FCD comes from taxis and delivery vehicles which are on main
arterial roads and highways throughout most of the day. The second approach has many
positive and negative attributes that must be dealt with to provide accurate travel time
interference. First, FCD is the most inexpensive data to attain, since many vehicles
automatically gather this data on their vehicles for logistics purpose. Second, positions are
accurate, since GPS is used and it has high accuracy. There are many disadvantages as
well. First, FCD is usually sampled in frequency, on the order of 2-3 minutes. The reason
for this is that taxi or delivery companies do not need such as time granularity of their
vehicle position. Therefore preprocessing needs to take place in order to snap the sets of
points onto the proper streets with possibility what multiple paths for given road network.
Keeping all this in mind, constructing more and more accurate travel time predictions can
be fruitful with various issues to tackle [7].
With the increase in congestion there is more number of cars, more mobiles and
more problems. Triangular method is complicated especially in areas where same mobiles

phone tower server two or more parallel routes. By 2010, popularity of triangular method
was declining.
2.3. Vehicle Re-Identification
It started in 1954 and was standardized in 1981 by National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration. Ramchandran R.P. [10] has proposed in his paper that identifications
performed using a nearest neighbor classifier and a linear fusion stratergy. The fusion of
multiple detector signals is shown to improve vehicle-identification accuracy slightly and
provides system redundancy.
In their investigation into the feasibility of using multi detector fusion for traffic
surveillance, a feature based on color information from video camera is used to augment
the inductive feature obtained from inductive loop detectors. Inductive signatures are
unique deviations in the inductance of a loop detector caused by the passing of a vehicle.
Inductive loop detectors are prevalent in cities all over the world. Their investigation
using color from video is performed for following reasons.
Video cameras and video detection are becoming more popular. Color
Information is not correlated with inductive signature information. Color can be extracted
to derive. Color can be verified visually and color is used with signature information to
increase identification accuracy. Since their investigation is performed using video
footage, this is not optimized for vehicle for vehicle identification and no calibrated
loops, better results can be expected in the future with the use of improved video imaging
and loop detection [11].
2.4. GPS Based Methods
An increasing number of vehicles are equipped with in-vehicle GPS systems that have 2-
way communication with traffic data provider. Position readings from these vehicles are
used to compute vehicle speeds.
X. D. Zhang has proposed in his paper that a GPS is a space-based radio
positioning system that combines computer techniques to provide 24- hour three-
dimensional position, velocity and time information to suitably equipped users anywhere
on or off the Earth. The car GPS navigation system finds the way easily and quickly.
While driving on an unfamiliar road or being caught by heavy traffic, the most convenient

and fastest way yo get to destination is to use a GPS system. Through the satellites, car
GPS navigation systems are able to show other possible routes to the destination [12].
2.5. Emergency Vehicle Notification System
J. Claswson [13] has proposed in his paper that in-vehicle e-call is an emergency call
generated manually by the vehicle occupants or automatically via activation of in-vehicle
sensors after the accidents. When activated, the in-vehicle e-call device establishes an
emergency call carrying both voice and data directly to the nearest emergency point or the
nearest public safety answering point. The data contains information about the incident,
including time, precise location, direction of vehicle travelling and vehicle identification
which helps in aid reaching the person within minutes of accident.
2.6. Inductive Loop Detection
Inductive loops can be placed in a roadbed to detect vehicles as they pass through the
loop’s magnetic field. The simplest detectors simply count the number of vehicles during
a unit of time typically 60 seconds in the United States, that pass over the loop, while
more sophisticated sensors estimate the speed, class of vehicles and distance between
them. Loops can be placed in a single lane or across multiple lanes and they work with
very slow or stopped vehicles as well as vehicles moving at high speed.
The inductive loop system behaves as a tuned electrical circuit in which the loop
wire and lead-in cables are the inductive elements. When a vehicle passes over the loop or
is stopped within the loop, the vehicle induces eddy currents in the wire loops, which
decrease their inductance. The decreased inductance actuates the electronics unit output
relay or solid state optically isolated output, which sends a pulse to the traffic signal
controller signifying the passage or presence of a vehicle [8].
2.7. Bluetooth Detection
Bluetooth is an accurate and inexpensive way to measure travel time and make
origin and destination analysis. Bluetooth is a wireless standard used to communicate
between electronic devices like mobile phones, smart phones, headsets, navigation
systems and computers etc. Bluetooth road sensors are able to detect Bluetooth MAC
addresses from Bluetooth devices in passing vehicles. If these sensors are interconnected

they are able to calculate travel time and provide for origin and destination matrices [11].
Compared to other traffic measurement technologies, Bluetooth has differences:
Accurate measurement points with absolute confirmation to provide to second
travel times. In non-intrusive, which can lead to lower cost installations for both
permanent and temporary sites?
It is limited to how many Bluetooth devices are broadcasting in a vehicle so
counting and other applications are limited. Systems are generally quick to set up with
little to no calibration needed.
Since Bluetooth device becomes more prevalent on board vehicles and with more
portable electronics broadcasting, the amount of data collected over time becomes more
accurate and valuable for travel time and estimation purposes.
2.8. Sensing Technologies
Technological advances in telecommunication and information technology, coupled with
ultramodern state of art microchip, RFID Radio frequency identification and inexpensive
intelligent beacon sensing technologies, have enhanced the technical capabilities that will
facilitate motorist safety benefits for intelligent transportation systems globally. Sensing
systems for ITS are vehicle and infrastructure based network systems, i.e. intelligent
vehicle technologies [11].
Infrastructure sensors are indestructible such as in-road reflectors devices that are
installed or embedded in the road or surround the road e.g., on buildings, posts and signs
as required and may be manually disseminated during preventive road construction
maintenance or by sensor injection machinery for rapid deployment. Vehicle sensing
systems include deployment of infrastructure to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure
electronic beacons for identification communications and may also empty video
automatic number plate recognition or vehicle magnetic signature detection technologies
at desired intervals to increase sustained monitoring of vehicles operating in critical
zones.

Chapter 3
Design and Specification
3.1. Problem Statement
Due to the ever increasing population of motor vehicles in modern developed
industrialized and urban areas, traffic congestion is recognized as one of the major
problems. Travelling to different places within the city is becoming more difficult, there
is a loss in productivity from workers, trade opportunities are lost, delivery gets delayed
and thereby the cost goes on increasing which ultimately leads to frustration and
imbalanced life.
Urban traffic control is one of the most challenging problems of the day. Roads
and highways are unlikely to, expand much due to cost and dwindling land supply, so
intelligent systems such as advanced traffic signal control is critical for operating current
roadway systems at maximum capacity. In a street network with poorly timed traffic
signals, fuel consumed by vehicles stopping and idling accounts for approximately 40%
of network wide vehicular fuel consumption [1]. Most of the junctions have reached a
bottleneck stage. The case is evident from commuting experiences and the statistical
surveys revealing the face that there are at least 34.77 lakh vehicles, 71% are two
wheelers, 16% cars and 3% autos in a city like Bangalore alone [2]. Road traffic control
strategies like pre-timed, progression schemes, actuated, semi actuated control, traffic
response, adaptive control strategies have inherent limitations even today [3]. What is
needed is an inexpensive model with less human intervention to control traffic. A perfect
proportion of civilization and decentralization of control process is required. Complete
central control on a network is not feasible due to reasons stated in [4].
The traditional public policy measures to relieve congestion is widening of the
roads which carry heavy traffic and building of new roads. These measures are not only
costly but also inefficient because of the acute shortage of space available for road
construction in the over-crowded metropolitan cities. Hence there is a need to change the
system rather than making new infrastructure twice. Therefore many countries are
working on efficiently managing their existing transportation systems to render improved

mobility and safety. By enhancing public transport, route guidance systems, traffic signal
improvements and incident management, congestion can be reduced greatly.
In typical conventional traffic light controller, there are so many problems occurs
which are mentioned below:
Heavy traffic jams with increasing number of vehicles on the road and heavy traffic
congestion problem is increased in cities. This usually happens in the morning and in the
evening. Due to this, people spend unnecessary time on the road. By developing the
program with different setting delay for different junctions, these problems can be solved.
Even car struck in a traffic jam at traffic light junction, a road user waiting for
traffic light is a solution to this problem which detects traffic light. It can cause the
emergency case become complicated.
The proposed traffic control of vehicles system solves this problem in the most
effective way. When an emergency car came and number of vehicles are present in front
of emergency car then system give green signal to pass the emergency and hence for it
will give a particular time period to pass the signals.
3.2. Existing Method
Traffic pattern on Indian roads is highly heterogeneous in nature. There are around 30
million vehicles in India which are growing at the rate of 15-17% annually. The 23
metros contribute towards 35% of the total motor vehicles in the country. In terms of
numbers on road two-wheelers dominate the scene with about 65% of the share in total
number of vehicles whereas in terms of percent share of trips, buses cover maximum
passenger kms of about 36% of total. Vehicular ownership is very low in this country
with only 26 vehicles per thousand of population as against 533, 546, 623, 615 and 197
motor vehicles per 1000 of population in France, Germany, Malaysia and Singapore
respectively.
In India, work trips are the most important component of traffic demand during
peak hours of the day. Transport demand is likely to increase by about 2.5 times from
1991 to 2010 in large metros and other medium sized cities by 3-3.5 times. Indian traffic
and transport system has a number of drawbacks which causes problems of delays,
unsafely, pollution and inadequate parking. Average number of road accidents per

thousand of vehicles is around 23, which is one of the highest in the world. NMT are
involved in about 6065% of the road accidents and share of pedestrians is also very high
standing at about 40% [5].
3.2.1 Area Traffic Control System
ATCS is an indigenous solution for Indian Road Traffic, which optimizes traffic signal,
covering a set of roads for an area in a city. It is an intelligent traffic signal control system
that use data from vehicle detectors and optimize traffic signal settings in an area to
reduce vehicle delays and stops. The control system operates in real time with the
capacity to calculate optimal cycle time and feeds input to traffic controllers with a
different set of stage timings. The timing plans of traffic controller change automatically
to reduce stoppage time, which in turn reduces overall journey time. The road traffic
controllers can be connected to ATCS server through managed leased line network. Thus
traffic monitoring over an area can be made possible from a central location. The system
facilitates storing of traffic data for individual junctions over a period of days, including
traffic pattern during peak hours, which enables traffic engineers to view and analyzing
the same [7].
The original technology on ATCS was developed by centre for Development of
Advanced Computing, Thiruvananthpuram, WML is manufacturing the same and have
supplied more than 200 controllers in cities such as Pune, Jaipur and Ahmedabad. The
system supplied so far is working satisfactorily at different environmental conditions and
hence filed proven. Traffic Signal Controllers are the electronic equipment kept at the
junction to control duration of traffic signals. The controllers are designed using
microprocessor based control circuits and can be operated in any one of the following
modes e. g. Fixed time mode, Demand actuated mode, Forced flash mode etc. [7].
The function of the vehicle detector is to identify the presence or passage of
vehicles and provide input for traffic actuated signal control systems. Different types of
vehicle detectors are currently available, but among them, the most popular and
economical one is the conventional inductive loop vehicle detectors. The sensor loop is
embedded on the pavement consisting of one or more turns of wire. Metallic parts of the
vehicle resting or passing over the sensor loop get unbalanced the tuned circuit detector
local oscillator resulting in detection. The size, shape and configuration of the loop vary

considerably depending upon the specific application. The loop sensors, vehicle detectors
together with control electronics sense the traffic load at the junction.
The communication network is the intermediate part which helps to communicate
between the central control station and remote end junction controller. After analyzing the
overall traffic flow in the corridor or in a city, the central control station updates the time
plan to each and every junction controller through this UDP Internet Protocol based
network communication link. The CCS consists of ATCS server, Operator Consoles,
external storage device and projection etc. All traffic signal controllers are connected to
CCS over managed leased line network at 64 Kbps. The status of individual junction
controller, their loaded timing plan and stage utilization timings can be viewed at a
glance from this central location.
3.2.2. Urban Traffic Control System
The WML’s UTCS is a microprocessor based Road Traffic Control System with fixed
time and Demand Actuated Control. The UTCS can be used as an independent system at
isolated intersections or as part of synchronized chain of controllers for coordinated
control of traffic. The UTCS supports both cabled and cable less CLF synchronization. It
uses highly accurate crsytal oscillator for the drift free operation of its real time clock for
rime synchronization. Alternatively, the time synchronization can be achieved through
GPS or broadcast from a central computer over PSTN line. The UTCS supports group
level programming and has facilities to monitor Green-Green conflict and lamp burnout at
software and hardware level. Controller has LCD Display with LED back lighting which
gives very good visibility at outdoors.
The junction specific plans can be entered either through a built-in PC/AT
keyboard or through the serial interface. Remote monitoring and control of UTCS
controller is possible through dial up telephone network from a central computer. This
facility supports plan entry from the remote computer [7].
3.3 Proposed Smart Traffic Junction
Fig 3.1 shows the block diagram of proposed system which comprises of Arduino, IR
sensor, LCD display, LEDs, and a Bluetooth module. The proposed system controls three
parameters namely, on pedestrian crossing, emergency vehicle clearance and traffic rules
violation. For on road pedestrian crossing, the traffic signaling system will be working as

usual based on the time delay logic but with an extra time slot provided for pedestrian
crossing. The pedestrian signal control will be turned ON based switch which is pressed
by pedestrian in case of emergency. All the above said operations will be carried out
continuously.
If any emergency vehicle arrives at any side of the road it is detected using
Bluetooth transmitter and receiver. A Bluetooth transmitter is placed in the emergency
vehicle and receiver is placed in the signal pole at each side. The Bluetooth transmitter
transmits the signal up to an extent. When the receiver receives the signal within this
limit, the driver press the switch of the physical device like smartphone or module
by which we get display of the message as “EMERGENCY” in the LCD display for 5 sec
in the specified direction to alert the people and then the signal on that side will be
switched to green and others to red.
If the density at a traffic junction becomes high, it will be detected by IR sensors
which give instruction to Arduino which is programmed in such a manner that the more is
the traffic density, more will be time given to that lane to clear traffic.
Fig. 3. 1. Traffic Density Measurement

Chapter 4
Hardware Description
4.1 Traffic junction part
In the traffic junction part, A Bluetooth transmitter transmits the signal towards the
vehicle. There are 12 LEDs, as shown in figure 4.1, used to display
traffic signal at the 4 road junction [2]. 3 LEDs are placed for each road. IR transmitters
and receivers are used to detect the traffic density at the road and to release that particular
road which has more density. Other than that, we have a Bluetooth module to connect the
physical device like smart phone to arduino which will receive the signals and behaves
according to the program. A switch is also used for each lane so that the pedestrian in
each lane, in case of emergency, can turn it on to cross the road and it will get turn off
after a short delay.
4.1.1. Block Diagram
Fig 4.1 Block Diagram of density based traffic control system with emergency override

4.1.2 Circuit Diagram
Fig.4.2 Circuit Diagram
4.2. Bluetooth Module (HC-05)

Fig. 4.3 Bluetooth Module HC-05
HC‐ 05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module, designed
for transparent wireless serial connection setup. Serial port Bluetooth module is fully
qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with complete
2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Blue core 04‐ External single chip
Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping
Feature). It has the footprint as small as 12.7mmx27mm. Hope it will simplify your
overall design/development cycle.
Hardware features
 Typical ‐ 80dBm sensitivity.
 Up to +4dBm RF transmit power.
 Low Power 1.8V Operation, 3.3 to 5 V I/O. PIO control.
 UART interface with programmable baud rate.
 With integrated antenna.
 With edge connector.
Software features
 Slave default Baud rate: 9600, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,Parity:No parity.

 PIO9 and PIO8 can be connected to red and blue led separately. When master and
slave are paired, red and blue led blinks 1time/2s in interval, while disconnected
only blue led blinks 2times/s.
 Auto‐ connect to the last device on power as default.
 Permit pairing device to connect as default.
 Auto‐ pairing PINCODE:”1234” as default.
 Auto‐ reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond the range of
connection.
4.3. IR Sensors
IR sensors are used to sense the traffic density of every road in the junction and release
the heavily dense road first. IR sensors work by using a specific light sensor to detect
light wavelength in the IR spectrum. When an object is close to the sensor, the light from
LED bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results in a large jump in
intensity, which is detected using a threshold value [7].
Operating Voltage: 5V
MODE SELECTION - Configurable HIGH / LOW Output State (Using AH and AL
pins)
Adjustable Range using preset (potentiometer on board)
Since the sensor module works on INFRARED, for obstacles with reflective surfaces
(white colored), the maximum range will be higher and for non-reflective surfaces (black
colored), the maximum range will be lower. This can in turn be used for detecting
white/black lines (in line follower ROBOTs) or bright/dark objects (in object
identification ROBOTs)
Useful for various Robotic Applications, Room Visitor Counter Systems, etc
Modes of Operation
1. High Level Mode (AH mode)

In High Level Mode, if there is no obstacle then the output will be LOW (0V) & detecting
an obstacle will change the output to HIGH (5V) Level.
This mode can be enabled, if both the jumpers are connected to AH (Set the jumper A on
Pin 1 & 2, Set the jumper B on Pin 2 & 3).
2. Low Level Mode (AL mode)
In Low Level Mode, if there is no obstacle then the output will be HIGH (5V) &
detecting an obstacle will change the output to LOW (0V) level.
This mode can be enabled, if both the jumpers are connected to AL (Set the jumper A on
Pin 2 & 3, Set the jumper B on Pin 1 & 2).
Fig. 4.4 IR Sensor
4.4 Arduino Mega 2560
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560
(datasheet). It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs),
16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable

or power it with a AC to DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega is compatible
with most shields designed for the Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila
.
Fig. 4.5 Arduino Mega 2560
Specifications
Microcontroller ATmega2560
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 14 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 16
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader
SRAM Memory 8 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
POWER:
The Arduino Mega2560 can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power
can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be
connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads
from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If
using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The Mega2560 differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-
serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter.
The power pins are as follows:
• VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You

can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.
•5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be
supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
•3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
• GND. Ground pins.
Fig. 4.6 Pin Configuration of Arduino Mega 2560
INPUT/OUTPUT
Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:

• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX) and 16
(TX); Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. Pins 0 and 1 are also connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-
to-TTL Serial chip .
• External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19 (interrupt 4), 20
(interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on
a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt()
function for details.
• PWM: 0 to 13. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
• SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI
communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently
included in the Arduino language. The SPI pins are also broken out on the ICSP header,
which is physically compatible with the Duemilanove and Diecimila.
• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
• I2C: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library
(documentation on the Wiring website). Note that these pins are not in the same location
as the I2C pins on the Duemilanove.
The Mega2560 has 16 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it
possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and
analogReference() function
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
• AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.
4. 5. 16*2 LCD Display

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven
segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical;
easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom
characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is
an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the
LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.
Fig. 4.7 LCD Display
4.6 Switch
These small, two-pin, SPST momentary pushbuttons are intended for mounting to PCBs,
but they can also be plugged into standard 0.1" breadboards as shown in the picture to the
right. We use them as reset buttons and user pushbuttons in several of our products,

including the 3pi robot and most of our Orangutan robot controllers. Note that this button
should not be used with voltages above 12 V, and it should not be used to switch currents
greater than 50 mA.
 Activation force: 6 oz
 Maximum rating: DC 12 V / 50 mA
 On resistance: ≤ 50 mΩ
 Off resistance: > 100 MΩ
 Life: > 100,000 cycles
Fig 4. 8. Switch
4. 7. Light Emitting Diode
A Light-emitting Diode is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps
in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Early LEDs emitted low-
intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and
infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

When a light-emitting diode is forward biased switched on, electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
This effect is called electro luminescence the colour of the light corresponding to energy
of the photon is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often
small in area less than 1 mm * 1 mm and integrated optional components may be used to
shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light
sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness,
smaller size, faster switching and greater durability and reliability.
Fig. 4.9 Light Emitting Diode
LEDs are used in application as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting,
automotive lighting particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators as well as in
traffic signals. Infrared LEDs are also used in the units of many commercial products
including T.V. , DVD player and other domestic appliances.
Features
 Popular T-1 3/4 colorless 5mm package
 High luminous power
 Typical chromaticity coordinates x=0.30, y=0.29 according to CIE1931.

 Bulk, available taped on reel.
 ESD-withstand voltage: up to 4KV ․
 The product itself will remain within RoHS compliant version.
Descriptions
 The series is designed for application required high luminous intensity․
 The phosphor filled in the reflector converts the blue emission of InGaN chip to
ideal white.
4.7.1. LED Driver Circuit
Fig. 4. 10 LED Driver Circuit
LED Driver Circuit, as shown in fig 4. Is used to drive LEDs. A transistor is used in LED
driver circuit. When microcontroller o/p is zero, the CE junction is open-circuited. Hence
it does not conduct and LED is OFF. When microcontroller o/p is one, CE junction is
short circuited. Hence, it conducts and the LED is ON.

Chapter 5
Software Implementation
5.1. Software Requirements
Arduino IDE
The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application that is written in Java programming
language. This is originated from processing open source IDE. This processing IDE used
for to code interactive programs with 2D, 3D or PDF output, this is compatible with GNU
linux, MAC OS X, and Windows.
It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching
and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and
provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino
board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
functions and a hierarchy of operation menus.
A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a sketch. Sketches are saved
on the development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software
(IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde.
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which
provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two
basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and
linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with
the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs
the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal
encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's
firmware.
Embedded C

The embedded C language is used for program coding. Use of C in embedded
system is driven by following advantages: It is small and reasonably simpler to learn,
understand , program and debug. C Compilers are available for almost all embedded
devices in use today and there is a large pool of experienced C programmers.
Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor-independence and is not specific
to any particular microprocessor/microcontroller or any system. This makes it convenient
for a user to develop programs that can run on most of the systems. As C combines
functionally of assembly language or high level assembly language. It is fairly efficient. It
supports access to I/O and provides ease of management.
Embedded C has to use with limited resources RAM, ROM, I/Os as an embedded
processor. Thus, program code must fit into the available program memory. If code
exceeds the limit, the system is likely to crash. Assembly language seems to be an
obvious choice for programming embedded devices. However, use of assembly language
is restricted to developing efficient codes in terms of size and speed. Also, assembly
codes lead to higher software development costs and code probability is not there.
Developing small codes are not much of a problem, but large programs/projects become
increasingly difficult to manage in assembly language. Finding good assembly
programmers has also become difficult to manage in assembly language. Hence high
level languages are preferred for embedded systems programming. Embedded C requires
compilers to create files to be downloaded to the microcontrollers/ microprocessors where
it needs to run. Embedded compilers give access to all resources which is not provided in
compilers for desktop computer applications [9].
5.2. Flow Diagram

Fig. 5.1 Flow Diagram of Density Based Traffic Junction with Emergency Override

5.3. Algorithm
 Step 1: Get started with the initialization of all pins and giving all LED’s
and IR sensors as input and output.
 Step 2:Check if in an emergency vehicle is coming to the traffic junction.
 Step 3: If yes, then Check on which lane it is coming. Get the instruction from
device in vehicle and turn the green light on of that lane. Also display the lane
which is on emergency to LCD Display.
 Step 4:If no, then check if any IR sensors is detecting vehicle.
 Step 5: If yes, then get the densities of the lanes and provide priorities to the
traffic signals .
 Step 6: Check if the pedestrian switches are on, then turn on the green signal for
pedestrians.
 Step 7:If no, then go to next phase.
 Step 8:After this, go to step 2 and continue further.

Chapter 6
Implementation and Results
The traffic lights will be displayed at the junction and works in normal timings or in
regular intervals when density of each is lane is low. It is shown in fig. 6. 1.
Fig. 6. 1 Normal Traffic Light System
When the density increases, the IR sensors will work and hence, they will give
input to Arduino so that an appropriate time delay should be given to that lane to clear the
traffic as in priority. This is shown in fig. 6.2.

Fig. 6. 2. Status of Traffic Signal at the time of Heavy Density of Vehicles
When an emergency vehicle comes, it will connect to Arduino with the help of a
mobile device and a Bluetooth module (HC-05). As it connects, signal is given to
Arduino, on which lane the emergency vehicle is coming and then the Arduino will stop
its all activities and give priority to Emergency vehicle to get pass through by giving the
green signal of that lane to a much longer time. This is given in fig. 6.3.
Fig. 6. 3. Status of LCD Display at the time of Emergency
In case of a pedestrian, when he/she will turn on the switch, the signal will
becomes green for walking purpose. This is given in fig. 6.4.

Fig. 6.4. Status of Traffic Lights at the time of turning on Switch
The status of traffic lights can be given in following ways as which color will light
up at what time in table 6.1.
Here L1, L2, L3, L4 are signals a LANE1, LANE2, LANE3, LANE4.
R, Y and G are the color of signals at that lane i.e. Red, Yellow and Green, where Red is
to stop, Yellow is to wait and Green is to go.

Serial
Number
L1 L2 L3 L4 Expected
Result
Obtained
Result
1 G R R R GRRR GRRR
2 Y Y R R YYRR YYRR
3 R G R R RGRR RGRR
4 R Y Y R RYYR RYYR
5 R R G R RRGR RRGR
6 R R Y Y RRYY RRYY
7 R R R G RRRG RRRG
8 Y R R Y YRRY YRRY

Chapter 7
Application and Advantages
7. 1. Applications
 For traffic signal monitoring and controlling.
 If a number of signals are synchronized, it is possible to build a smart city.
 Automated driving vehicles can communicate with the signals wirelessly, so
indicators may become redundant.
 It can also be used at highways for having less wastage of time.
 In case of emergency, a pedestrian can cross the road by just turn a switch on.
 Emergency vehicles like ambulance or fire brigade truck can pass through the
signals without any kind of wastage of time.
7.2 Advantages
 Avoids wastage of time due to the traffic
 Fully automatic
 Low power consumption
 It provides the easy access in the traffic light.
 Low cost to design the circuit, maintenance of the circuit is good
 Easy convenience to handle
 Fuel saving
 Help for disabled people to cross the road easily
 Reduced accident

Chapter 8
Conclusion and Future Scope
8.1 Conclusion
Density Based Signal Management in Traffic System with emergency override
shows how the Traffic Light Signal control, including with the implement of Emergency
vehicle get passed through signals. The acquired data from IR Sensors reschedule the
traffic light timing according to the traffic condition for low or high density road traffic. If
the density of the road traffic is high then Maximum density of traffic will allow
maximum default timing for traffic lights.
Minimum density of traffic will allow traffic with minimum timing for traffic
lights. If the traffic rate on both side is Equal or gap within traffic then according to
arrival time traffic light signal set to minimized. Emergency Override can be done by
Bluetooth device which keeps green signal on till the vehicle get passed up through
signals. A pedestrian can cross the road by turning the switch on in the case of
emergency.
8.2 Future Scope
Emergency services are provided for ambulance by giving a signal to Arduino by
Bluetooth. Two or more junctions can be designed to use a single Bluetooth instead of
independent one for each junction. We can use other technologies like Wifi or LTE for
sending a signal from ambulance to the microcontroller chipset. In future implementation,
different priorites can be given to vehicles as follows Ambulance, fire brigade.
Number of passing vehicle in fixed time slot on the road decide density range of
traffic and on the basis of vehicle count, chipset Arduino will decide the traffic light
delays for next recording interval, The recorded data can be downloaded to computer
through communication between sensors, microcontroller and computer. Administrator
sitting on computer can command system microcontroller to download recorded data,
update lights, erase memory etc. Thus administrator on a central station computer can
access traffic conditions on any approachable traffic lights and nearby reduce traffic
congestion to an extent. This can be done through RADIO as shown in fig. 8. 1. Data

transfer between the microcontroller and computer can also be done through telephone
network, data call activated SIM. This technique allows the operator to gather the
recorded data from a far end to his home computer without going there.
In case of pedestrians, in future, if density of pedestrians increases on footpath at a
cross junction, it can be sensed by sensors and further the lights can be managed
according to that.

References
1. J. M. Bilal and D. Jacob, Intelligent traffic control system, IEEE international
conference on signal proessing and communication, Dubai, Nov 2007, pp 496-
499.
2. W. Pattara, Estimating road traffic congestion using vehicle velocity, International
conference on its telecommunication, 2006, pp 1001-1004.
3. K. M. Yousef, J. N Al-Karaki and A. M. Sharnawi, Intelligent traffic light flow
control system using wireless sensor network, JISE, May 2010, pp 753-768.
4. P. Sinhmar, Intelligent traffic light and density control using IR sensors and
microcontroller, IJATER, Vol 2, Issue 2, Mar 2012, pp 30-35.
5. W. Wen, A dynamic and automatic traffic light control expert system for solving
the road congestion problem, expert systems with applications, ELSEVIRE
science direct 2008, pp 2370-2381.
6. S. K. Asare and R.K. Sowah, Design and development of microcontroller based
traffic system using image processing techniques, University of Ghana, ICAST,
2012 IEEE 4th international conference, pp 59-64.
7. Amrita Rain and Govind Singh Patel, Multiple Traffic control using wireless
sensor and density measuring camera, sensors & transducers, IFSAm Vol 94,
Issue 7, July 2008, pp 126-132.
8. Morarescu, Highway traffic model- based estimation, IEEE, American control
conference (ACC), 2011, pp 2012-2017.
9. S. Breitenberger, Traffic information potential and necessary penetration rates,
Traffic emerging and control, Dec 2004, pp 390-395.

10. R. P. Ramchandran, Vehicle reidentification using multi detector fusion, IEEE
ITS society, Vol 5, Issue 3, Sept 2004, pp 155-164.
11. X. D. Zhang, A map matching method for GPS based real time vehicle location,
The journal of navigation, Vol 57, 2004, pp 429-440.
12. Sanjay S. Dorle, Pratima L. Patel, Design Approach for Dynamic Traffic Control
System Based on Radio Propagation Model in VANET, International Journal of
Computer Science and Network, Vol 2, Issue 1, 2013.
13. Ganesh S. Khekare, Apeksha V. Sakhare, Intelligent Traffic System for VANET:
A Survey , International Journal of Advanced Computer Research, Volume-2
Number-4 Issue-6 Dec 2012.
14. Shruti K R & Vinohi.K. , Priority Based Traffic Lights Controller Using Wireless
Sensor Network
15. Zhang, Yuye, and Weisheng Yan., Research of Traffic Signal Light Intelligent
Control System Based on Microcontroller, First International Workshop on
Education Technology and Computer Science,2009, pp 301–303.
16. M. Kilger, Video based traffic monitoring, International conference on Image
processing and its applications, Netherlands, Apr 1992, pp 89-92.

Appendix
Arduino Mega 2560:
Microcontroller ATmega2560
Clock Speed 16 MHz
EEPROM 4 KB
SRAM 8 KB
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 14 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 16
The maximum length and width of the Mega2560 PCB are 4 and 2.1 inches respectively,
with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Three
screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance
between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil
spacing of the other pins.
HC-05 Bluetooth Module:

LCD 16*2 Display:

IR SENSORS
Technical Specifications
Supply 5V
Power Usage 0.4 to 1.0mA
Casing Dimensions 12.5*10*(Thickness)5.8 in mm
Temperature Range -25 C to +85 C
Detection Angle 90*

Density Based Traffic System with Emergency Override

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