IoT BASED VEHICLE TRACKING AND TRAFFIC SURVIELLENCE SYSTEM

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Vehicle Tracking System (VTS) is the technology used to determine the
location of a vehicle using different methods like GPS and other radio navigation
systems operating through satellites and ground based stations. By triangulation
methods the tracking system enables to calculate easy and accurate location of the
vehicle. Vehicle information like location details, speed, distance traveled etc. can
be viewed on a digital mapping with the help of a software via Internet. Even data
can be stored and downloaded to a computer from the GPS unit at a base station and
that can later be used for analysis. This system is an important tool for tracking each
vehicle at a given period of time and now it is becoming increasingly popular for
people having expensive cars and hence as a theft prevention and retrieval device.
i. The system consists of modern hardware and software components
enabling one to track their vehicle online or offline. Any vehicle tracking system
consists of mainly three parts mobile vehicle unit, fixed based station and, database
and software system.
ii. Vehicle Unit: It is the hardware component attached to the vehicle having
either a GPS/GSM modem. The unit is configured around a primary modem that
functions with the tracking software by receiving signals from GPS satellites or
radio station points with the help of antenna. The controller modem converts the
data and sends the vehicle location data to the server.
iii. Fixed Based Station: Consists of a wireless network to receive and
forward the data to the data center. Base stations are equipped with tracking
software and geographic map useful for determining the vehicle location. Maps of
every city and landmarks are available in the based station that has an in-built Web
Server.
iv. Database and Software: The position information or the coordinates of
each visiting points are stored in a database, which later can be viewed in a display
screen using digital maps. However, the users have to connect themselves to the

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web server with the respective vehicle ID stored in the database and only then
she/he can view the location of vehicle traveled.
1.2 VEHICLE SECURITY USING VTS
Vehicle Security is a primary concern for all vehicle owners. Owners as well
as researchers are always on the lookout for new and improved security systems for
their vehicles. One has to be thankful for the upcoming technologies, like GPS
systems, which enables the owner to closely monitor and track his vehicle in real-
time and also check the history of vehicles movements. This new technology,
popularly called Vehicle Tracking Systems has done wonders in maintaining the
security of the vehicle tracking system is one of the biggest technological
advancements to track the activities of the vehicle. The security system uses Global
Positioning System GPS, to find the location of the monitored or tracked vehicle
and then uses satellite or radio systems to send to send the coordinates and the
location data to the monitoring center. At monitoring center various software’s are
used to plot the Vehicle on a map. In this way the Vehicle owners are able to track
their vehicle on a real-time basis. Due to real-time tracking facility, vehicle tracking
systems are becoming increasingly popular among owners of expensive vehicles.
Fig 1.1 Vehicle tracking system
The vehicle tracking hardware is fitted on to the vehicle. It is fitted in such a
manner that it is not visible to anyone who is outside the vehicle. Thus it operates as
a covert unit which continuously sends the location data to the monitoring unit.
When the vehicle is stolen, the location data sent by tracking unit can be used to

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find the location and coordinates can be sent to police for further action. Some
Vehicle tracking System can even detect unauthorized movements of the vehicle
and then alert the owner. This gives an edge over other pieces of technology for the
same purpose
Monitoring center Software helps the vehicle owner with a view of the
location at which the vehicle stands. Browsing is easy and the owners can make use
of any browser and connect to the monitoring center software, to find and track his
vehicle.
A computer software GPS GLONASS automatic vehicle location vehicle
tracking system combines the installation of an electronic device in a vehicle, or
fleet of vehicles, with purpose-designed at least at one operational base to enable
the owner or a third party to track the vehicle's location, collecting data in the
process from the field and deliver it to the base of operation. Modern vehicle
tracking systems commonly use or technology for locating the vehicle, but other
types of technology can also be used. Vehicle information can be viewed on
electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software. Urban public transit
authorities are an increasingly common user of vehicle tracking systems,
particularly in large cities.
Vehicle tracking systems are commonly used by fleet operators for fleet
management fleet tracking transit schedule adherence destination sign American
Public Transportation Association visually impaired tram real-time information
functions such as , routing, dispatch, onboard information and security. Along with
commercial fleet operators, urban agencies use the technology for a number of
purposes, including monitoring of buses in service, triggering changes of bus
displays at the end of the line (or other set location along a bus route), and
triggering pre-recorded announcements for passengers. The estimated that, at the
beginning of 2009, around half of all transit buses in the United States were
already using a GPS-based vehicle tracking system to trigger automated stop
announcements. This can refer to external announcements (triggered by the opening
of the bus's door) at a bus stop, announcing the vehicle's route number and

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destination, primarily for the benefit of customers, or to internal announcements (to
passengers already on board) identifying the next stop, as the bus (or ) approaches a
stop, or both. Data collected as a transit vehicle follows its route is often
continuously fed into a computer program which compares the vehicle's actual
location and time with its schedule, and in turn produces a frequently updating
display for the driver, telling him/her how early or late he/she is at any given time,
potentially making it easier to adhere more closely to the published schedule. Such
programs are also used to provide customers with as to the waiting time until arrival
of the next bus or tram/streetcar at a given stop, based on the nearest vehicles' actual
progress at the time, rather than merely giving information as to the scheduled time
of the next arrival. Transit systems providing this kind of information assign a
unique number to each stop, and waiting passengers can obtain information by
entering the stop number into an automated telephone system or an application on
the transit system's website. Some transit agencies provide a virtual map on their
website, with icons depicting the current locations of buses in service on each route,
for customers' information, while others provide such information only to
dispatchers or other employees.
1.3 TYPES OF GPS VEHICLE TRACKING
There are three main types of GPS vehicle tracking, tracking based mobile,
wireless passive tracking and satellite in real-time GPS tracking. This article
discusses the advantages and disadvantages to all three types of GPS vehicle
tracking circumference.
i) Mobile phone based tracking
The initial cost for the construction of the system is slightly lower than the
other two options. With a mobile phone-based tracking average price is about $ 500.
A cell-based monitoring system sends information about when a vehicle is every
five minutes during a rural network. The average monthly cost is about thirty-five
dollars for airtime.

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ii) Wireless Passive Tracking
A big advantage that this type of tracking system is that there is no monthly
fee, so that when the system was introduced, there will be other costs associated
with it. But setting the scheme is a bit expensive. The average is about $ 700 for
hardware and $ 800 for software and databases. With this type of system, most say
that the disadvantage is that information about where the vehicle is not only can
exist when the vehicle is returned to the base business. This is a great disadvantage,
particularly for companies that are looking for a monitoring system that tells them
where their vehicle will be in case of theft or an accident. However, many systems
are now introducing wireless modems into their devices so that tracking information
can be without memory of the vehicle to be seen. With a wireless modem that is
wireless passive tracking systems are also able to gather information on how fast the
vehicle was traveling, stopping, and made other detailed information. With this new
addition, many companies believe that this system is perfect, because there is no
monthly bill.
iii) Via satellite in real time
This type of system provides less detailed information, but work at the
national level, making it a good choice for shipping and trucking companies.
Spending on construction of the system on average about $ 700. The monthly
fees for this system vary from five dollars for a hundred dollars, depending on
how the implementation of a reporting entity would be.
1.4 TYPICAL ARCHITECTURE
Major constituents of the GPS based tracking are
i. GPS tracking device
The device fits into the vehicle and captures the GPS location information
apart from other vehicle information at regular intervals to a central server.
The other vehicle information can include fuel amount, engine temperature,
altitude, reverse geocoding , odometer, throttle , door open/close, tire
pressure, cut off fuel, turn off ignition, turn on headlight, turn on taillight,
battery status, GSM area code/cell code decoded, number of GPS satellites in

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view, glass open/close, fuel amount, emergency button status, cumulative
idling, computed , engine RPM, position, and a lot more. Capability of these
devices actually decides the final capability of the whole tracking system.
ii. GPS tracking server
The tracking server has three responsibilities: receiving data from the GPS tracking
unit, securely storing it, and serving this information on demand to the user.
iii. User interface
The UI determines how one will be able to access information, view vehicle
data, and elicit important details from it.
1.5 SPEED TRACKING AND ITS IMPORTANCE
Road speed limits are used in most countries to set the maximum (or minimum
in some cases) speed at which road vehicles may legally travel on particular
stretches of road. Speed limits may be variable and in some places speeds are
unlimited (e.g. in the Autobahn in Germany). Speed limits are normally indicated
on a traffic sign. Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of nations
or provincial governments and enforced by national or regional police and / or
judicial bodies. Most of the roads in India has speed limits but unfortunately there
are no mechanism to strictly enforce it. Therefore we are in need of state of art
device to actually track speed related details according to the speed limit set by the
government for that road.
Speeding is the single factor responsible for the maximum number of deaths on
Indian roads. During 2014, 57,844 deaths – 41% of the total were due to accidents
caused by speeding. Speeding has accounted for a similar share in the earlier years
as well and has consistently accounted for over 50,000 deaths on roads for the past
several years. Speeding is typically the easiest factor to control, and a small
reduction in vehicle speed yields disproportionate results in terms of safety. A
pedestrian struck by a car driving at 37 km/hr has an average risk of death of 10%.
This increases exponentially with vehicle speed and rises to 90% for higher speeds.

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1.6 INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
The IoT can assist in integration of communications, control, and information
processing across various transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to
all aspects of transportation systems (i.e. the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the
driver or user). Dynamic interaction between these components of a transport
system enables inter and intra vehicular communication, smart traffic control, smart
parking, electronic toll collection systems, logistic and fleet management, vehicle
control, and safety and road assistance.
There are many technologies that enable IOT
1. RFID and near-field communication – In the 2000s, RFID was the dominant
technology. Later, NFC became dominant (NFC). NFC have become
common in smart phones during the early 2010s, with uses such as reading
NFC tags or for access to public transportation.
2. Bluetooth low energy – This is one of the latest tech. All newly releasing
smartphones have BLE hardware in them. Tags based on BLE can signal
their presence at a power budget that enables them to operate for up to one
year on a lithium coin cell battery.
3. Low energy wireless IP networks – embedded radio in system-on-a-
chip designs, lower power WiFi, sub-GHz radio in an ISM band, often using
a compressed version ofIPv6 called 6LowPAN.
4. ZigBee – This communication technology is based on the IEEE 802.15.4
protocol to implement physical and MAC layer for low-rate wireless Private
Area Networks. Some of its main characteristics like low power

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consumption, low data rate, low cost, and high message throughput make it
an interesting IoT enabler technology.
5. Z-Wave – is a communication protocol that is mostly used in smart home
applications.
6. LTE-Advanced – LTE-A is a high-speed communication specification for
mobile networks. Compared to its original LTE, LTE-A has been improved
to have extended coverage, higher throughput and lower latency. One
important application of this technology is Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
communications.
7. WiFi-Direct – It is essentially WiFi for peer-to-peer communication without
needing to have an access point. This feature attracts IoT applications to be
built on top of WiFi-Direct to get benefit from the speed of WiFi while they
experience lower latency.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
SeokJu Lee et al.,(2016),proposed an efficient vehicle tracking system is
designed and implemented for tracking the movement of any equipped vehicle from
any location at any time. The proposed system made good use of a popular technology
that combines a Smartphone application with a microcontroller. This will be easy to
make and inexpensive compared to others. The designed in-vehicle device works using
Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global system for mobile communication /
General Packet Radio Service (GSM/GPRS) technology that is one of the most
common ways for vehicle tracking. The device is embedded inside a vehicle whose
position is to be determined and tracked in real-time. A microcontroller is used to
control the GPS and GSM/GPRS modules. The vehicle tracking system uses the GPS
module to get geographic coordinates at regular time intervals. The GSM/GPRS
module is used to transmit and update the vehicle location to a database. A Smartphone
application is also developed for continuously monitoring the vehicle location. The
Google Maps API is used to display the vehicle on the map in the Smartphone
application. Thus, users will be able to continuously monitor a moving vehicle on
demand using the Smartphone application and determine the estimated distance and
time for the vehicle to arrive at a given destination. In order to show the feasibility and
effectiveness of the system, this paper presents experimental results of
the vehicle tracking system and some experiences on practical implementations.Real-
time tracking and management of vehicles has been a field of interest for many
researchers and a lot of research work has been done for tracking system. Recently the
various anti-theft modules like steering wheel locked equipment, network tracking
system and traditional electronic alarm are developed along with client identification
and real time performance monitoring.

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Pradip V Mistary ; Instrumentation Engineering, S.G.G.S Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Nanded-431606 India ; R H Chile (2015), proposed an
efficient vehicle tracking system is implemented for monitoring the movement of any
equipped vehicle from any location at any time. With the help of Global Positioning
System (GPS), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) modem and
microcontroller are embedded with the aim of enabling users to locate
their vehicles with ease and in a convenient manner. This system provides the facility
to the user to track their vehicle remotely through the mobile network. This paper
present the development of vehicle tracking systems hardware prototype and GUI
application for displaying the actual position of vehicle.
El-Medany and W Al-Omary ,(2014) et al.,describes a real time tracking
system that provides accurate localizations of the tracked vehicle with low cost.
GM862 cellular quad band module is used for implementation. A monitoring server
and a graphical user interface on a website is also developed using Microsoft SQL
Server 2003 and ASP.net to view the proper location of a vehicle on a specific map.
The paper also provides information regarding the vehicle status such as speed,
mileage.
Hu Jian-ming et al., (2014), describes an automobile anti-theft system using
GSM and GPS module. The system is developed using high speed mixed type single-
chip C8051F120 and stolen automobile is detected by the use of vibration sensor. The
system remains in contact with automobile owner through the GSM module, for the
safety and reliability of automobile.
Fleischer, P.B and Nelson ,(2014), et al describes development and
deployment of GPS (Global Positioning System)/GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications) based Vehicle Tracking and Alert System. This system allows inter-
city transport companies to track their vehicles in real-time and provides security from
armed robbery and accident occurrences.
Roland Hostettler et al.,(2014), proposed a vehicle tracking sensor platform for

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highway traffic monitoring. First, the problem is formulated by introducing the process
model for the motion of the vehicle on the road and two measurement models: one for
each of the sensors. Second, it is shown how the measurements of the sensors can be
fused using particle filtering. The standard sampling importance resampling (SIR)
particle filter is extended for processing of multi rate sensor measurements and models
that employ unknown static parameters. The latter are treated by Rao-Blackwellization.
The performance of the method is demonstrated by computer simulations. It is found
that it is feasible to fuse the two sensors for vehicle tracking and that the proposed
multi rate particle filter performs better than particle filters that process only
measurements of one of the sensors. The main contribution of this paper is the novel
approach of fusing the measurements of road-mounted magnetometers and
accelerometers for vehicle tracking and traffic monitoring.
Le-Tien and Vu Phung , (2013), describes a system based on the Global
Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). It
describes the practical model for routing and tracking with mobile vehicle in a large
area outdoor environment .The system includes the Compass sensor-YAS529 of
Yamaha Company and Accelerator sensor-KXSC72050 of Koinix Company to acquire
moving direction of a vehicle. The system will acquire positions of the vehicle via GPS
receiver and then sends the data to supervised center by the SMS (Short Message
Services) or GPRS (General Package Radio Service) service. The supervised center
comprises of a development kit that supports GSM techniques-WMP100 of the
Wavecom Company. Finally, the position of the mobile vehicle will be displayed on
Google Map.
Pankaj Verma and J.S Bhatia ,Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, Mohali, Punjab, India (2013),proposed a tracking system that can
inform you the location and route travelled by vehicle, and that information can be
observed from any other remote location. It also includes the web application that

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provides you exact location of target. This system enables us to track target in any
weather conditions. This system uses GPS and GSM technologies. The paper includes
the hardware part which comprises of GPS, GSM, Atmega microcontroller MAX
232,16x2 LCD and software part is used for interfacing all the required modules and a
web application is also developed at the client side. Main objective is to design a
system that can be easily installed and to provide platform for further enhancement.
P. Anuradha and R. Sendhilkumar, (2011), proposed a zigbee based system
architecture at the network level for tracking the vehicle information which has been
sent to the centralized server. The aim of the design is to provide a simple and easy
solution to track the location of the moving vehicle. Compared to the old systems,
Zigbee based network architecture is able to provide information about
the vehicle accurately. The vehicle will be having a unique RFID tag (Radio Frequency
Identification). The RFID reader is placed in particular places. For the beneficial
features of RFID, we integrate RFID readers into the Vehicle tracking Information
System. This RFID reader can check or collect the data and the information is given to
the control station through the Zigbee protocol. The Zigbee protocol is used for the
messaging service between the control station and the vehicle.
J. B. Kim ; Comput. Eng. Dept., Kyungpook Nat. Univ., Taegu, South
Korea; C. W.Lee ; K.M.Lee, (2001), propose a wavelet-based vehicle tracking for
automatic traffic surveillance is proposed. In order to meet real-time requirements, we
use adaptive thresholding and a wavelet-based neural network (NN), which achieves
low computational complexity, accuracy of localization, and noise robustness has been
considered for vehicle tracking. The proposed system consists of three steps: moving
region extraction, vehicle recognition and vehicle tracking. First, moving regions are
extracted by performing a frame difference analysis on two consecutive frames using
adaptive thresholding. Second, the wavelet-based NN is used for recognizing
the vehicles in the extracted moving regions. The wavelet transform is adopted to

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decompose an image and a particular frequency band is selected for input of the NN for
vehicle recognition. Third, vehicles are tracked by using position coordinates and
wavelet features difference values for correspondence in recognized vehicle regions.
Experimental results of the proposed system can be useful for a traffic surveillance
system.

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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESIGN
3.1 VECHILE TRACKING MODULE
Fig 3.1 Block Diagram Vehicle Tracking module
Vehicle tracking module consists of GPS module which tracks the location of
the vehicle and sends the co-ordinates to the receiver which is located in the road side.
The receiver then sends data to computer to display in the map. The current design is
an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and
report the status of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an ATmega 328P
microcontroller is interfaced serially to a Zigbee module and GPS Receiver. A Zigbee
module is used to send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a
remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give the data i.e. the latitude and
longitude indicating the position of the vehicle. The GPS modem gives many
parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is read and displayed on
to the LCD. The same data is sent to the computer at the other end from where the
position of the vehicle is demanded.

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The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, Zigbee module and GPS
Receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol for serial communication between the
modems and the microcontroller.
3.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

 ATmega 328P
 ZIGBEE MODULE
 GPS MODULE
 RS232 TO USB MODULE
 ULN2003A (DRIVER IC)
 RELAY
 LCD
3.2.1 GPS
GPS, in full Global Positioning System, space-based radio-navigation system
that broadcasts highly accurate navigation pulses to users on or near the Earth. In the
United States’ Navstar GPS, 24 main satellites in 6 orbits circle the Earth every 12
hours. In addition, Russia maintains a constellation called GLONASS (Global
Navigation Satellite System).
3.2.1.1 WORKING OF GPS
GPS receiver works on 9600 baud rate is used to receive the data from space
Segment (from Satellites), the GPS values of different Satellites are sent to
microcontroller ATmega 328P, where these are processed and forwarded to Zigbee
module. At the time of processing GPS receives only $GPRMC values only. From
these values microcontroller takes only latitude and longitude values excluding time,
altitude, name of the satellite, authentication etc.
E.g. LAT: 1728:2470 LOG: 7843.3089 GSM modem with a baud rate 57600. A
GPS receiver operated by a user on Earth measures the time it takes radio signals to

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travel from four or more satellites to its location, calculates the distance to each
satellite, and from this calculation determines the user’s longitude, latitude, and
altitude. The U.S. Department of Defense originally developed the Navstar
constellation for military use, but a less precise form of the service is available free of
charge to civilian users around the globe. The basic civilian service will locate a
receiver within 10 meters (33 feet) of its true location, though various augmentation
techniques can be used to pinpoint the location within less than 1 cm (0.4 inch). With
such accuracy and the ubiquity of the service, GPS has evolved far beyond its original
military purpose and has created a revolution in personal and commercial navigation.
Battlefield missiles and artillery projectiles use GPS signals to determine their
positions and velocities, but so do the U.S. space shuttle and the International Space
Station as well as commercial jetliners and private airplanes. Ambulance fleets, family
automobiles, and railroad locomotives benefit from GPS positioning, which also serves
farm tractors, ocean liners, hikers, and even golfers. Many GPS receivers are no larger
than a pocket calculator and are powered by disposable batteries, while GPS computer
chips the size of a baby’s fingernail have been installed in wristwatches, cellular
telephones, and personal digital assistants.
3.2.1.2 TRIANGULATION
The principle behind the unprecedented navigational capabilities of GPS is
triangulation. To triangulate, a GPS receiver precisely measures the time it takes for a
satellite signal to make its brief journey to Earth—less than a tenth of a second. Then it
multiplies that time by the speed of a radio wave—300,000 km (186,000 miles) per
second—to obtain the corresponding distance between it and the satellite. This puts the
receiver somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere with a radius equal to its
distance from the satellite. When signals from three other satellites are similarly
processed, the receiver’s built-in computer calculates the point at which all four
spheres intersect, effectively determining the user’s current longitude, latitude, and
altitude. (In theory, three satellites would normally provide an unambiguous three-

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dimensional fix, but in practice at least four are used to offset inaccuracy in the
receiver’s clock.) In addition, the receiver calculates current velocity (speed and
direction) by measuring the instantaneous Doppler effect shifts created by the
combined motion of the same four satellites.
3.2.2 ZIGBEE MODULE
Zigbee communication is specially built for control and sensor networks on
IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and it is the
product from Zigbee alliance. This communication standard defines physical and
Media Access Control (MAC) layers to handle many devices at low-data rates. These
Zigbee’s WPANs operate at 868 MHz, 902-928MHz and 2.4 GHz frequencies. The
date rate of 250 kbps is best suited for periodic as well as intermediate two way
transmission of data between sensors and controllers.
3.2.2.1 APPLICATIONS OF ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY
Industrial Automation: In manufacturing and production industries, a communication
link continually monitors various parameters and critical equipments. Hence Zigbee
considerably reduce this communication cost as well as optimizes the control process
for greater reliability.
Home Automation: Zigbee is perfectly suited for controlling home appliances
remotely as a lighting system control, appliance control, heating and cooling system
control, safety equipment operations and control, surveillance, and so on.
Smart Metering: Zigbee remote operations in smart metering include energy
consumption response, pricing support, security over power theft, etc.
Smart Grid monitoring: Zigbee operations in this smart grid involve remote
temperature monitoring, fault locating, reactive power management, and so on.

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Table 3.1 Comparison of different standards
3.2.3 ARDUINO UNO
An Arduino board consists of an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller with
complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation into other
circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is the standard way that connectors are
exposed, allowing the CPU board to be connected to a variety of interchangeable add-
on modules known as shields. Some shields communicate with the Arduino board
directly over various pins, but many shields are individually addressable via an I²C
serial bus, allowing many shields to be stacked and used in parallel. Official Arduino’s
have used the megaAVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8, ATmega168,
ATmega328, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560. A handful of other processors have
been used by Arduino compatibles. Most boards include a 5 volt linear regulator and a
16 MHz crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some variants), although some
designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage
regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. An Arduino's microcontroller is also
pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-
chip flash memory, compared with other devices that typically need an external
programmer. At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack, all boards
are programmed over an RS-232 serial connection, but the way this is implemented

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varies by hardware version. Serial Arduino boards contain a simple inverter circuit to
convert between RS-232-level and TTL-level signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the
FTDI FT232. Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Board uno,
use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods.
(When used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard
AVR ISP programming is used.)
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other
circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six
of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs. These pins
are on the top of the board, via female 0.1 inch headers. Several plug-in application
shields are also commercially available.
3.2.3.1 FEATURES
 ATmega328 microcontroller
 Input voltage - 7-12V
 14 Digital I/O Pins (6 PWM outputs)
 6 Analog Inputs
 32k Flash Memory
 16Mhz Clock Speed
The maximum values that Arduino can handle:
 Max frequency: 16MHz
 Max Voltage: 5V

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 Max Current: 50mA
Fig 3.2 Arduino UNO
3.2.3.2 PIN DESCRIPTION
Arduino can be powered using power jack, USB port. Apart from this it can also be
powered by using a external battery or AC to DC adaptor through pin Vin.
 5V, 3.3V: there is a inbuilt regulator on the board. Through this regulator
a constant DC supply of 5V, 3.3V is provided.
 Reset: This pin enables to reset the micro controller.
 IOREF: This pin acts as reference to the inputs given to the arduino
board.
 There are 6 pins A0 – A5 through which analog input can be given to the
arduino board.
 There are 14 digital pins 0-13. Among these (3,5,6,9,10,11) are PWM
pins(pulse width modulation) from which analog output can be taken
from the arduino board.

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 There is a inbuilt LED on pin 13.
 AREF- This pin acts as reference to the analog inputs.
 Rx,Tx are used for receiving and transmitting serial data.
 ICSP- (In circuit serial programming)- These pins enable the user to
programme the chips on the circuit.
3.2.4 ULN2003A
In general, while designing electronics projects the loads are controlled
(switched ON or OFF) using microcontroller block. But, for this purpose the circuit
requires relays, acting as controlled switches (for different circuits different types of
relays are used). Depending on the signals received from the microcontroller or other
control circuits the relay controls the load. The relay consists of continuous power
supply and whenever it gets driven or gets control signal then the relay gets activated
and loads can be turned ON or OFF. But, primarily we must know what is a relay
driver circuit.
Fig 3.3 ULN2003A Pin specification

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3.2.5 RELAY
A electrically switch electromagnet relay is an operated. Many relays use an to
operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also
used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal
(with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and
re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and
early computers to perform logical operations.
3.2.6 LCD
LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low
electrical power consumption enables it to be used in batteryelectronic electronically
modulated optical device liquid crystals light source backlightreflector
monochromepixels- powered equipment. It is an made up of any number of segments
filled with and arrayed in front of a () or to produce images in color or . The most
flexible ones use an array of small . The earliest discovery leading to the development
of LCD technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888. By 2008,
worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT units.
Following figure is a 16x2 LCD.
Fig 3.4 Liquid Crystal Display

23
3.3 SPEED TRACKING MODULE
Fig 3.5 Speed tracking module block diagram
The Speed tracking module consist of two sensors attached to Arduino UNO
and a Ethernet shield is stacked upon the Arduino board to make communication with
the internet. The purpose of using speed sensor is to read the speed of the car on the
certain period over the speed constrained portion of the road. If the speed limit is found
to be more than permitted then speeding ticket will be automatically generated. The
speeding ticket will be send to the E-mail of the car owner.
The purpose of using colour sensor is to make sure the car doesn’t move when
the traffic signal gets activated. Normally there are three lights in the traffic signal
namely red, green, orange. Red indicates the vehicle should not move. If the red signal
is seen in the traffic signal. It transmits that data to tracking module, if the red signal
status is high then speed should be zero, if not the ticket will be generated
Ethernet shield makes sure that the data from the sensor are logged continuously
in the database. This acts as the evidence in court, these information can be used for
future analysis.

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3.3.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS
 ATmega 328P
 Colour sensor (TSC-3200)
 Speed sensor (LM-393)
 Ethernet shield (w5100)
 Cables (RJ45)
3.3.1.1 COLOUR SENSOR (TSC-3200)
Fig 3.6 Colour sensor (TSC-3200)
This Color Sensor is a complete color detector, including a TCS230 RGB sensor
chip and 4 white LEDs. The TCS230 can detect and measure a nearly limitless range of
visible colors. Applications include test strip reading, sorting by color, ambient light
sensing and calibration, and color matching.
The TCS230 has an array of photo detectors, each with either a red, green, or
blue filter, or no filter (clear). The filters of each color are distributed evenly
throughout the array to eliminate location bias among the colors. Internal to the device

25
is an oscillator which produces a square-wave output whose frequency is proportional
to the intensity of the chosen color.
3.3.1.2 SPEED SENSOR (LM-393)
Fig 3.7 Speed sensor (LM-393)
Here is a motor speed sensor module, the major goal is to check the rate of an
electric motor. The module can be used in association with a microcontroller for motor
speed detection, pulse count, position limit, etc. In principle, any rate meter simply
measures the rate at which some event occurs. Usually this is done by counting the
events for a given period of time (integration interval) and then simply dividing the
number of events by the time to get the rate. Basically, the microcontroller-compatible
motor speed sensor module described is a simple device that yields processed pulse
trains when the visual path of its optical sensor is physically interrupted by some sort
of slotted wheel or similar mechanism (an optical sensor commonly consists of a light
emitting diode that provides the illumination, and a phototransistor that senses the
presence or absence of that illumination). The transmissive optical sensor used here
consists of an infrared light emitting diode and a phototransistor. This both prevents
interference from stray external light sources and by having the two components

26
matched for a specific frequency of radiation, they are even more immune to undesired
interference.
3.3.1.3 ETHERNET SHIELD (W5100)
Fig 3.8 Ethernet shield (w5100)
The Arduino Wiznet Ethernet W5100 Shield allows an Arduino board to connect to
the internet. It is based on the Wiznet W5100 Ethernet chip providing a network (IP)
stack capable of both TCP and UDP. The Arduino Ethernet Shield supports up to four
simultaneous socket connections. Use the Ethernet library to write sketches which
connect to the internet using the shield. The on-board micro-SD card slot can be used
to store files for serving over the network. It is compatible with the Arduino Uno and
Mega (using the Ethernet library). You can access the on-board SD card slot using the
SD library which is included in the current Arduino build.
Arduino communicates with both the W5100 and SD card using the SPI bus (through
the ICSP header). This is on digital pins 11, 12, and 13 on the Uno and pins 50, 51, and
52 on the Mega. On both boards, pin 10 is used to select the W5100 and pin 4 for the
SD card. These pins cannot be used for general I/O. On the Mega, the hardware SS pin,

27
53, is not used to select either the W5100 or the SD card, but it must be kept as an
output or the SPI interface won't work
3.3.1.3 CABLES (RJ45)
Fig 3.9 Cable (RJ45)
A modular connector is an electrical connector that was originally designed for use
in telephone wiring, but has since been used for many other purposes. Many
applications that originally used a bulkier, more expensive connector have converted to
modular connectors. Probably the most well known applications of modular connectors
are for telephone jacks and for Ethernet jacks, both of which are nearly always modular
connectors. Modular connectors were originally used in the Registration Interface
system, mandated by the Federal Communications Commission(FCC) in 1976 in which
they became known as registered jacks. The registered jack specifications define the
wiring patterns of the jacks, not the physical dimensions or geometry of the connectors
of either gender. Instead, these latter aspects are covered by ISO standard 8877, first
used in ISDN systems. TIA/EIA-568 is a standard for data circuits wired on modular
connectors. Connectors are frequently terminated using the T568A or T568B pin/pair
assignments that are defined in TIA/EIA-568. The drawings to the right show that the
copper connections and pairing are the same, the only difference is that the orange and
green pairs (colors) are swapped. A cable wired as T568A at one end and T568B at the

28
other (Tx and Rx pairs reversed) is a "crossover" cable. Before the widespread
acceptance of auto MDI-X capabilities a crossover cable was needed to interconnect
similar network equipment (such as hubs to hubs). A cable wired the same at both ends
is called a "patch" or "straight-through" cable, because no pin/pair assignments are
swapped. Crossover cables are sometimes still used to connect two computers together
without a switch or hub, however most Network Interface Cards (NIC) in use today
implement auto MDI-X to automatically configure themselves based on the type of
cable plugged into them. If a "patch" or "straight" cable is used to connect two
computers with auto MDI-X capable NICs, one NIC will configure itself to swap the
functions of its Tx and Rx wire pairs.

29
CHAPTER 4
VEHICLE TRACKING AND SPEED TRACKING MECHANISM
4.1 VEHICLE LOCATION TRACKING MECHANISM
Fig 4.1 Vehicle tracking mechanism
The monitoring unit consists of a Zigbee transmitter and a Web Application. The GPS
will acquire the position of the vehicle (longitude and longitude) and then by posting
those co-ordinates in web application owner of vehicle can get the exact location of the
vehicle. By using the intermediate design, the user can send co-ordinates from GPS
module computer directly to the tracking system. The computer will automatically
copy (rather than typing or inputting) the longitude and latitude to the designed web
page to view the vehicle’s location on Google maps. With the helps of these modules
we can locate the location of the vehicle.

30
4.1.1 SOFTWARE USED
 Wamp Server
 Microsoft Expression Web 3
 Microsoft Visual Studio 10
 Microsoft Power Bi
 Arduino IDE
 Temboo (IoT Cloud storage )
4.1.1.1 WAMP SERVER
Fig 4.2 Wamp server

31
The "W" in WAMP stands for Windows, "A" stands for Apache, "M" stands for
MySQL and "P" stands for PHP. Wamp Server refers to a software stack for
the Microsoft Windows operating system, created by Romain Bourdon and consisting
of the Apache web server, OpenSSL for SSL support, MySQL database
and PHP programming language.
4.1.1.2 MICROSOFT EXPRESSION WEB 3
Fig 4.3 Microsoft Expression Web 3
Microsoft Expression Web, code-named Quartz, is an HTML editor and general web
design software product by Microsoft. It is available free of charge from Microsoft and
is a component of the discontinued Expression Studio. Expression Web can design and
develop web pages using HTML5, CSS 3, ASP.NET, PHP, JavaScript, XML and
XHTML. Expression Web 4 requires .NET Framework 4.0 and Silver light 4.0 to
install and run. Expression Web uses its own standards-based rendering engine which
is different from Internet Explorer's Trident engine

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4.1.1.3 MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 10
Fig 4.4 Microsoft Visual Studio 10
Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE)
from Microsoft. It is used to develop computer programs for Microsoft Windows, as
well as web sites, web applications and web services. Visual Studio uses Microsoft
software development platforms such as Windows API, Windows Forms, Windows
Presentation Foundation, Windows Store and Microsoft Silverlight. It can produce
both native code and managed code. Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting
IntelliSense as well as code refactoring. The integrated debugger works both as a
source-level debugger and a machine level debugger. Other built-in tools include a
forms designer for building GUI applications, web designer, class designer,
and database schema designer. It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at
almost every level including adding support for source control systems
(like Subversion) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-
specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development
lifecycle (like the Team Foundation Server client: Team Explorer).

33
4.1.1.4 MICROSOFT POWER BI
Fig 4.5 Microsoft Power Bi
Power BI is a collection of software services, apps, and connectors that work
together to turn your unrelated sources of data into coherent, visually immersive, and
interactive insights. Whether your data is a simple Excel spreadsheet, or a collection of
cloud-based and on-premises hybrid data warehouses, Power BI lets you easily connect
to your data sources, visualize (or discover) what’s important, and share that with
anyone or everyone you want. Power BI can be simple and fast capable of creating
quick insights from an Excel spreadsheet or a local database. But Power BI is also
robust and enterprise-grade, ready for extensive modeling and real-time analytics, as
well as custom development. So it can be your personal report and visualization tool,
and can also serve as the analytics and decision engine behind group projects,
divisions, or entire corporations. Visualizing data is one of the core parts of Power BI
a basic building block as we defined it earlier in this course and creating visuals is the
easiest way to find and share your insights. Power BI has a whole range of

34
visualizations available by default, from simple bar charts to pie charts to maps, and
even more esoteric offerings like waterfalls, funnels, gauges, and more. Power BI
Desktop also offers extensive page formatting tools, such as shapes and images, that
help bring your report to life
4.1.1.5 ARDUINO IDE
The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java, and is derived
from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the Wiring project. It is
designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with
software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax
highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of
compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is typically
no need to edit make files or run programs on a command-line interface. Although
building on command-line is possible if required with some third-party tools such as
Ino.
The Arduino IDE comes with a C/C++ library called "Wiring" (from the project of the
same name), which makes many common input/output operations much easier.
Arduino programs are written in C/C++, although users only need define two functions
to make a runnable program:
• setup() – a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings
• loop() – a function called repeatedly until the board powers off
It is a feature of most Arduino boards that they have an LED and load resistor
connected between pin 13 and ground, a convenient feature for many simple tests. The
above code would not be seen by a standard C++ compiler as a valid program, so when
the user clicks the "Upload to I/O board" button in the IDE, a copy of the code is
written to a temporary file with an extra include header at the top and a very simple
main() function at the bottom, to make it a valid C++ program. The Arduino IDE uses

35
the GNU tool chain and AVR Libc to compile programs, and uses avr to upload
programs to the board.
As the Arduino platform uses Atmel microcontrollers Atmel’s development
environment, AVR Studio or the newer Atmel Studio, may also be used to develop
software for the Arduino.
The Arduino hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative Commons
Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino Web site. Layout
and production files for some versions of the Arduino hardware are also available. The
source code for the IDE and the on-board library are available and released under the
GPLv2 license. Arduino and Arduino compatible boards uses of shields, which are
printed circuit boards that sit atop an Arduino, and plug into the normally supplied pin-
headers. These are expansions to the base Arduino. There are many functions of
shields, from motor controls, to bread boarding (prototyping).
4.1.1.6 TEMBOO (IOT CLOUD STORAGE)
Fig 4.6 Temboo User Interface

36
Temboo is a scalable, fault-tolerant environment for running and managing smart code
snippets that we call Choreos. Choreos can call APIs, simplify the OAuth process, send
email messages, perform encoding, update databases, and lots more. You can even
create your own custom Choreos. Your Arduino UNO includes two lightweight
software components that make it easy to connect with hundreds of APIs and cloud
services from any sketch. First, there's a small C++ library called Temboo.cpp that
comes bundled with the Arduino IDE. When you include this library in a sketch, it
provides a streamlined syntax for configuring and invoking calls to run Temboo
Choreos. Behind the scenes, calls to Temboo are routed to a client program that comes
packaged with your Linino base image. This client is a Python program that formats
the Choreo execution request and uses HTTPS to forward the request to Temboo via
the cURL utility.
4.1.2 ALGORITHM FOR VEHICLE TRACKING
Fig 4.6 Algorithm for Vehicle tracking

37
This vehicle tracking system takes input from GPS and send it through the
Zigbee module to desired mobile/laptop using mobile communication. Vehicle
Tracking System is one of the biggest technological advancements to track the
activities of the vehicle. The security system uses Global Positioning System GPS, to
find the location of the monitored or tracked vehicle and then uses satellite or radio
systems to send to send the coordinates and the location data to the monitoring center.
At monitoring center various software’s are used to plot the Vehicle on a map. In this
way the Vehicle owners are able to track their vehicle on a real-time basis. Due to real-
time tracking facility, vehicle tracking systems are becoming increasingly popular
among owners of expensive vehicles.
4.1.3 AUTHENTICATION TO ACCESS TRACKED INFORMATION
Authentication is essential part in all the aspects of tracking. Since we are going
to build a system which is fool proof and they will be only used by cops to find the
stolen vehicle. The combination password depends on the number plate and the key
that will be assigned to the user by server.
Moreover this part requires hardware encryption also since manipulation or
reverse engineering may be possible to actually fake the tracking system and to forge
the details. For this purpose we need to provide a safety mechanism to actually make
system more secure.
This tracking system can be accessed over the internet by cops with appropriate
login details. The username and password will be stored in the SQL database which
intern will be accessed by php page to check whether the entered user name or
password is correct or not. A login page is created to authenticate user. If the entered
password is correct then we can track the location or otherwise the person who is trying
to access will be blocked from using the tracking facility. After logging in there will be
two buttons , one to know the speed log and another to open the camera to stream the
action inside the car. We can also take snap shot a use that against the thief we can
have that photo downloaded to your system.

38
Fig 4.7 SQL database to store username and password
Fig 4.8 Authentication webpage

39
4.1.3.1 GOOGLE MAP BASED TRACKING
Google map based tracking is made possible by means of application created by
means of Microsoft Visual Basic 2010. The application developed on visual basic post
the coordinates obtained from the serial port into the web browser automatically and
the location can be viewed in the Google map.
Fig 4. 9 Location shown in Google map
4.1.3.2 GETTING SNAPSHOT ON INTRUDER
Getting snapshot on intruder is one of the main feature that will be included in
the tracking system. This enables as to find who stole car and acts as a physical
evidence. Snapshot has may modes from crop to HD image mode, you can choose any
one of the mode to capture image. Tracking module has another feature called
controlling. In the controlling part we can actually turn off the car entirely and we can
make car immovable, this is done by means of relay. The camera on button will on the
Google map page. Pressing the camera button turn’s ON the camera.

40
Fig 4.10 Camera mode
Fig 4.11 Microsoft Visual Studio based application to ON and OFF car and for
getting co-ordinates

41
4.1.4 HARDWARE FOR VEHICLE TRACKING WITH ZIGBEE
TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
Fig 4.12 Hardware for Vehicle Tracking with Zigbee transmitter
Fig 4.13 Hardware for Vehicle Tracking with Zigbee receiver

42
4.2 VEHICLE SPEED TRACKING MECHANISM
Fig 4.14 Vehicle Speed Tracking Mechanism
Speed tracking module consist of two sensors attached to it these speed sensors
will be attached to back wheel shaft. When wheel rotates speed sensor gets the data in
rotation per minute which intern is converted to kilometer per hour. When car goes
beyond the ZigBee receiver it transmits its speed related details to the receiver. When
the speed is more than the speed limit for that road the violation fine is generated. The
colour sensor is used for the purpose of finding traffic signal violation. When the traffic
signal shows red signal the speed of the car should be zero if not fine will be generated
automatically. In addition to that we log these data to the SQL database so that the
entire speed history can be found. In addition to that we stream these data to IoT, so
that data can be visually seen using Microsoft power Bi. Microsoft power Bi is a
Visualization tool which gives graphical representation of collected data. This helps in
easy viewing of data and for the purpose of analysis. Later these data can be used as a
history that can be logged and viewed. Automated fine generation system will lead to a
future where traffic surveillance can be done automatically

43
Fig 4.15 Logging of Speed in SQL database
Fig 4.16 Viewing of Speed in Web browser

44
Fig 4.17 Speed Tracking Module
4.3 AUTOMATED BILLING SYSTEM
Automatic Speeding ticket generating system generates the ticket according to the
speed of the vehicle is speed link exceeds it generates the bill and sends it to the email.
Fig 4.18 Algorithm Speed Tracking

45
Fig 4.19 Sending E-mail form Python
Fig 4.20 Received E-mail

46
4.4 VISUALIZATION
Power BI has a whole range of visualizations available by default, from simple
bar charts to pie charts to maps, and even more esoteric offerings like waterfalls,
funnels, gauges, and more. Power BI Desktop also offers extensive page formatting
tools, such as shapes and images, that help bring your report to life
Fig 4.21 Power Bi Visualization

47
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
The project titled “IoT Based Vehicle Tacking and Traffic Surveillance System ”
is a model for vehicle tracking unit with the help of GPS receivers and ZigBee module.
Vehicle Tracking System resulted in improving overall productivity with better fleet
management that in turn offers better return on your investments. Better scheduling or
route planning can enable you handle larger jobs loads within a particular time. Vehicle
tracking both in case of personal as well as business purpose improves safety and
security, communication medium, performance monitoring and increases productivity.
So in the coming year, it is going to play a major role in our day-to-day living. We
have completed the project as per the requirements of our project. Finally the aim of
the project i.e. to trace the vehicle is successfully achieved.
5.1 FUTURE SCOPE
 We can use the EEPROM to store the previous Navigating positions up to 256
locations and we can navigate up to N number of locations by increasing its
memory.
 We can reduce the size of the kit by using GPS+GSM on the same module.
 We can increase the accuracy up to 3m by increasing the cost of the GPS
receivers.
 With the help of high sensitivity vibration sensors we can detect the accident.
 Whenever vehicle unexpectedly had an accident on the road with help of
vibration sensor we can detect the accident and we can send the location to the
owner, hospital and police.
 We can use our kit to assist the traffic. By keeping the kits in the entire vehicles
and by knowing the locations of all the vehicles.
 If anybody steals our car we can easily find our car around the globe. By
keeping vehicle positioning vehicle on the vehicle.

48
REFERENCE
[1] S. Tarapiah, S. Atalla and B. Alsayid, "Smart on-board transportation management system
Geo-Casting featured", Computer Applications and Information Systems (WCCAIS), 2014 World
Congress on, vol. 6, pp. 17-19, 2014
[2] R. Kumar and H. Kumar, "Availability and handling of data received through GPS device: In
tracking a vehicle", Advance Computing Conference (IACC), 2014 IEEE International, no. 249,
pp. 245
[3] Lee. SeokJu, G. Tewolde and Jaerock. Kwon, "Design and implementation of vehicle tracking
system using GPS/GSM/GPRS technology and smartphone application", Internet of Things (WF-
IoT), 2014 IEEE World Forum on, pp. 353-358, 2014
[4] Zhou. Pengfei, Zheng. Yuanqing and Li. Mo, "How Long to Wait? Predicting Bus Arrival
Time with Mobile Phone Based Participatory Sensing", Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on,
vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1228, 2014
[5] Anqi Zhang. Liu; and Li. Shaojun, "Vehicle anti-theft tracking system based on Internet of
things",Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES), 2013 IEEE International Conference on, no.
52, pp. 48
[6] Hoang Dat. Pham, M. Drieberg and Chi. Cuong Nguyen, "Development of vehicle tracking
system using GPS and GSM modem", Open Systems (ICOS), 2013 IEEE Conference on, pp. 89-94
[7] Rashed, M.A. Al, O.A. Oumar and D. Singh, "A real time GSM/GPS based tracking system
based on GSM mobile phone", Future Generation Communication Technology (FGCT), 2013
Second International Conference on, pp. 65-68
[8] Zhigang. Shang, Wenli. He, Chao. Zhou, Han. Xiaofeng;, Peng. Zhonghua; and Hui; Shi.
Haibo, "Advanced vehicle monitoring system based on arcgis silverlight", Modelling,
Identification & Control (ICMIC), 2012 Proceedings of International Conference on, pp. 832-836

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