Explanation of very simple methods for atmospheric corrections and an example adapted from a paper of the Dept. of Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Spain.
3. Radiometric Distortion
What is a radiometric distortion?
It’s a change in the real radiance or radiometric value of pixel (and
consequently, the image) cause by some external factor.
Why?
Signal travelling through atmosphere; atmosphere affects the signal
Sun illumination influences radiometric values
Seasonal changes affect radiometric values
Sensor failures or system noise affects values
Terrain influences radiance
When we need to correct for this influence
When we are interested in a land property related to real reflectance
When we need to compare reflectance changes in two different dates
9. Remote sensing methods: From ground to satellite
Atmosphere
Surface
Satellite
Satellite DN
Calibration
Atmospheric
correction
Soil information
Direct
problem
Inverse problem
Radiance TOA= ao +a1 *
Dn
Radiance TOA Real
Radiance
Primary parameters Secondary parameters Tertiary parameters
Solar radiance Reflectivity Solar radiation
Earth radiance Temperature Evapotranspiration
Error= 1 % Error= 10 % Error= 20 %
Inverse problem:
Given TOA get
Surface
10. Atmospheric correction methods
Atmospheric correction is the procedure that reduces the effect of
scattering and absorption in the signal
Two procedures:
Relative AC methods based on ground reflectance (seen here)
Absolute AC methods based on atmospheric processes they
will be seen later
11. Two reference surfaces (1)
Master date A Slave date B
ρMB
ρMD
ρSD
ρSB
Input: 1 band of a satellite in date A (called master) and the same band in a date B (slave)
Output is not and atmospherically corrected image BUT an image matching a reflectance compatible with
the atmosphere of another similar image taken a previous date, allows comparative results only.
It does not requires field measurements but reflective invariant areas (areas that do not change
reflectance in time)
Find reflectance invariants in both images (sand, water, forest, quarry, etc) and relate them linearly
12. Two reference surfaces: Analysis
If the atmosphere would be the same in the two dates, then the reflectance of the invariants by
definition should be identical.
Since the atmosphere is not the same, there is a difference in reflectance of the invariants
Plotting the difference in reflectance vs. the reflectance of the slave image (only for the
invariants), then a linear relation is found.
The procedure ends by calculating a new “artificial” slave image having a ground reflectance that
would be the one of the slave image if that day the atmosphere would be the same as the atmosphere
of the master image.
Now the master and the slave image can be compared since the atmosphere was forced to be the
same in both images. So, if there are cahnges in the reflectances it will not be due to the atmosphere.
SDMDandSBMB
SDMDDandSBMBB
linearSF )(
functionlinearMF )(
S
B
D
SS'
14. Two Reflectance Measurements
Input: one band of a satellite to be atmospherically corrected
Output is the atmospherically corrected image band, so, it allows flux quantification
Requires radiometric field measurements at bright and dark targets in identical
wavelength range
TOA radiance Sat= RSatbright
Radiance at ground: RGbright
TOA radiance Sat= RSatdark
Radiance at ground: RGground
Radiance Ground
Radiance TOA
Ground Corr= a + TOA * b
19. REFLECTANCE AND CONTAMINANTS
Figure 1: Best relation for Index_A in
red. Error shows in black dotted lines.
Figure 2: Best relation for Index_B.
Error shows in black dotted lines.
Figure 3: Best relation for Index_C. Error
shows in black dotted lines.