This document provides an introduction to the Atlas of Human Skeletal Anatomy. It begins with an overview of the complexity of the skull and its relevance across medical fields. It then discusses the history of early skull surgery. The remainder of the document outlines the structure and contents of the atlas, including definitions of skull regions and bones, perspectives used to depict the skull, and brief descriptions of key skull structures seen from the front view such as the nasal aperture and orbit.
The document describes the bones that make up the human skeletal system. It discusses the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It details the bones that comprise the skull, such as the cranium which contains 8 bones including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. It describes features of the skull like the sinuses and fontanelles. It also outlines the structure and function of typical vertebrae and the vertebral column.
The details description is given in the ppt about the axial skeleton. We include the topics which are mentions below :-
What is skeleton
Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebrae
Thoracic cage
The document summarizes the bones that make up the human skull and cervical vertebrae. It describes 14 cranial bones including the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae, zygomatic, nasal, palatine, lacrimal, vomer and mandible. It also describes the 7 cervical vertebrae, noting the atypical features of the atlas, axis and seventh cervical vertebrae, as well as the general structure of typical cervical vertebrae.
E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●AlyciaGold776
E X E R C I S E
9 The Axial Skeleton
121
Materials
● Intact skull and Beauchene skull
● X-ray images of individuals with scoliosis,
lordosis, and kyphosis (if available)
● Articulated skeleton, articulated vertebral
column, removable intervertebral discs
● Isolated cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
● Isolated fetal skull
For related exercise study tools, go to the
Study Area of MasteringA&P. There you
will find:
● Practice Anatomy
Lab
● PhysioEx
● A&PFlix
● Practice quizzes,
Histology Atlas,
eText, Videos,
and more!
Pre-Lab Quiz
1. The axial skeleton can be divided into the skull, the vertebral column,
and the:
a. thoracic cage c. hip bones
b. femur d. humerus
2. Eight bones make up the , which encloses and protects the
brain.
a. cranium b. face c. skull
3. How many bones of the skull are considered facial bones?
4. Circle the correct underlined term. The lower jawbone, or maxilla /
mandible, articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable
joints in the skull.
5. Circle the correct underlined term. The body / spinous process of a typical
vertebra forms the rounded, central portion that faces anteriorly in the
human vertebral column.
6. The seven bones of the neck are called vertebrae.
a. cervical b. lumbar c. spinal d. thoracic
7. The vertebrae articulate with the corresponding ribs.
a. cervical b. lumbar c. spinal d. thoracic
8. The , commonly referred to as the breastbone, is a flat
bone formed by the fusion of three bones: the manubrium, the body, and
the xiphoid process.
a. coccyx b. sacrum c. sternum
9. Circle True or False. The first seven pairs of ribs are called floating ribs
because they have only indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum.
10. A fontanelle:
a. is found only in the fetal skull
b. is a fibrous membrane
c. allows for compression of the skull during birth
d. all of the above
Objectives
□ Name the three parts of the axial skeleton.
□ Identify the bones of the axial skeleton, either by examining isolated bones
or by pointing them out on an articulated skeleton or skull, and name
the important bone markings on each.
□ Name and describe the different types of vertebrae.
□ Discuss the importance of intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures.
□ Identify three abnormal spinal curvatures.
□ List the components of the thoracic cage.
□ Identify the bones of the fetal skull by examining an articulated skull or image.
□ Define fontanelle, and discuss the function and fate of fontanelles.
□ Discuss important differences between the fetal and adult skulls.
122 Exercise 9
9
The axial skeleton (the green portion of Figure 8.1 on p. 108) can be divided into three parts: the skull, the ver-tebral column, and the thoracic cage. This division of the skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body and protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs.
The Skull
The skull is composed of two sets of bones. Tho ...
The document provides an overview of the axial skeleton, specifically focusing on the bones that make up the skull. It describes each of the 8 cranial bones - frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid - and their features and locations. It also discusses the 14 facial bones, including the maxillae, zygomatic, nasal, palatine bones. The summary highlights the key bones that make up the skull and provides a brief description of their roles and locations.
The document summarizes the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton comprises the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It protects organs and provides muscle attachment. The appendicular skeleton comprises the upper and lower limbs and their attachments via the pectoral and pelvic girdles. It includes over 100 bones and supports the weight of the body and limbs. The document then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the individual bones that make up these sections of the skeletal system.
The document describes the bones that make up the human skeletal system. It discusses the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It details the bones that comprise the skull, such as the cranium which contains 8 bones including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. It describes features of the skull like the sinuses and fontanelles. It also outlines the structure and function of typical vertebrae and the vertebral column.
The details description is given in the ppt about the axial skeleton. We include the topics which are mentions below :-
What is skeleton
Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebrae
Thoracic cage
The document summarizes the bones that make up the human skull and cervical vertebrae. It describes 14 cranial bones including the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae, zygomatic, nasal, palatine, lacrimal, vomer and mandible. It also describes the 7 cervical vertebrae, noting the atypical features of the atlas, axis and seventh cervical vertebrae, as well as the general structure of typical cervical vertebrae.
E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●AlyciaGold776
E X E R C I S E
9 The Axial Skeleton
121
Materials
● Intact skull and Beauchene skull
● X-ray images of individuals with scoliosis,
lordosis, and kyphosis (if available)
● Articulated skeleton, articulated vertebral
column, removable intervertebral discs
● Isolated cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
● Isolated fetal skull
For related exercise study tools, go to the
Study Area of MasteringA&P. There you
will find:
● Practice Anatomy
Lab
● PhysioEx
● A&PFlix
● Practice quizzes,
Histology Atlas,
eText, Videos,
and more!
Pre-Lab Quiz
1. The axial skeleton can be divided into the skull, the vertebral column,
and the:
a. thoracic cage c. hip bones
b. femur d. humerus
2. Eight bones make up the , which encloses and protects the
brain.
a. cranium b. face c. skull
3. How many bones of the skull are considered facial bones?
4. Circle the correct underlined term. The lower jawbone, or maxilla /
mandible, articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable
joints in the skull.
5. Circle the correct underlined term. The body / spinous process of a typical
vertebra forms the rounded, central portion that faces anteriorly in the
human vertebral column.
6. The seven bones of the neck are called vertebrae.
a. cervical b. lumbar c. spinal d. thoracic
7. The vertebrae articulate with the corresponding ribs.
a. cervical b. lumbar c. spinal d. thoracic
8. The , commonly referred to as the breastbone, is a flat
bone formed by the fusion of three bones: the manubrium, the body, and
the xiphoid process.
a. coccyx b. sacrum c. sternum
9. Circle True or False. The first seven pairs of ribs are called floating ribs
because they have only indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum.
10. A fontanelle:
a. is found only in the fetal skull
b. is a fibrous membrane
c. allows for compression of the skull during birth
d. all of the above
Objectives
□ Name the three parts of the axial skeleton.
□ Identify the bones of the axial skeleton, either by examining isolated bones
or by pointing them out on an articulated skeleton or skull, and name
the important bone markings on each.
□ Name and describe the different types of vertebrae.
□ Discuss the importance of intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures.
□ Identify three abnormal spinal curvatures.
□ List the components of the thoracic cage.
□ Identify the bones of the fetal skull by examining an articulated skull or image.
□ Define fontanelle, and discuss the function and fate of fontanelles.
□ Discuss important differences between the fetal and adult skulls.
122 Exercise 9
9
The axial skeleton (the green portion of Figure 8.1 on p. 108) can be divided into three parts: the skull, the ver-tebral column, and the thoracic cage. This division of the skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body and protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs.
The Skull
The skull is composed of two sets of bones. Tho ...
The document provides an overview of the axial skeleton, specifically focusing on the bones that make up the skull. It describes each of the 8 cranial bones - frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid - and their features and locations. It also discusses the 14 facial bones, including the maxillae, zygomatic, nasal, palatine bones. The summary highlights the key bones that make up the skull and provides a brief description of their roles and locations.
The document summarizes the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton comprises the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It protects organs and provides muscle attachment. The appendicular skeleton comprises the upper and lower limbs and their attachments via the pectoral and pelvic girdles. It includes over 100 bones and supports the weight of the body and limbs. The document then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the individual bones that make up these sections of the skeletal system.
The document provides an overview of the bones that make up the human skull and cervical vertebrae. It describes the key features and landmarks of 14 cranial bones including the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, temporal, ethmoid, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, palatine, lacrimal, vomer and mandible. It also outlines the characteristics of the 7 cervical vertebrae, identifying the atlas, axis and 7th cervical vertebrae as atypical and describing the common features of typical cervical vertebrae.
This document provides an introduction to skeletal anatomy. It discusses the history of anatomy from ancient civilizations performing basic dissections to the modern era with advanced imaging technologies. A key development was Andreas Vesalius' book De Humani Corporis Fabrica in 1543, which used dissections to correct past errors and establish the foundations of modern anatomy. The document also outlines basic anatomical terminology and describes the regions of the human body.
There are 14 bones that make up the facial bones, with 6 paired bones and 2 single bones. The facial bones give shape to the face and house important structures like the eyes, nose, and mouth. Each bone has a specific shape and articulates with other bones in characteristic ways. For example, the palatine bones are L-shaped and articulate with the sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, and other palatine bone. The zygomatic bone forms the cheek and orbits and articulates with the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, and maxilla. Facial radiographs like lateral and waters views are used to image the bones for fractures and other pathologies.
Head and neck introduction and osteology part 1AreebFatimaPT
The skull is composed of 28 bones that can be divided into two main parts: the neurocranium and viscerocranium. The neurocranium includes 14 bones that form the calvaria and enclose the brain. The viscerocranium includes 14 bones that form the facial skeleton. The bones of the skull are joined primarily by sutures, with a few synovial joints including the temporomandibular joint. The skull has several peculiarities, such as fontanelles in infants, air-filled sinuses in some bones, emissary veins connecting intracranial and extracranial veins, and its role in protecting the brain and other structures of the head and
The skull is made up of 22 bones that form two sections - the neurocranium which encloses the brain, and the viscerocranium which forms the face. There are 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. The skull provides protection, support, and attachment sites for muscles. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae including 9 fused bones in the sacrum and coccyx. It houses and protects the spinal cord while allowing for movement and curvature of the spine. Common spinal conditions addressed include spondylolisthesis, kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.
This document discusses the anatomy of the skull by defining key terms, listing structures that pass through skull foramina, describing skull cavities, identifying skull sutures, and explaining the significance of studying skull anatomy. It defines terms like cranium, neurocranium, and suture. It lists the foramen and structures passing through them, such as the supraorbital foramen transmitting the supraorbital nerve. It describes cavities like the nasal cavity and cranial cavity. It identifies sutures like the coronal and lambdoid sutures and their connecting bones. Finally, it states that understanding skull anatomy helps with dental health.
Skull,orbit temporal bones,facial bones,paranasal sinuses,mandible and opgLalit Chandrawanshi
This document discusses the anatomy of the skull, facial bones, and paranasal sinuses. It describes the 22 bones that make up the skull, divided into the cranial vault (8 bones) and facial skeleton (14 bones including the mandible). Key landmarks, lines, and planes used for skull radiography are defined. Common projections for skull radiography are outlined, including their positioning, technique factors, and indications. Anatomy of the temporal bone and its associated radiographic projections are also reviewed.
The document summarizes the axial skeleton and its components. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull is made up of 29 bones divided into 5 areas: the cranium (8 bones), facial bones (14 bones), hyoid bone (1 bone), ossicles of the ear (6 bones), and Wormian bones (? bones). The cranium contains the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial bones include the nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer bones.
The document provides an overview of the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It describes the bones that make up the skull in detail. The functions of the skull are to protect the brain and sense organs. The vertebral column consists of vertebrae and provides structure, protection of the spinal cord, and allows for movement. The thoracic cage surrounds the heart and lungs and its bones provide attachment points for muscles. The appendicular skeleton includes the shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle bones that attach the arms and legs.
The head and neck develop from contributions of all three germ layers and the neural crest. The pharyngeal arches give rise to many structures in the head and neck region. There are five pharyngeal arches that form sequentially from week 4 onwards, with each arch containing arteries, cartilage, nerves, and muscles. The arches contribute to forming the face, tongue, jaws, palate, and neck. Sensory placodes also form in the head region and will later develop into components of the senses. Skull development involves the chondrocranium, cranial vault, and calvaria forming from different tissues.
The document discusses the anatomy of the skull, its bones, and their functions. It describes the 22 bones that make up the skull, divided into cranial bones that form the cranial cavity protecting the brain, and facial bones that form the framework of the face. Each of the 8 cranial bones (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid) and their features are then discussed in detail. The skull bones provide protection, sites for muscle attachment, and support for sensory organs.
The hearing impairment is one of the most frequent sensory deficient in human population.
Consequences of hearing impairment include inability to interpret speech sounds, often producing a reduced ability to communicate, delay in language acquisition, economic and educational disadvantage, social isolation and stigmatization. The function of the ear and the hearing process play an important role in the verbal communication between individuals and make a noticeable impact on individual’s life. So, we decide here to talk about hearing function of the ear from many different points of view. These points of view will include mainly the anatomical, physiological and pathological basis of ear and hearing process. After that, we will talk about the common types and causes of hearing loss and the possible applicable methods to treat these conditions.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, including:
1. Bones are made of tissues like osseous tissue, cartilage, and connective tissue. The skeletal system framework includes bones and cartilages.
2. There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton, divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments).
3. Key bones include the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, and bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skull has 28 bones including cranial and facial bones.
The skull is composed of 22 bones that form the cranium and face. The 8 cranial bones cover and protect the brain, while the 14 facial bones give the face its shape. Some key cranial bones include the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, and temporal bones. The temporal bones contain important structures like the mandibular fossa, articular tubercle, petrous portion and internal auditory meatus. The occipital bone has the foramen magnum and occipital condyles. The sphenoid bone is in the middle of the base of the skull and contains the sella turcica.
The document provides details on the anatomy of the skull. It describes the various bones that make up the skull, including those of the cranium (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid) and face (zygomatic, maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, conchae, mandible). It discusses the external and internal views of the skull, describing the features seen from the anterior, posterior, superior, lateral and inferior views. It also summarizes the composition of the cranial cavity and fossae, including the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae.
The skull is composed of multiple bones that form the neurocranium and viscerocranium. The neurocranium includes the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid and temporal bones. The viscerocranium includes the zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, inferior nasal concha and mandible bones. Foramina in the skull allow for the transmission of blood vessels and cranial nerves. Common fractures include those of the nasal bones, basilar skull, maxillofacial bones and orbit.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents for "The A to Z of Bones of the Skull" reference book. It describes the book's organization of alphabetical listings of individual skull bones with labeled diagrams. It also includes common terminology used in osteology (bone study), with definitions of terms seen in the book related to skull bone features, structures, and radiological views. The goal is to provide a quick reference for various health professionals studying skull anatomy.
College Essay Writing An Academic ArticleRenee Lewis
1. Seagram has enjoyed success since 1924 through diversification, purchasing companies in oil, fruit juice, entertainment, and electricity. This diversification provided stability and opportunities for growth.
2. The project evaluates Seagram's assets to design a plan that utilizes its strengths and systems to maximize future growth.
Best Online Essay Writing Service - The Best Place To Buy SamRenee Lewis
During the 1960s, the United States made significant advancements in rocket technology through programs like Mercury and Gemini, which laid the groundwork for the Apollo program's ultimate achievement of landing astronauts on the moon. Rockets like Saturn V demonstrated revolutionary power by launching the Apollo spacecraft, while earlier programs tested spacecraft design and astronauts' ability to survive in space. This decade saw the US go from in its infancy in rocket technology to achieving the major goal of crewed lunar landings, cementing its status as the sole country to place humans on the moon.
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Similar to ATLAS OF HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY ATLAS OF HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY Cranium The Skull-Anatomy
The document provides an overview of the bones that make up the human skull and cervical vertebrae. It describes the key features and landmarks of 14 cranial bones including the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, temporal, ethmoid, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, palatine, lacrimal, vomer and mandible. It also outlines the characteristics of the 7 cervical vertebrae, identifying the atlas, axis and 7th cervical vertebrae as atypical and describing the common features of typical cervical vertebrae.
This document provides an introduction to skeletal anatomy. It discusses the history of anatomy from ancient civilizations performing basic dissections to the modern era with advanced imaging technologies. A key development was Andreas Vesalius' book De Humani Corporis Fabrica in 1543, which used dissections to correct past errors and establish the foundations of modern anatomy. The document also outlines basic anatomical terminology and describes the regions of the human body.
There are 14 bones that make up the facial bones, with 6 paired bones and 2 single bones. The facial bones give shape to the face and house important structures like the eyes, nose, and mouth. Each bone has a specific shape and articulates with other bones in characteristic ways. For example, the palatine bones are L-shaped and articulate with the sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, and other palatine bone. The zygomatic bone forms the cheek and orbits and articulates with the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, and maxilla. Facial radiographs like lateral and waters views are used to image the bones for fractures and other pathologies.
Head and neck introduction and osteology part 1AreebFatimaPT
The skull is composed of 28 bones that can be divided into two main parts: the neurocranium and viscerocranium. The neurocranium includes 14 bones that form the calvaria and enclose the brain. The viscerocranium includes 14 bones that form the facial skeleton. The bones of the skull are joined primarily by sutures, with a few synovial joints including the temporomandibular joint. The skull has several peculiarities, such as fontanelles in infants, air-filled sinuses in some bones, emissary veins connecting intracranial and extracranial veins, and its role in protecting the brain and other structures of the head and
The skull is made up of 22 bones that form two sections - the neurocranium which encloses the brain, and the viscerocranium which forms the face. There are 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. The skull provides protection, support, and attachment sites for muscles. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae including 9 fused bones in the sacrum and coccyx. It houses and protects the spinal cord while allowing for movement and curvature of the spine. Common spinal conditions addressed include spondylolisthesis, kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.
This document discusses the anatomy of the skull by defining key terms, listing structures that pass through skull foramina, describing skull cavities, identifying skull sutures, and explaining the significance of studying skull anatomy. It defines terms like cranium, neurocranium, and suture. It lists the foramen and structures passing through them, such as the supraorbital foramen transmitting the supraorbital nerve. It describes cavities like the nasal cavity and cranial cavity. It identifies sutures like the coronal and lambdoid sutures and their connecting bones. Finally, it states that understanding skull anatomy helps with dental health.
Skull,orbit temporal bones,facial bones,paranasal sinuses,mandible and opgLalit Chandrawanshi
This document discusses the anatomy of the skull, facial bones, and paranasal sinuses. It describes the 22 bones that make up the skull, divided into the cranial vault (8 bones) and facial skeleton (14 bones including the mandible). Key landmarks, lines, and planes used for skull radiography are defined. Common projections for skull radiography are outlined, including their positioning, technique factors, and indications. Anatomy of the temporal bone and its associated radiographic projections are also reviewed.
The document summarizes the axial skeleton and its components. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull is made up of 29 bones divided into 5 areas: the cranium (8 bones), facial bones (14 bones), hyoid bone (1 bone), ossicles of the ear (6 bones), and Wormian bones (? bones). The cranium contains the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial bones include the nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer bones.
The document provides an overview of the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It describes the bones that make up the skull in detail. The functions of the skull are to protect the brain and sense organs. The vertebral column consists of vertebrae and provides structure, protection of the spinal cord, and allows for movement. The thoracic cage surrounds the heart and lungs and its bones provide attachment points for muscles. The appendicular skeleton includes the shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle bones that attach the arms and legs.
The head and neck develop from contributions of all three germ layers and the neural crest. The pharyngeal arches give rise to many structures in the head and neck region. There are five pharyngeal arches that form sequentially from week 4 onwards, with each arch containing arteries, cartilage, nerves, and muscles. The arches contribute to forming the face, tongue, jaws, palate, and neck. Sensory placodes also form in the head region and will later develop into components of the senses. Skull development involves the chondrocranium, cranial vault, and calvaria forming from different tissues.
The document discusses the anatomy of the skull, its bones, and their functions. It describes the 22 bones that make up the skull, divided into cranial bones that form the cranial cavity protecting the brain, and facial bones that form the framework of the face. Each of the 8 cranial bones (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid) and their features are then discussed in detail. The skull bones provide protection, sites for muscle attachment, and support for sensory organs.
The hearing impairment is one of the most frequent sensory deficient in human population.
Consequences of hearing impairment include inability to interpret speech sounds, often producing a reduced ability to communicate, delay in language acquisition, economic and educational disadvantage, social isolation and stigmatization. The function of the ear and the hearing process play an important role in the verbal communication between individuals and make a noticeable impact on individual’s life. So, we decide here to talk about hearing function of the ear from many different points of view. These points of view will include mainly the anatomical, physiological and pathological basis of ear and hearing process. After that, we will talk about the common types and causes of hearing loss and the possible applicable methods to treat these conditions.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, including:
1. Bones are made of tissues like osseous tissue, cartilage, and connective tissue. The skeletal system framework includes bones and cartilages.
2. There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton, divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments).
3. Key bones include the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, and bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skull has 28 bones including cranial and facial bones.
The skull is composed of 22 bones that form the cranium and face. The 8 cranial bones cover and protect the brain, while the 14 facial bones give the face its shape. Some key cranial bones include the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, and temporal bones. The temporal bones contain important structures like the mandibular fossa, articular tubercle, petrous portion and internal auditory meatus. The occipital bone has the foramen magnum and occipital condyles. The sphenoid bone is in the middle of the base of the skull and contains the sella turcica.
The document provides details on the anatomy of the skull. It describes the various bones that make up the skull, including those of the cranium (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid) and face (zygomatic, maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, conchae, mandible). It discusses the external and internal views of the skull, describing the features seen from the anterior, posterior, superior, lateral and inferior views. It also summarizes the composition of the cranial cavity and fossae, including the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae.
The skull is composed of multiple bones that form the neurocranium and viscerocranium. The neurocranium includes the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid and temporal bones. The viscerocranium includes the zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, inferior nasal concha and mandible bones. Foramina in the skull allow for the transmission of blood vessels and cranial nerves. Common fractures include those of the nasal bones, basilar skull, maxillofacial bones and orbit.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents for "The A to Z of Bones of the Skull" reference book. It describes the book's organization of alphabetical listings of individual skull bones with labeled diagrams. It also includes common terminology used in osteology (bone study), with definitions of terms seen in the book related to skull bone features, structures, and radiological views. The goal is to provide a quick reference for various health professionals studying skull anatomy.
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1. Seagram has enjoyed success since 1924 through diversification, purchasing companies in oil, fruit juice, entertainment, and electricity. This diversification provided stability and opportunities for growth.
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During the 1960s, the United States made significant advancements in rocket technology through programs like Mercury and Gemini, which laid the groundwork for the Apollo program's ultimate achievement of landing astronauts on the moon. Rockets like Saturn V demonstrated revolutionary power by launching the Apollo spacecraft, while earlier programs tested spacecraft design and astronauts' ability to survive in space. This decade saw the US go from in its infancy in rocket technology to achieving the major goal of crewed lunar landings, cementing its status as the sole country to place humans on the moon.
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1) Create an account with a password and email.
2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline.
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The document provides steps for creating a writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines the registration process, how to submit a request by completing an order form and providing instructions, and how the bidding system works where writers submit bids and the client selects a writer. It also describes revising the paper if needed and the guarantee of original, high-quality content or a full refund.
College Essay How Do I Write An Essay About MyselfRenee Lewis
The passage discusses two artworks that depict martyrdom through the themes of death and belief. The Death of Socrates by Jacques Louis David shows Socrates accepting his death sentence from the state of Athens for challenging its beliefs. The Execution of Saint Barbara by an unknown artist depicts the martyrdom of Saint Barbara through her faithful death during religious persecution. Both works illustrate the common theme of martyrdom through the intertwining of depicting a faithful death that results from strongly held religious or philosophical beliefs.
Travel Writing (500 Words) - PHDessay.ComRenee Lewis
The document discusses how Sheila changes throughout the play. It begins by establishing Sheila's character at the start of the play as young, attractive, girly and naive. As the play progresses, Sheila becomes more aware of social issues and injustices outside of her insular world and begins to criticize her father's capitalist behavior that contributed to Eva Smith's death. By the end of the play, Sheila has matured and developed empathy, showing her potential to change from her initial foolish and selfish nature.
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The document discusses the process of requesting essay writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It involves 5 steps: 1) Creating an account with an email and password. 2) Completing an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Reviewing bids from writers and choosing one based on qualifications. 4) Reviewing the completed paper and authorizing payment if satisfied. 5) Requesting revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work. The website promises original, high-quality content and full customer satisfaction.
Critical Review Essay PDF Information EpistemologyRenee Lewis
The document discusses a mother picking up her 3-year-old son early from child care after being informed he had developed a fever during his nap. The child appeared normal in the morning but after waking from his nap, the sitter noticed he felt hotter than normal and had a temperature of 99.7 degrees Fahrenheit. As a precaution, the sitter gave the child acetaminophen to reduce the fever and sweating while the mother picked him up due to concerns he may have the flu or strep.
Papier Lettre Lign Stationary.PrimroseBorderRenee Lewis
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from a website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, and the website guarantees original, high-quality work or a full refund.
Can I Pay Someone To Write A Paper For Me Write My Paper For MeRenee Lewis
The passage discusses the New York Police Department's decision to dramatically reduce arrests for petty crimes like purse snatching in late 2014. This was in response to policy issues between the NYPD and Mayor de Blasio's office. As a result, incidents of minor crimes went unreported and unaided, as victims knew the police would not respond. While the mayor's actions warranted examination, the NYPD response had damaging consequences by failing to protect victims of petty crimes in New York City.
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The document discusses the strategic changes at Marks and Spencer since Stuart Rose became chairman. It outlines Rose's "Plan A" strategy aimed at making M&S the most sustainable retailer. This included overhauling products, stores, and supply chains to be more sustainable. It achieved some success but also struggles. The strategy from 2010-2011 saw further changes like expanding food lines and reducing costs. Theoretical frameworks for strategic management are also briefly mentioned.
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net site. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
The theory of eliminative materialism claims that as cognitive science advances, it will show that common concepts of mental states like beliefs do not actually exist. It argues that these concepts are part of a false "folk psychology" theory. However, the passage argues there are flaws in both eliminativism about propositional attitudes and qualia. Specifically, the theory theory underlying eliminativism is flawed, and propositions alone can discredit its position on philosophy of mind. This identification of flaws undermines the central thesis of eliminative materialism.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable making broad claims about the absence of racial and gender issues in new media and technology. These are complex topics with reasonable perspectives on both sides that deserve thoughtful consideration and discussion.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
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3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
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5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
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Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
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ATLAS OF HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY ATLAS OF HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY Cranium The Skull-Anatomy
1. ATLAS OF HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY
J.ARTNER ET AL. 2002, WWW.JURAJARTNER.COM 1
PAGE
ATLAS OF HUMAN
SKELETAL ANATOMY
Juraj Artner (ed.)
J. ARTNER, WWW.JURAJARTNER.COM, 2002
Cranium I
2003
Artner Juraj Gergelova Katarina
Pekny Petr
2. ATLAS OF HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY
J.ARTNER ET AL. 2002, WWW.JURAJARTNER.COM 2
PAGE
Cranium
The Skull- Anatomy
J. ARTNER
Contents
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Cranial Topography
2.3. Adult vs Newborn Skull
2.4. Os frontale
2.5. Os parietale
2.6. Os temporale
2.7. Os occipitale
2.8. Os sphenoidale
2.9. Os ethmoidale
2.10. Os zygomaticum
2.11. Os lacrimale
2.12. Maxilla
2.13. Os palatinum
2.14. Os nasale
2.15. Concha nasalis inferior
2.16. Vomer
2.17. Mandibula
2.A. Clinical Aspects
2.1. Introduction
The skull is one of the most complex
and difficult chapters in human
anatomy. It is also one of the few
anatomic structures, where almost all
the different medical sectors or fields
meet each other and use their anatomic
knowledge:
Neurology and neurosurgery use their
anatomic knowledge for the surgical
access to the central nervous system,
otorhinolaryngology specializes in the
nasal and the auditory skull- parts,
general surgery uses the topographic
knowledge, craniofacial surgery works
on almost all skull structures,
ophthalmology specializes in the
orbital structures, obstetrics needs the
knowledge about newborn and fetal
skulls to provide and control the birth,
and the internal medicine needs the
knowledge because of some metabolic
and malignant disorders. As you can
see, almost all medical fields are
covered. Some special clinical topics
will be described in the last chapter
called Clinical Aspects.
First medical procedures on skulls are
dated to earlier than 8000 B.C. when
skull trepanations (boring of a hole
through the intact skull of a living
person) were practiced. It is believed
that trepanation was used to either
relieve painful headaches, or to release
demons from the skull. Later, surgical
procedures on skulls became standard
in the ancient Egyptian medicine and,
although the surgical techniques have
been modified in every period of time,
most of them are still used in today's
medicine. The above mentioned skull
trepanation is for example today a
standard emergency operation, used to
relieve acute pressure on the brain
during larger internal bleedings. Until
the latest centuries this procedure had
also a spiritual- religious character,
because of the belief that an evil spirit
lives in the head, which must be let out
to cure psychosis and similar diseases.
Before we step right into the anatomic
part of this chapter I would like to
point at some facts about the learning
and understanding of skull structures
and the topography:
To understand the skull topography a
good tree- dimensional imagination is
3. ATLAS OF HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY
J.ARTNER ET AL. 2002, WWW.JURAJARTNER.COM 3
PAGE
required. When learning a special
structure, please always try to imagine
also the structure’s position in the skull
from different perspectives and if
necessary, step some pages back and
take a closer look at the illustrations
until you understand the chapter.
The skull consists of 22 flat and
irregular bones, forming a bony oval
cavity which represents the braincase,
and an anterior surface, which
represents the bony face.
Fig. 2.1.: Head and skull from front
Following this topographic and
functional relation, the skull can be
divided into a facial part called
Viscerocranium (the bones which form
the face) and a Neurocranium (the
braincase).
The primary function of the
Neurocranium is the protection of the
brain, the auditory system and the eyes.
It consists of the brain case, called
Calvaria, and of the posterior parts of
the skull- base, called Basis cranii.
Secondary functions of Neuro- and
Viscerocranium are the support and
protection of soft tissues, eyes and
auditory system, providing of rigid
attachments for muscles for the
expression the head movement, the
support of mastication and the eye
movement.
The following list shows an overview
of skull bones:
Neurocranium Os frontale
Os parietale (2x)
Os occipitale
Os sphenoidale
Os temporale (2x)
Os ethmoidale
Viscerocranium Os nasale (2x)
Os lacrimale (2x)
Os zygomaticum (2x)
Concha nasalis inf (2x)
Vomer
Os palatinum (2x)
Maxilla (2x)
Mandibula
Fig. 2.2.: List of human skull bones
Os hyoideum as well as the auditory
ossicles (2x3) were not counted.
Fig. 2.3.: Neuro- and Viscerocranium
The braincase (Neurocranium, Nc) and
Viscerocranium (Vc). The neurocranial
skull parts are transparent to make the
position of brain visible. The brain
does not fill the whole neurocranial
cavity. There are spaces between the
brain and the bony neurocranium,
filled with meninges and the
cerebrospinal fluid, which surround the
brain.
Nc
Vc
4. ATLAS OF HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY
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2.2. Cranial Topography
In this chapter we will introduce the
bones of skull and their topographic
relations to each other.
With the exception of Mandibula (the
lower jaw), each skull- bone is
connected by tight immovable joints to
the bones of the neighborhood. The
areas of contact between two bones are
called sutures (Suturae), which
represent thin junctions between the
irregular interlocking edges of adjacent
skull bones. In adults Suturae consist
of tight connective tissue.
We will use many different views in
this chapter to show all skull
structures. To understand the views it
is important to know, which position or
orientation is defined as the standard.
To set up a standard nomenclature for
orientations of skulls in anatomy a
horizontal plane was defined in
Frankfort more than hundred years
ago. The Frankfort Horizontal plane is
defined by tree points: the bottom
margin of the left eye cavity and the
top margins of the external auditory
porus (see chapter 2.6. Os temporale)
on both sides.
Fig. 2.4.: Frankfort horizontal plane
The standard anatomic perspectives are
parallel or perpendicular to this
(Frankfort Horizontal) plane.
Perspective Explanation
Norma frontalis View at the
frontal outer
surface of skull
Norma occipitalis View at the back
(posterior) outer
surface of skull
Norma lateralis View at the left or
right outer surface
of skull from side
Norma verticalis View at the top
outer surface of
skull
Norma basalis View at the
inferior outer
surface of skull
Fig. 2.5.: Standard perspectives
To describe all skull structures, it is
also important to make some cuts
through the skull and make the inner
parts visible. In this chapter we will
use the standard perspectives and
additional views to show most skull
structures. We will focus on major and
important structures to show their
topographic relations to each other.
Following the Suturae as borders and
using the knowledge of this chapter’s
topography it should be easy for you to
learn and to describe all bones of skull.
For more detailed descriptions see the
following chapters which deal with
separate skull bones.
FH
5. ATLAS OF HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY
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Front view (Norma frontalis) of the
skull shows the bones of the facial
skull (Viscerocranium) and the frontal
bone (Os frontale), which already
belongs to the Neurocranium, at the
top:
The most prominent structures in this
view are the frontal bone (Os frontale)
at the top, the zygomatic arches
laterally, the mandible (the lower jaw,
Mandibula) at the bottom, both orbital
excavations (Orbitae) below the frontal
bone, the anterior nasal aperture
(Apertura nasalis anterior, Apertura
piriformis) located in the middle line
between both orbital cavities, and the
dentition, which belongs to the upper
(Maxilla) and the lower jaw
(Mandibula).
The frontal bone (Os frontale)
articulates downwards (on both sides)
with the nasal bones (Ossa nasalia,
sing. Os nasale), more lateral with
Maxillae, the lacrimal bones (Ossa
lacrimalia, sing. Os lacrimale) and
with the zygomatic bones (Ossa
zygomatica, sing. Os zygomaticum).
Os frontale and Ossa nasalia are
joined to one another by the almost
horizontal frontonasal suture (Sutura
frontonasalis). The frontomaxillar
suture (Sutura frontomaxillaris) unites
the upper jaw (Maxilla) with the
frontal bone on both sides of the
frontonasal connection (suture).
The lateral arched parts of Os frontale
have contact to Os zygomaticum. Both
bones form together with the upper
parts of Maxilla the exterior margins of
the eye cavity (orbital cavity or Orbita)
on both sides (see Fig.2.7.: Orbita).
To avoid an information overload we
will describe the orbital structures later
in separate illustrations. At this
moment it is only important to note,
that the above mentioned bones extend
into the orbital interior, where they
form in complex connections with four
other bones (Os lacrimale, Os
ethmoidale, Os sphenoidale, Os
palatinum) the pyramidal orbital
cavities.
Fig. 2.6.: Norma frontalis of skull
Os frontale (1), Os nasale (2), Maxilla
(3), Os zygomaticum (4), Mandibula
(5), Orbita (6), Apertura nasalis ant. (7)
The two nasal bones which form the
bony bridge of the nose are united by
the vertical internasal suture (Sutura
internasalis) in the midline.
The anterior nasal aperture (Apertura
nasalis anterior or Apertura
piriformis) is located approximately in
the middle of the facial cranium, below
both nasal bones (Ossa nasalia) and
between both Maxillae. Divided in the
middle by the nasal septum it forms the
entrance into the bony nasal cavity
with visible nasal shells (Conchae) and
nasal septum (Septum nasi) within.
The upper row of dentition (teeth)
belongs to both Maxillae, which are
separated by Sutura intermaxillaris
under the nasal aperture. The lower
row of dentition belongs to the lower
jaw (Mandibula), which is the only
movable bone of skull (if the small
auditory ossicles of the middle- ear are
not counted).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8. ATLAS OF HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY
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PAGE
Fig. 2.10.: Septum nasi
Os frontale (OsF), Sinus frontalis (sF),
Os nasale (OsN), Maxilla (Ma), Body
of the sphenoid bone with Sinus
sphenoidalis (sS), the nasal septum:
Cartilago septi nasi (Csn), Lamina
perpendicularis of the ethmoid (Lp)
and the Vomer (Vo)
The floor of the nasal cavity is
composed of both maxillae and
palatine bones, which form the osseous
palate.
The lateral nasal walls are composed of
a conglomerate of osseous structures
called the ostiomeatal complex. The
function of this unit is to provide
drainage and ventilation of the
paranasal sinuses. The paranasal
sinuses are air- filled cavities, located
in the pneumatized bones of the adult
skull. There are four paired sinuses,
described by their corresponding
bones:
Sinus frontalis
is the frontal sinus, located above the
orbital cavities in the frontal bone. The
posterior walls of the frontal sinuses
are adjacent to the anterior cranial
fossa. The volume of one frontal sinus
is approximately 7ml. The frontal
sinuses develop about the second year
of life.
Sinus maxillaris
is located in the cheekbones under the
orbital cavities. It has the shape of
a lying pyramid with the nasal walls as
the base and the peak pointing toward
the zygomatic process, taking a volume
of approximately 15ml. The medial
walls of the maxillary sinuses are part
of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
The inferior parts of the sinuses are
located close to the dentition- bearing
maxillary parts.
Sinus ethmoidalis
is located in the ethmoid bones,
between the orbital and the nasal
cavity. It is divided by a thin septum
into posterior and anterior cells, taking
together a volume of approximately
15ml on each side. The posterior cells
are located close to the sphenoid sinus.
Sinus sphenoidalis
is located in the body of the sphenoid
bone, posterosuperiorly of the
Nasopharynx, and has a volume of
approximately 8ml.
Fig. 2.11.: Paranasal sinuses
The image shows the locations of the
paranasal sinuses in relation to the
osseous surface of the skull.
OsF
sF
sS
OsN
Ma
Lp
Vo
Csn
9. ATLAS OF HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY
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PAGE
The nasal drainage areas of the
paranasal sinuses are located under the
superior, middle and inferior Conchae,
which form the corresponding Meatus
nasalis. The frontal sinus drains via
Recessus frontalis into the Meatus
nasalis medius, located under the
Concha nasalis media, which belongs
to the ethmoid bone. The maxillary
sinus drains also into the middle nasal
meatus. The opening is located at the
upper part of the medial wall of the
maxillary sinus, what can possibly
cause problems of the sinus- drainage
and ventilation, leading to mucostasis
and infection. The drainage of the
ethmoid cells depends on their
location. The anterior cells drain like
the frontal and the maxillary sinuses
into the middle nasal meatus. The
posterior ethmoid cells drain with the
sphenoid sinus into the superior
meatus, located under Concha nasalis
superior, which is a part of the
ethmoid bone. The inferior nasal
concha (Concha nasalis inferior) is a
separate bone which protects the
inferior meatus, which provides the
drainage of the nasolacrimal duct
(Ductus nasolacrimalis).
Fig. 2.12.: Coronal cut of the sinus
area and the ostiomeatal complex
Nasal septum (Sn), Sinus maxillaris
(Sm), Orbita (Or), Nasal Conchae
(superior- Cs, media- Cm, inferior- Ci)
The nasal cavity communicates
posteriorly with the nasopharynx thru
the Meatus nasopharyngeus and the
Choanae. The Choanae are the
posterior openings of the nasal cavity
into the nasopharyngeal room. The
osseous framework of the Choanae
consists of the horizontal plates of the
palatine bones, the body and the
medial pterygoid plates of the sphenoid
bone. They are divided in two
openings by the Vomer, each opening
measuring approximately 3x1cm.
Fig. 2.13.: Parasagittal cut of the nose
The lateral walls of the osseous nasal
cavity, presenting the points of
drainage of the paranasal sinuses:
Sinus frontalis (Sf), Sinus maxillaris
(Sm), and the anterior cells of Sinus
ethmoidalis (Se) drain under the
middle nasal Concha (Concha nasalis
media, Cm). The posterior ethmoidal
cells drain together with Sinus
sphenoidalis (Ss) under the superior
nasal Concha (Concha nasalis superior,
Cs). Under the inferior nasal Concha
(Concha nasalis inferior, Ci) is the
point of drainage for the nasolacrimal
ductus. The back of the nasal cavity
communicates with the nasopharyngeal
room (Np).
Sm
Or
Ci
Cm
Cs
Sn
Np
Ss
Sf
Se
Sm
Ci
Cm
Cs
11. ATLAS OF HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY
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The side view (Aspectus or Norma
lateralis) of skull presents the whole
oval neurocranium and major viscero-
cranial components.
Fig. 2.15.: Aspectus lateralis of skull
Starting again with the frontal bone
(Os frontale) and following the oval
contour of the neurocranium the lateral
aspect shows the parietal bone (Os
parietale), divided from Os frontale by
the coronal suture (Sutura coronalis)
on both sides of skull. Both parietal
bones are in contact at the top of skull,
separated by Sutura sagittalis. The
occipital bone (Os occipitale) forms
the back of the oval neurocranial part
of skull. It is separated from the
parietal bone (Os parietale) by Sutura
lambdoidea. The temporal bone (Os
temporale) is located at the base of the
oval neurocranium, in the lateral
aspect articulating with Os occipitale
at the back, with Os parietale at the
top, and with Os sphenoidale and Os
zygomaticum at the front. The bony
facial components of skull are only
limited visible in the lateral view. The
neurocranial Os frontale is at the face
followed downwards by the nasal
bones (Os nasale), the upper jaw
(Maxilla) and the zygomatic bone (Os
zygomaticum), which is articulating
with Os frontale, Maxilla and the
temporal bone (Os temporale), forming
together the bony zygomatic arch
(Arcus zygomaticus).
Depending on the view also some
orbital structures may be visible
(frontolateral view): The lacrimal
bone between Maxilla in front and
bottom, Os ethmoidale in the interior
and Os frontale at the top or the
ethmoid bone (Os ethmoidale) in the
interior medial part of Orbita.
The distal located Mandibula is the
only movable bone of skull because it
is not connected to other skull bones
by tight immovable joints but by
ginglymoarthroidal joints on both
sides of the skull, which allow
mastication movements in one axis and
small gliding movements to sides. It is
attached to the skull base and provides
mastication, and facial movements.
Fig. 2.16.: Aspectus lateralis of the
Articulatio temporomandibularis
Processus zygomaticus (1) belongs to
Os temporale, Collum (2) and Caput
mandibulae (3) belong to the lower
jaw, Porus and Meatus acusticus
externus (4) and Processus styloideus
(5) belong to the temporal bone.
The side- gliding movement is
provided by a Discus articularis.
1
2
4
5
3
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Fig. 2.17.: Aspectus anterolateralis of skull (bones)
Fig. 2.18.: Aspectus anterolateralis of skull (sutures)
Mandibula
Maxilla
Os temporale
Os occipitale
Os parietale
Os frontale
Os nasale
Os zygomaticum
Os sphenoidale
Sut. sagittalis
Sut. coronalis
Sut. lambdoidea
Sut. occipitomastoidea
Sut. squamosa
Sut. sphenosquamosa
Sut. sphenoparietalis
Sut. sphenofrontalis
Sut. temporozygomatica
Sut. frontozygomatica
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The superior view (Aspectus superior
or Norma verticalis) presents the oval
braincase called Calvaria. Four
neurocranial bones are visible in this
view: The two parietal bones (one Os
parietale on each side) separated on
the top of the skull by the sagittal
suture (Sutura sagittalis), the frontal
bone (Os frontale), separated from
both parietal bones by the coronal
suture (Sutura coronalis) and the
occipital bone (Os occipitale),
separated from both parietal bones by
the lambdoidal suture (Sutura
lambdoidea).
Fig. 2.21.: Norma verticalis of the skull
Visible structures are the upper parts of
Os frontale (1), both Ossa parietalia (2)
and Os occipitale (3). Sutura sagittalis
(b) divides the skull into a left and a
right part and separates both parietal
bones (2) at the top of skull. Sutura
coronalis (a) separates Os frontale (1)
and both Ossa parietalia (2). Sutura
lambdoidea (c) separates the occipital
bone (3) and both Ossa parietalia (2) at
the back of skull.
Note that also parts of the zygomatic
arch (Arcus zygomaticus) or other
facial bones (e.g. Ossa nasalia) may be
visible in this view.
Fig. 2.22.: Norma verticalis of the skull
Os frontale (1), Os parietale (2), Os
occipitale (3), Os zygomaticum (4), Os
nasale (5), Sutura coronalis (a), Sutura
sagittalis (b)
The posterior view (Aspectus
posterior, Norma occipitalis) presents
the occipital bone, both parietal bones,
parts of the temporal bones, and the
interior surface of the Mandibula
(detached in the following image). The
parietal bones are connected by Sutura
sagittalis to each other, and by Sutura
lambdoidea to the occipital bone.
Fig. 2.23.: Norma occipitalis
Os occipitale (1), Os parietale (2),
Sut. sagittalis (a), Sut. lambdoidea (b)
1
2
3
a
b
c
1
2
3
a
b
4
5
1
2
a
b
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After detaching the lower jaw the
inferior view at the skull (Norma
basalis) presents the external skull
base (Basis cranii externa), which
consists of the occipital bone, the
temporal, zygomatic, and the palatine
bones, the vomer, the sphenoid bone
and the Maxillae.
The outline of the skull base is made
by the following structures: Both
Maxillae are located at the front,
followed laterally by the zygomatic
bones and the temporal bones
backwards, which are connected to the
occipital bone, located at the back of
the skull base.
The upper part of the occipital bone,
termed the Squama occipitalis presents
the almost horizontal inferior nuchal
line (Linea nuchalis inferior) on both
sides, and the vertical Crista
occipitalis externa. These rough
structures provide attachment for
ligaments and muscles (See chapter:
Os occipitale). Crista occipitalis
externa extends downwards to the
posterior margin of Foramen magnum.
This point is termed the Opisthion.
The inferior part of the occipital bone
has a large aperture (Foramen
magnum), where the spinal cord leaves
the skull cavity to enter into the spinal
channel (Canalis vertebralis) of the
vertebral column, formed by the
Vertebrae. The first vertebra is
connected to the skull base at the
Condylus occipitalis, located on both
sides of Foramen magnum, forming a
movable sliding joint. This connection
provides the movement of the head and
the neck at one hand, and a flowing
transmission of the spinal cord from
one protecting cavity (skull) into the
other (vertebral column) at the other
hand. The rough medial portions of
Foramen magnum give attachment for
the alar ligaments (Ligamenta alaria)
which connect the Dens axis (second
vertebra) to the occipital bone and
additionally stabilize the joints of the
head and the neck.
Behind each Condylus occipitalis is a
condyloid fossa with a channel
(Canalis condylaris). Lateral to each
Condylus occipitalis is the jugular
foramen (Foramen jugulare) for the
transmission of the Vena jugularis
interna, Nervus glossopharyngeus,
Nervus vagus and Nervus accessorius,
located between the Pars petrosa ossis
temporalis and the Pars lateralis ossis
occipitalis, followed by the jugular
process (Processus jugularis) which
gives attachment to the atlantooccipital
ligaments.
The middle of the anterior margin of
Foramen magnum is termed the
Basion. In front of the Foramen
magnum an almost plane part of the
occipital bone called Pars basilaris
forms a dense osseous connection with
the body of the sphenoid bone. Pars
basilaris presents near its center the
pharyngeal tubercle (Tuberculum
pharyngeum) for the attachment of the
fibrous raphe of the pharynx (Raphe
pharyngis). The oval aperture
(Foramen ovale) of the sphenoid bone
is located on both sides of the plane
Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis,
transmitting the mandibular nerve
(Nervus mandibularis, N. V.) and
accessory meningeal artery.
The Sutura occipitomastoidea connects
the lateral parts of the occipital bone to
the mastoid processes (Processus
mastoidei) of the temporal bones on
both sides. Medially, the sharp styloid
processes (Processus styloideus, Pl.:
styloidei) of the temporal bones extend
downward. The temporal bones extend
on both sides of the skull base to the
front, where they articulate medially
with the major wings of the sphenoid
bone and laterally with the zygomatic
bones. The zygomatic bones form
together with the zygomatic process
(Processus zygomaticus) of each
temporal bone the zygomatic arch
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The interior of the skull base (Basis
cranii interna) presents the upper
surface which consists of three large
depressions (Fossae):
The anterior fossa (Fossa cranii
anterior) consists of the orbital parts of
the frontal bone, the cribriform plate
(Lamina cribriformis) of the ethmoid
bone, and of the front parts of the
sphenoid bone. It supports the frontal
lobe of the brain, protects the
intracranial parts of some cranial
nerves (N. olfactorii, N. ethmoidalis
ant.), vessels (A. ethmoidalis ant.), and
provides attachment of the meninges.
The middle fossa (Fossa cranii media)
is formed by the temporal bones and
parts of the sphenoid bone. It extends
from the posterior margins of the small
wings of the sphenoid bone (Alae
minor ossis sphenoidalis) and the
anterior clinoid processes to the
superior angles of the petrous parts of
the temporal bones and the back of
Sella turcica (Dorsum sellae). The
middle cranial fossa provides
protection for parts of the temporal
lobe, the Hypophysis, Hypothalamus,
for the intracranial parts of the nerves
N. opticus (II), oculomotorius (III),
trochlearis (IV), trigeminus (V),
abducens (VI), major vessels like the
A. carotis interna, A. ophthalmica and
the venous Sinus cavernosus.
The posterior fossa (Fossa cranii
posterior) extends from the back of the
petrosal parts of the temporal bones to
the occipital bone. It protects the
brainstem, the cerebellum, parts of the
occipital lobe of the brain, the
intracranial parts of the nerves N.
intermediofacialis (VII), vestibulo-
cochlearis (VIII), glossopharyngeus
(IX), vagus (X), accessorius (XI),
hypoglossus (XII), and major vessels
like the internal jugular vein (Vena
jugularis interna) and A. basilaris.
Fig. 2.27.: Basis cranii interna
Os frontale (1), Os sphenoidale (2), Os
temporale (3), Os occipitale (4), Os
ethmoidale (5)
Fig. 2.28.: Basis cranii interna
Fossa cranii anterior (1),
Fossa cranii media (2),
Fossa cranii posterior (3)
The following figures show an
overview of the anatomic structures
found in this view:
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
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STRUCTURE LOCATION STRUCTURES/
FUNCTION
Fossa cranii anterior
Lamina cribrosa Os ethmoidale Connection to nasal cavity,
N. olfactorius (I)
N. ethmoidalis anterior
A. ethmoidalis anterior
Crista galli Os ethmoidale,
middle sagittal
Attachment of Falx cerebri
Foramina ethmoidalia Os ethmoidale,
margin between Os
ethmoidale and Os frontale
Connection to orbital
cavity,
A. ethmoidalis
V. ethmoidalis
N. ethmoidalis
Crista frontalis Os frontale,
middle sagittal
Attachment of Falx cerebri
Foramen caecum Os frontale,
under Crista frontalis
middle sagittal
1% connection to nasal
cavity, 99% blind ending,
V. emissaria for. caeci
Impressiones digitatae Os frontale,
Squama frontalis
Cerebral impressions
Fossa cranii media
Canalis opticus Os sphenoidale Connection to orbital
cavity,
N. opticus (II)
A. ophthalmica
Fissura orbitalis superior Os sphenoidale,
between Ala major and
minor
Connection to orbital
cavity,
N. oculomotorius (III)
N. trochlearis (IV)
N. ophthalmicus (V)
N. abducens (VI)
V. ophthalmica superior
Foramen rotundum Os sphenoidale,
Ala major
Connection to Fossa
pterygopalatina,
N. maxillaris (V)
Foramen ovale Os sphenoidale,
Ala major
Connection to Fossa
infratemporalis,
N. mandibularis (V)
Foramen spinosum Os sphenoidale,
Ala major
Connection to Fossa
infratemporalis,
A. meningea media
R. meningeus n. V
Foramen lacerum Os sphenoidale,
Between Ala major and
Pars petrosa of Os
temporale
Connection to Basis cranii
externa,
A. carotis interna
Plexus caroticus
Fossa hypophysialis Os sphenoidale,
Corpus, Sella turcica
Hypophysis
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STRUCTURE LOCATION STRUCTURES/
FUNCTION
Fossa cranii posterior
Foramen magnum Os occipitale,
middle sagittal
Connection to Basis cranii
externa (Canalis
vertebralis),
Medulla oblongata
R. spinalis N. accessorii
(XI)
A. vertebralis
A. spinalis anterior
A. spinalis posterior
R. meningeus A. vertebralis
Foramen jugulare Between Pars petrosa ossis
temporalis and Pars
lateralis ossis occipitalis
Connection to Basis cranii
externa (Fossa jugularis),
V. jugularis interna
N. glossopharyngeus (IX)
N. vagus (X)
N. accessorius (XI)
Canalis nervi hypoglossi Os occipitale,
on both sides of Foramen
magnum
Connection to Basis cranii
externa,
N. hypoglossus (XII)
Eminentia cruciformis Os occipitale,
middle sagittal Squama
occipitalis
Support of the
post. cerebral Hemispheres
cerebellar Hemispheres
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
venous sinuses
Meatus acusticus internus Os temporale,
above the jugular foramen
Connection to
middle and inner ear,
N. intermediofacialis (VII)
N. vestibulocochlearis
(VIII)
Fig. 2.30.: Table of most important structures visible at the interior of the skull base
After this short introduction of the
views at the skull it is important to
note, that there are much more
structures which can be seen and
described in the separate views at the
human skull. These structures and their
function will be described in the
specific chapters about separate bones
in detail.
It is generally recommended to return
to this chapter when reading the
following chapters to achieve a better
overview about the specific structure’s
position in the whole skull. We will
demonstrate the importance of the
knowledge of skull anatomy in the last
chapter (Clinical aspects) on diagnostic
images and descriptions.
Before we step right into the specific
descriptions of bones, we will focus on
the difference between adult and
newborn skulls in the following
chapter.