Anatomy and physiology of the human skeletal system for nursing students

1. THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM

2. Learning outcomes
 Identify the bones of the
skull
 list the functions of the
sinuses and fontanelles of
the skull
 outline the characteristics of a
typical vertebra

3. Learning outcomes
 Describe the structure of the
vertebral column
 Explain the movements and
functions of the vertebral
column
 Identify the bones forming the
thoracic cage.

4. DIVISION OF SKELETON
 Axial skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton

5. Axial skeleton
 Skull- cranium 08 bones
- face 14 bones
hyoid- 01 bone
auditory ossicles 06 bones
vertebral column 26 bones
thorax-sternum 01 bone
-ribs 24bones
t0tal - 80

6.  Divided into two divisions:
1. Axial skeleton
skull
Vertebra colum
Thoracic cage

7. The skull
rests on the upper end of the
vertebral column and its bony
structure is divided into two parts:
1 cranium
2 face.

8. skull
1.Cranial bone
2.Facial bone

9. Cranium
 formed by a number of
flat and irregular bone
 protect the brain.

10. Cranium
Mature skull the joints (sutures)
between the bones are immovable
The bones havenumerous
perforations (e.g. foramina, fissures)

11. Sinuses
 containing air
 present in the sphenoid,
ethmoid, maxillary and frontal
bones.
 communicate with the nasal
cavity
 lined with ciliated mucous
membrane.

13. Sinuses
 Give resonance to the voice.
Reduce the weight of the skull.

14. suture

15. Cranial bone
 Cranium consist of 8 bones
• frontal -1
• Ethmoid-1
• Sphenoid-1
• Occipital-1
• Parietal-2
• Temporal -2

16. Facial bone
• Zygomatic bone (cheek)-02
• Maxilla 01
• Nasal bones- 02
• Lacrimal bone-02
• Vomer bone-01
• Palatine bone-02
• Inferior conchae-02
• Mandible-01

18. suture

19. FONTENELLA
 At birth, ossification of the
cranial sutures is incomplete.
 three or more bones
meet there are distinct
membranous areas, or
fontanelles.

20.  anterior fontanelle, ossified
child is between 12 and
18 months
 posterior fontanelle, usually
ossified 2–3 months

22. Frontal bone
 boneof the forehead.
 Just above the supraorbital
margins within the bone
 sinuses lined with ciliated
mucous membrane
 openinto the nasal cavity

24. Parietal bones
 form the sides and roof of
the skull.
 Theyarticulate with each other
at the sagital suture,
 frontal bone= coronal suture
 occipital bone= lambdoidal suture

25.  The innersurface is
concave and is grooved to
accommodate the brain and blood
vessels.

26. Temporal bones
 lie one on each side of the
head
 form sutures with the parietal,
occipital, sphenoid and zygomatic
bones

27.  The mastoid part contains the
mastoid process,

28.  articulates with the mandible at
the temporomandibular joint
the only movable joint of the
skull.

30. Occipital bone
 This bone forms the back of
the headand part of the base
of the skull.
 The occiput has two articular
condyles that form condyloid joints
with the first boneof the
vertebral column, the atlas.

31. Occipital bone
 Between the condyles is the
foramen magnum (meaning ‘large
hole’) through which the
spinal cord passes into the
cranial cavity.

32. Occipital bone
 This joint permits nodding
movements of the head.

33. Occipital bone
 Between the condyles is the
foramen magnum (meaning ‘large
hole’) through which the
spinal cord passes into the
cranial cavity

35. Sphenoid bone
 This bone occupies the middle
portion of the base of the
skull
 articulates with the occipital,
temporal, parietal and frontal
bones

37. Ethmoid bone
 occupies the anterior part of
the base of the skull
 form the orbital cavity
 nasal septum
 lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

38. Ethmoid bone
 forms the roof of the
nasal cavity
 numeroussmall foramina
through which nerve fibres
of the olfactory nerve

39. Ethmoid bone
 containing many air
sinuses lined with
ciliated epithelium
and with openings
into thenasal cavity.

40. face
 Zygomatic (cheek) bones – 02
 Maxilla (originated as 2) - 01
 Nasal bones - 02
 Lacrimal bones - 02
 Vomer bone - 01
 Palatine bones - 02
 Inferior conchae bones - 02
 Mandible bone - 01