This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
types of variables in research, Dependent independent, moderator,quantitative qualitative,continuous discontinuous,demographic,extraneous, confounding,intervening, control
types of variables in research, Dependent independent, moderator,quantitative qualitative,continuous discontinuous,demographic,extraneous, confounding,intervening, control
Difference between qualitative and quantitative research shaniShani Jyothis
nursing research### quantitative research###qualitative research###difference#### process of research ......
Quantitative Vs qualitative research.......÷######$###@@@@@@@@@@ based on hypothesis, ............., variables analysis,............ interpretation, .............
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe the justification of qualitative Sampling Techniques
Understand different types of Sampling Techniques
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Topics:
Quantitative research
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Strengths of Quantitative Research
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Difference between qualitative and quantitative research shaniShani Jyothis
nursing research### quantitative research###qualitative research###difference#### process of research ......
Quantitative Vs qualitative research.......÷######$###@@@@@@@@@@ based on hypothesis, ............., variables analysis,............ interpretation, .............
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe the justification of qualitative Sampling Techniques
Understand different types of Sampling Techniques
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Topics:
Quantitative research
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Strengths of Quantitative Research
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
Defination, types, importance of research methods. Characteristics, methods of research, Qualitative & Quantitative research, Objectives of research, difference of research methods, research in pharmacy, criteria for good research
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. Aims of this Presentation:
I have based this presentation on information provided
in various resources on internet. I have summarized this
information considering the most important points in the
resources. Links to these resources are provided in the
references section of handouts.
This information was oriented to determine what a
Quantitative Research is and to understand its main
aspects.
3. Contents Index:
Main points for the presentation are:
– Introduction to Research Methods.
– What is Quantitative Research?
– Aims of Quantitative Research.
– Characteristics of Quantitative Research.
– Quantitative Data.
– Quantitative Research Design and its types.
– Methodology of Quantitative Research Design.
– Advantages and Disadvantages.
– Conclusion.
7. Introduction to Quantitative Research
The following definition, taken from Aliaga and Gunderson (2000),
describes what we mean by quantitative research methods very well:
“Quantitative research is ‘Explaining phenomena by collecting
numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based
methods (in particular statistics)”.
8. Quantitative Research
“Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and
the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected
through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-
existing statistical data using computational techniques. Quantitative
research focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it
across groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon”.
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA:Wadsworth Cengage, 2010; Muijs,
Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
9. What is Quantitative Research?
▪ In a nutshell, quantitative research generates numerical data or
information that can be converted into numbers.
▪ Only measurable data are being gathered and analyzed in quantitative
research.
▪ Goal or Aim of the Research:
– The primary aim of a Quantitative Research is to focus more in counting and
classifying features and constructing statistical models and figures to explain what is
observed.
▪ Quantitative Research is highly recommended for the late phase of
research because it provides the researcher a clearer picture of what to
expect in his research compared to Qualitative Research.
10. ▪ Data Gathering Instrument
– Quantitative Research makes use of tools such as questionnaires, surveys,
measurements and other equipment to collect numerical or measurable data.
▪ Type of Data
– if you are conducting a Quantitative Research, what will most likely appear in
your discussion are tables containing data in the form of numbers and statistics.
▪ Approach
– In Quantitative Research, researchers tend to remain objectively separated from
the subject matter.This is because Quantitative Research is objective in
approach in the sense that it only seeks precise measurements and analysis of
target concepts to answer his inquiry.
What is Quantitative Research?
12. When do Quantitative Research?
▪ If your study aims to find out the answer to an inquiry through numerical
evidence, then you should make use of the Quantitative Research.
▪ In general, use qualitative research at the beginning of a design process to
uncover innovations. Use quantitative research at the end of a design
process to measure improvement.
▪ French sociology Pierre Bourdieu followed a typical arc to the narrative
research by first investigating economic class in an open-ended fashion.
Once he established what he thought was going on, he tested these ideas
with large surveys.
▪ The main activity for which quantitative research is especially suited is the
testing of hypotheses.
13. Quantitative Data
“Quantitative data is information about quantities; that is,
information that can be measured and written down with
numbers.”
▪ Some examples of quantitative data are your height, your
shoe size, and the length of your fingernails.
▪ Quantitative data defines whereas qualitative data describes.
14. Units and variables in Quantitative data
▪ Units:
When we collect data in quantitative educational research, we have
to collect them from someone or something.The people or things
(e.g. schools) we collect data on or from are known as units or cases.
▪ Variables:
The data that we are collecting from these units are known as
variables. Variables are any characteristic of the unit we are
interested in and want to collect (e.g. gender, age, self-esteem).
15. Units and Variables
▪ The label ‘variable’ refers to the fact that these data will differ
between units.
For example, achievement will differ between pupils and schools,
gender will differ between pupils, and so on.
▪ If there are no differences at all between the units we want to study,
we probably aren’t going to be able to do any interesting research
(for example, studying whether pupils are human would not yield
interesting findings).
16. Quantitative Research Design
Quantitative research design is the standard experimental method
of most scientific disciplines.
They are most commonly used by physical scientists, although
social sciences, education and economics have been known to use
this type of research. It is the opposite of qualitative research.
Quantitative experiments all use a standard format, with a few
minor inter-disciplinary differences, of generating a hypothesis to
be proved or disproved.This hypothesis must be provable by
mathematical and statistical means, and is the basis around which
the whole experiment is designed.
17. ▪ Randomization of any study groups is essential, and a control
group should be included, wherever possible. A sound quantitative
design should only manipulate one variable at a time, or statistical
analysis becomes cumbersome and open to question.
▪ Ideally, the research should be constructed in a manner that allows
others to repeat the experiment and obtain similar results.
Quantitative Research Design
18. ▪ There are four main types of Quantitative research:
1. Descriptive
2. Co relational
3. Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental
4. Experimental Research.
Quantitative Research Design
19. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
▪ This type of research describes what exists and may help to uncover new facts and
meaning.The purpose of descriptive research is to
observe, describe, document
aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs.
▪ This involves the collection of data that will provide an account or description of
individuals, groups or situations. Instruments we use to obtain data in descriptive
studies include questionnaires, interviews (closed questions), observation
(checklists, etc.)
▪ There is no experimental manipulation or indeed any random selection to groups, as
there is in experimental research.
▪ The characteristics of individuals and groups such as nurses, patients and families may
be the focus of descriptive research. It can provide a knowledge base which can act as
a springboard for other types of quantitative research methods.
20. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
▪ Quantitative correlational research aims to systematically investigate and explain the
nature of the relationship between variables in the real world. Often the quantifiable
data (i.e. data that we can quantify or count) from descriptive studies are frequently
analysed in this way.
▪ Correlational research studies go beyond simply describing what exists and are
concerned with systematically investigating relationships between two or more
variables of interest (Porter & Carter 2000).
▪ Such studies only describe and attempt to explain the nature of relationships that exist,
and do not examine causality (i.e. whether one variable causes the other).
21. Causal-comparative/quasi-experimental
research
▪ Quasi-experimental research attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the variables.
These types of design are very similar to true experiments, but with some key differences.
▪ An independent variable is identified but not manipulated by the experimenter, and effects of the
independent variable on the dependent variable are measured.
▪ It is not the same as true experimental research because quasi-experimental research studies lack
one or both of the essential properties of randomisation and a control group.
▪ The researcher does not randomly assign groups and must use ones that are naturally formed or
pre-existing groups.
▪ The major drawback with quasi-experimental research is that, compared to experimental research,
it has a weakness in that is not possible to deliver 'cause and effect' results.
▪ In other words, we cannot infer from quasi-experimental research that, for example, doing one
thing causes a particular phenomenon (e.g. smoking cigarettes causes cancer).
▪ Identified control groups exposed to the treatment variable are studied and compared to groups
who are not.
22. Experimental research
▪ often called true experimentation, uses the scientific method to establish the cause-
effect relationship among a group of variables that make up a study.
▪ The true experiment is often thought of as a laboratory study, but this is not always the
case; a laboratory setting has nothing to do with it. A true experiment is any study where
an effort is made to identify and impose control over all other variables except one.
▪ An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on the dependent
variables. Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatments rather than
identified in naturally occurring groups
23.
24.
25. What is the basic methodology for a
quantitative research design?
The overall structure for a quantitative design is based in the scientific method. It
uses deductive reasoning, where the researcher forms an hypothesis, collects data in an
investigation of the problem, and then uses the data from the investigation, after analysis is made
and conclusions are shared, to prove the hypotheses not false or false. The basic procedure of a
quantitative design is:
1. Make your observations about something that is unknown, unexplained, or new. Investigate
current theory surrounding your problem or issue.
2. Hypothesize an explanation for those observations.
3. Make a prediction of outcomes based on your hypotheses. Formulate a plan to test your
prediction.
4. Collect and process your data. If your prediction was correct, go to step 5. If not, the hypothesis
has been proven false. Return to step 2 to form a new hypothesis based on your new knowledge.
5. Verify your findings. Make your final conclusions. Present your findings in an appropriate form
for your audience.
26. Advantages of Quantitative Research
▪ Quantitative research design is an excellent way of finalizing results and
proving or disproving a hypothesis.The structure has not changed for
centuries, so is standard across many scientific fields and disciplines.
▪ After statistical analysis of the results, a comprehensive answer is reached,
and the results can be legitimately discussed and published.
▪ Quantitative experiments also filter out external factors, if properly
designed, and so the results gained can be seen as real and unbiased.
▪ Quantitative experiments are useful for testing the results gained by a series
of qualitative experiments, leading to a final answer, and a narrowing down
of possible directions for follow up research to take.
27. ▪ Quantitative experiments can be difficult and expensive and require a lot of time to perform.
▪ They must be carefully planned to ensure that there is complete randomization and correct
designation of control groups.
▪ Quantitative studies usually require extensive statistical analysis, which can be difficult, due to
most scientists not being statisticians.The field of statistical study is a whole scientific discipline
and can be difficult for non-mathematicians
▪ The requirements for the successful statistical confirmation of results are very stringent, with very
few experiments comprehensively proving a hypothesis; there is usually some ambiguity, which
requires retesting and refinement to the design.This means another investment of time and
resources must be committed to fine-tune the results.
▪ Quantitative research design also tends to generate only proved or unproven results, with there
being very little room for grey areas and uncertainty. For the social sciences, education,
anthropology and psychology, human nature is a lot more complex than just a simple yes or no
response.
Disadvantages of Quantitative Research
28. Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Its main characteristics are:
▪ The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments.
▪ The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the population.
▪ The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high reliability.
▪ Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are sought.
▪ All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is collected.
▪ Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other non-textual forms.
▪ Project can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future results, or investigate causal relationships.
▪ Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or computer software, to collect numerical data.
▪ The overarching aim of a quantitative research study is to classify features, count them, and construct statistical
models in an attempt to explain what is observed.
29. Key Points:
Quantitative Research:
▪ Has its main purpose in quantification of data (to describe variables).
▪ To examine relationships among variables.
▪ To determine cause-and- effect interactions between variables.
▪ Allows generalizations of results from a sample to an entire
population of interest.
▪ Measurement of the incidence of various views and opinions in a
given sample.
30.
31. Worksheet
StateTrue or False:
1. Quantitative research tells the quality of some phenomena.
2. Quantitative data describes a variable.
3. Close ended question interviews can be conducted in quantitative
research.
4. Quantitative research can give results in between of a range.
5. Quantitative research design is an excellent way of finalizing results
and proving or disproving a hypothesis.