The document discusses effective approaches for teaching writing to adolescents. It identifies 11 elements of writing instruction that are supported by research, including teaching writing strategies, summarization, collaborative writing, using word processing, and incorporating writing into content learning. These elements are presented as part of a process writing approach that interweaves various instructional activities in a workshop environment with opportunities for extended writing, writing for authentic audiences, and revision. The report aims to provide guidance on improving writing instruction for middle and high school students and stimulate further discussion and research on the topic.
Have a conceptual understanding of language; Inderstand the language background of students as first or second language users of the language used in teaching the subject; Understand multilingualism in the classroom, school language and home language;
Develop sensitivity with respect to language diversity that exists in the classroom;
Understand the nature of classroom discourse
Education and Socioeconomic Status
ON THE BASIS OF EDUCATION ,OCCUPATION,AND INCOME IN INDIA AND IN THE WORLD THE SICIAL STATUS IS THE BIG PROBLEM IN OVER SOCIATY AND IT IS THE MAJOR ISSUE IN THE SCHOOLS UNIVERSITIES AND THE COLLEGES.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
This temple is a tribute and a reflection of the power of its patron, Raja Raja Chola I. An integral part of ancient Indian architecture's greatest glories, it is today a UNESCO World Heritage Site as “Great Living Chola Temples”. Know More : https://www.ishtadevata.com/brihadeeswarar-temple-thanjavur.html
Have a conceptual understanding of language; Inderstand the language background of students as first or second language users of the language used in teaching the subject; Understand multilingualism in the classroom, school language and home language;
Develop sensitivity with respect to language diversity that exists in the classroom;
Understand the nature of classroom discourse
Education and Socioeconomic Status
ON THE BASIS OF EDUCATION ,OCCUPATION,AND INCOME IN INDIA AND IN THE WORLD THE SICIAL STATUS IS THE BIG PROBLEM IN OVER SOCIATY AND IT IS THE MAJOR ISSUE IN THE SCHOOLS UNIVERSITIES AND THE COLLEGES.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
This temple is a tribute and a reflection of the power of its patron, Raja Raja Chola I. An integral part of ancient Indian architecture's greatest glories, it is today a UNESCO World Heritage Site as “Great Living Chola Temples”. Know More : https://www.ishtadevata.com/brihadeeswarar-temple-thanjavur.html
A Teacher has various roles to perform in the classroom. The role usually implies the relationship between the teacher and the learner in the classroom. Such a role is facilitator.
This PPT Aims to provide Knowledge and Understanding about the concept of Norm Reference Tests, Characteristics of Norm Reference Tests, Scoring of Norm Reference Tests, Test Development of Norm Reference Tests, Advantages of Norm Reference Tests, Limitations of Norm Reference Tests, Examples of Norm Reference Tests, Purposes of Norm Reference Tests, Significance of Norm Reference Tests, How to used Norm Reference Tests, When to used Norm Reference Tests and so on.
Islamic Architecture in India- Imperial styleAngel Roselin
IMPERIAL STYLE 1191 – 1557 CE
• The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the imperial style.
The style of this period is also called the early Indo-Islamic style.
• The existing buildings were converted into mosques with the elements of ruins from Hindu
temples.
“A mix of Indian and Arabic style of architecture emerged and developed into a peerless form of art and architecture.”
• Islamic Architecture - Imperial style 1: Classification of Islamic architecture in Indian, religious
and secular typologies of Islamic architecture | Examples under imperial style; slave dynasty -
Qutb Complex, Quwwat –ul-islam mosque, Qutbminar. | Khalji dynasty -Alai Darwaza at Delhi
(concept of squinch arches)
• Islamic Architecture - Imperial style 2: Tughlaq dynasty - Tomb of Ghiasuddin Tughlaq, Khirki
masjid | Sayyid dynasty – Tomb of Mubarak Sayyid | Lodi dynasty – Tomb of Sikanderlodi
1. Historical Background of Vijayanagar Empire
2. Phases of Vijayanagar Architecture
3. Chief Characteristics of Vijayanagar Architecture
4. Important Centres of Art and Architecture
A Teacher has various roles to perform in the classroom. The role usually implies the relationship between the teacher and the learner in the classroom. Such a role is facilitator.
This PPT Aims to provide Knowledge and Understanding about the concept of Norm Reference Tests, Characteristics of Norm Reference Tests, Scoring of Norm Reference Tests, Test Development of Norm Reference Tests, Advantages of Norm Reference Tests, Limitations of Norm Reference Tests, Examples of Norm Reference Tests, Purposes of Norm Reference Tests, Significance of Norm Reference Tests, How to used Norm Reference Tests, When to used Norm Reference Tests and so on.
Islamic Architecture in India- Imperial styleAngel Roselin
IMPERIAL STYLE 1191 – 1557 CE
• The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the imperial style.
The style of this period is also called the early Indo-Islamic style.
• The existing buildings were converted into mosques with the elements of ruins from Hindu
temples.
“A mix of Indian and Arabic style of architecture emerged and developed into a peerless form of art and architecture.”
• Islamic Architecture - Imperial style 1: Classification of Islamic architecture in Indian, religious
and secular typologies of Islamic architecture | Examples under imperial style; slave dynasty -
Qutb Complex, Quwwat –ul-islam mosque, Qutbminar. | Khalji dynasty -Alai Darwaza at Delhi
(concept of squinch arches)
• Islamic Architecture - Imperial style 2: Tughlaq dynasty - Tomb of Ghiasuddin Tughlaq, Khirki
masjid | Sayyid dynasty – Tomb of Mubarak Sayyid | Lodi dynasty – Tomb of Sikanderlodi
1. Historical Background of Vijayanagar Empire
2. Phases of Vijayanagar Architecture
3. Chief Characteristics of Vijayanagar Architecture
4. Important Centres of Art and Architecture
Attract your ideal weight presentationZaheen Nanji
This presentation is based on Zaheen's book and coaching programs: Attract Your Ideal Weight. The book and programs explore:
Behavior weight loss
How to get out of your own way
How others have lost weight and kept it off
The difference between smart eating vs deprivation
Self-sabotage and how to beat it
Great ways to enjoy and get curious about food
The Red Wine Debate - Is it Good For You or Not?KandRsmiles
There are many contradicting studies concerning red wine and its impact on oral health. One side insists that red wine is great for your teeth, and the other says different. Here, we condense those findings into an easily comparable format.
Achieve Your Goals Easily: Smart Questions to Help You Sprint to Your OutcomeZaheen Nanji
Successful people operate from clear, powerful, high quality goals. With these questions you will:
Streamline decision-making and get more done in less time.
Act in ways that will get you closer to your goal.
Be focused in your efforts.
If you want to achieve your goal, you'll want to operate from these smart questions.
http://www.zaheennanji.com
AutoDeploy automates the time consuming tasks of the JD Edwards EnterpriseOne package build and deploy process. Business rules can be configured to enable scheduled, automated package build and deployment. An off hours build is no longer a business critical scenario dependent on limited time and resources. Instead, it is a simple process with no hassles or time constraints.
As an EnterpriseOne implementation matures, system changes are introduced. Typical changes include:
Minor enhancements targeted for business users, non-critical bug fixes
Major enhancements such as custom features/functionality
Vendor mandated software updates
Key roles/departments involved with change management:
Business analysts - managing and prioritizing change requests for approval, providing functional specifications and testing changes, and developing and maintaining related documentation
IT staff - developing and implementing technical specifications for changes, migrating changes, and supporting changes
Management - approving changes and overseeing internal and external system audits
Reasons of Problems in Writing class in the tertiary level of Bangladeshinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Interactive Ways of Teaching Language SkillsYogeshIJTSRD
This work is aimed at developing all the skills of students in teaching foreign languages through interactive methods. Thus, the research topic is called “Interactive Methods of Teaching Language Skillsâ€. The study discusses the importance of perfectly organizing all skills in foreign language teaching. Modern methods and interactive methods will be carefully studied and applied. It is also important to increase the effectiveness of foreign language learning using modern methods, away from traditional teaching methods, and to use it as an effective teaching tool in the formation of language learning skills. The aim of the research is to provide foreign language teachers with a brief overview of the interactive methods used at different stages of language skills development, especially the various tools aimed at developing students ’cognitive skills. Xaydarova Nigina Ganiyevna "Interactive Ways of Teaching Language Skills" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38743.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38743/interactive-ways-of-teaching-language-skills/xaydarova-nigina-ganiyevna
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
SOARES, DORIS DE A. Developing critical writing skills in L2. BRAZ-TSOL Newsl...Doris Soares
Teaching L2 writing skills entails much more than simply setting a topic, collecting and correcting students’ writing and giving it back hoping that learners will write better texts next time. Therefore, we must help our students reflect upon all the elements involved in the making of a text. In other words, we must empower them to critically assess writing tasks and to critically read their own productions in order to improve them.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. Design instructional activities ideas approaches to writing
Abstract
Writing well is not just an option for young people it is a necessity. Along with reading
comprehension, writing skill is a predictor of academic success and a basic requirement for
participation in civic life and in the global economy. Yet every year in the United States large
numbers of adolescents graduate from high school unable to write at the basic levels required
by colleges or employers. In addition, every school day young people drop out of high
school, many of them because they lack the basic literacy skills to meet the growing demands
of the high school curriculum. Because the definition of literacy includes both reading and
writing skills, poor writing proficiency should be recognized as an intrinsic part of this
national literacy crisis. This report offers a number of specific teaching techniques that
research suggests will help 4th- to 12th-grade students in our nation’s schools. The report
focuses on all students, not just those who display writing difficulties; although this latter
group is deservedly the focus of much attention. The premise of this report is that all students
need to become proficient and flexible writers. In this report, the term low-achieving writers
are used to refer to students whose writing skills are not adequate to meet classroom
demands. Some of these low-achieving writers have been identified as having learning
disabilities; others are the “silent majority” who lack writing proficiency but do not receive
additional help. As will be seen in this report, some studies investigate the effects of writing
instruction on groups of students across the full range of ability, from more effective to less
effective writers, while others focus specifically on individuals with low writing proficiency.
Recent reports by the National Commission on Writing have helped to bring the importance
of writing proficiency forward into the public consciousness. These reports provide a
jumping-off point for thinking about how to improve writing instruction for all young people,
with a special focus on struggling readers. Carnegie Corporation of Bangladesh used up-to-
date research to highlight a number of key elements seen as essential to improving reading
instruction for adolescents. Writing next sets out to provide guidance for improving writing
instruction for adolescents, a topic that has previously not received enough attention from
researchers or educators.
2. Design instructional activities ideas approaches to writing
Recommendations
Eleven Elements of Effective Adolescent Writing Instruction This report identifies 11
elements of current writing instruction found to be effective for helping adolescent students
learn to write well and to use writing as a tool for learning. It is important to note that all of
the elements are supported by rigorous research, but that even when used together, they do
not constitute a full writing curriculum.
Writing Strategies, which involves teaching students strategies for planning, revising, and
editing their compositions
Summarization, which involves explicitly and systematically teaching students how to
summarize texts
Collaborative Writing, which uses instructional arrangements in which adolescents work
together to plan, draft, revise, and edit their compositions
Specific Product Goals, which assigns students specific, reachable goals for the writing they
are to complete.
Word Processing, which uses computers and word processors as instructional supports for
writing assignments
Sentence Combining, which involves teaching students to construct more complex,
sophisticated sentences
Prewriting, which engages students in activities designed to help them generate or organize
ideas for their composition
Inquiry Activities, which engages students in analyzing immediate, concrete data to help
them develop ideas and content for a particular writing task
Process Writing Approach, which interweaves a number of writing instructional activities
in a workshop environment that stresses extended writing opportunities, writing for authentic
audiences, personalized instruction, and cycles of writing
Study of Models, which provides students with opportunities to read, analyze, and emulate
models of good writing
Writing for Content Learning, which uses writing as a tool for learning content material.
The Writing Next elements do not constitute a full writing curriculum, any more than the
Reading Next elements did for reading. However, all of the Writing Next instructional
elements have shown clear results for improving students’ writing. They can be combined in
flexible ways to strengthen adolescents’ literacy development. The authors hope that besides
providing research-supported information about effective writing instruction for classroom
teachers, this report will stimulate discussion and action at policy and research levels, leading
to solid improvements in writing instruction in grades.
Real writing
Through learning experiences designed by three English teachers, it can be concluded that the
teaching of writing employed by the English teachers at three high schools modeling the
competence based curriculum is categorized as the product-based approach of writing
instruction. It is characterized by the linear model of instruction in which learners do not
receive adequate time and opportunities to produce the final product of writing through
revising process. Besides, the students’ product of writing is expected to:
3. Design instructional activities ideas approaches to writing
Meet certain prescribed English rhetorical style.
Reflect accurate grammar.
Be well-organized.
The teachers are influenced by the linear view of writing pedagogy viewing writing as a
linear process of finding ideas, drafting, and finished composition. Learning experiences
designed by the English teachers at three high schools are summarized. It can be identified
that Teacher always begins pre-writing activities by asking students to collect
information/data related to the writing tasks. To gather information for carrying out the
writing tasks, Teacher used the techniques of questioning, observation, interview, and
reflection. Asking students’ about their elementary education, asking students to observe
pictures, to interview a friend and to reflect on their conditions are the examples of pre-
writing activities designed. Having gathered the ideas to be written, then students are asked to
write those ideas in the forms of writing. Feedback is given from the samples of students’
writing. Similar to Teacher, in designing writing tasks, Teacher also frames the design of
teaching writing by adopting the conventional procedure, i.e. prewriting stage, drafting stage,
and feedback stage. The conventional procedure is characterized by its linear process of
writing. Summarizes learning experiences designed by Teacher. Describes the fact that in
designing learning experiences. Teacher is also influenced by the linear view of composing
process. Due to this, learning activities are formatted in three stages. In prewriting stage,
Teacher activated students’ background knowledge through picture and model text and
sharing ideas. In writing a message, the teacher used the picture of high school building as
stimuli; in discussing simple past tense the teacher asked students to observe the texts; in
discussing procedural texts the teacher asked students to observe the language and
organizational features of the model text. Having activated students’ background knowledge,
students were instructed to write, and collect the finished composition. On the basis of
learning experiences designed by the teachers as shown, it is concluded that the teachers in
the model schools still could not design learning experiences that are appropriate with the
targeted writing tasks they designed.
Intensive writing
Intensive writing Reflective writing, which is part of the elemental genre of personal recount,
is one of the most important types of writing that art and design students engage in. Many
applied subjects such as nursing use reflective writing to encourage students to be self-critical
and self aware. It is a particularly well theorized area. Who wrote one of the seminal books in
the area, identified the importance of reflection in and on action as a response to the positivist
tradition that dominated universities from the late 19th century. He sought to revalue the
ability of practitioners to act and to reflect on tacit knowledge, arguing that “practitioners
may become reflective researchers in situations of uncertainty, instability, uniqueness, and
conflict... Here the exchange between research and practice is immediate, and reflection-in-
action is its own implementation”. This is strikingly similar to characterization of the skills
gained through the practice of art. Thinking underpins many of the writing assignments in art
and design, as dealing with uncertainty, instability, uniqueness and conflict are both
characteristic of artistic creation and are outcomes that modern art frequently tries to
4. Design instructional activities ideas approaches to writing
encompass. In their approach to reflective writing, art and design differ from many other
practical or applied disciplines, such as nursing. In other disciplines, reflective writing tasks
are often highly structured; using frameworks such as Gibb’s reflective cycle. Because art
and design often try to generate instability, they draw on more playful approaches to
reflective writing. Reflective texts in art and design need to be open to the variety of
experiences, visual and verbal, that may influence students, and this would not be enhanced
by a highly structured form. One area that tutors and writing instructors in art and design
draw on is writing development, adapting strategies that are used to overcome writer’s block
and other inhibitions to writing. Writing is a practice, one that is different from artistic
practices but which as a process shares similarities. Some of the methods used to engage
students with writing tasks are derived from writing studies, while others advance from these
ideas, often by using materials other than pen and paper or computer. All are intended to
encourage reflection and writing in stages. For other courses and programmers, the approach
to the final essay or dissertation may be quite different, but the issues that tutors try to address
through the written texts are often similar: to establish through writing a relationship between
students’ practice and their values and interests. One example from the Writing PAD website
described the aims of the dissertation for students: write their own experiences
To be personally reflexive, reflecting upon the ways in which their own values,
experiences,
Interests, beliefs, political commitments, wider aims in life and social identities have
shaped their research to be aware of other knowledge’s and to understand and
evaluate their own place within those
Knowledge’s both practically and theoretically.
Writing Assessment
In relation to the writing assessment, summarize the teachers’ assessment strategies. shows
that in assessing students writing performance Teacher only assessed students’ finished
composition. Moreover, he did not correct all the compositions rather took only four to five
samples of students’ compositions. The sentences that are not grammatically correct in the
sample compositions were discussed together in class. From samples of ungrammatically
correct sentences, the students are expected to be able to produce grammatically correct
sentences when they are assigned to write a composition. In short, correction on samples of
students’ composition serves as feedback in the form of whole-class feedback. In this case,
the teacher did not provide individual feedback. In addition to assessing the product
composition, Teacher consistently gave formative written test at the end of each unit. The
formative test materials consist of the four language skills listening, reading, speaking, and
writing. In each formative test, speaking was tested indirectly, i.e. by way of asking students
to apply knowledge of language forms in the contexts of dialogue. The writing test was also
given indirectly because in the test tasks students were not assigned to do real writing rather
to reorder the jumbled sentences to form a paragraph or to choose the correct forms of
language from the available options. The results of formative test were used to classify
students having achieved the basic competence of writing and those who have not yet
achieved the basic competence of writing. In summary, Teacher consistently assesses
5. Design instructional activities ideas approaches to writing
students’ product for the purpose of providing feedback. For measuring the students’
attainment of basic competence in writing, the Teacher consistently gave formative test at the
end of each unit. The result of the test is used to categorize students having mastered the
basic competence and those having not mastered the basic competence. Writing different
genres though a recent study of writing at university identified up to 22 different types of
academic writing, coursework assignments tend to be dominated by “the essay.” However, in
some disciplines, particularly emergent or practical disciplines, there is greater variation than
in disciplines that have a longer history of university study. Art and design are among the
disciplines in which students create a wide range of types of text or genres. Genre identifies
the purposes of texts, and, from that, suggests their structure and goals. Although Nesi and
Gardner identified a large number of genres, the number can be reduced to a set of
“elemental” or basic genres: personal recount
Narrative.
Taxonomic report (classifying and describing phenomena).
Procedure.
Explanation.
Discussion or argument.
As Coffin.
Precise classification of a text requires finer discrimination such as that done. In contexts in
which texts are important such as academia, genres are increasingly specialized and are
frequently combined in more complex texts. However, for the purposes of this chapter, the
broad categories can be informative. The essay falls in the category of discussion or argument
and is characterized by a thesis or position and arguments for and against an issue. It depends
on an array of evidence, and is usually supported by references and a bibliography. Art and
design students frequently find essay writing challenging; Swift argues that “the
conventional, academic essay form, which appears to encourage simplification and
authoritativeness, can be seen as part of a hierarchical education system set up to
disempowered rather than empower students”. Instead of setting tasks in the discussion genre,
lecturers in art and design frequently choose other genres, such as the personal recount
reflective writing, taxonomic reports classification and description, and procedures the stages
of a process. Reflective writing is extremely important and will be treated separately, but both
the taxonomic report and the procedure offer significant advantages for students writing in art
and design. Many students find them easier to write than discussion texts, as they can be
based on students’ experience rather than on the synthesis of other’s research, and they allow
students to create multimodal texts using images and drawings as well as words. Texts in
these genres are often structured chronologically or by the steps of the procedure, so
organizing the paper is simpler than the discussion genre. They can also be directly related to
students’ professional practice, leading to greater engagement with the writing task. For
example, at one institution Year students in Fashion Design were asked to choose a clothing
store and document its layout and allocation of space in relation to stock and target
customers. The essence of the task was a taxonomic report, in which students had to analyze
customers, merchandise, store, and implicitly, its competition. This complex analytic task,
though, was arranged so that students had to pay close attention to the design of the store in
order to make sketches and layout plans, as well as to think through the marketing of the
6. Design instructional activities ideas approaches to writing
clothing that the store stocked. The combination of multimodal presentation and descriptive
writing facilitated the development of the students’ analytic skills far better than essay
assignments that try to instill analytic skills more directly. Writing in the genre of procedures
can involve students explaining the steps of a craft or skill, or other staged process. In
describing procedures, often procedures that they are quite familiar with, students have to
analyze and make explicit tacit knowledge. Through tasks such as these, students’ writing
ability is improved along with their transferable skills.
Conclusion
In summary, Teacher also assesses the product of writing intended to provide feedback. For
measuring the attainment of basic competence in writing, Teacher 2 also consistently gave
formative test at the end of each unit. It is the paper-pencil test designed to measure four
language skills. In this case, speaking is tested indirectly through the objective test in multiple
choice and completion formats. Apart from that, some writing skill is also tested indirectly in
the formative test. Of the four formative tests, composition task was given once at the end of
unit 3. From the result of the test, it can be identified students who have mastered the basic
competence and those who have not mastered the basic competence. These tasks help
students understand how writing can support their art and design practice. Tutors in art and
design frequently assign tasks that get students to write small amounts of text, but to write
them more frequently. These tasks are often not directly assessed, but instead they contribute
to assignments that gather up the small bits of writing into a larger, coherent whole. This
reduces the marking load on the tutor, while making the writing task more manageable for
students. Multimodal texts are used in many disciplines, as images, graphs and charts provide
clearer and more concise ways to present information than writing. Art and design tutors also
ask their students to combine visual content with written, but they also prompt students to go
beyond these forms of information design to investigate the support that texts are written on
and the ways that texts might be presented. Drawing on the inherent strengths that students
bring to the study of art and design, these tasks elicit in some instances strikingly innovative
responses.