This document discusses how modern biotechnology influences technological platforms. It explains that biotechnology uses living organisms to develop useful products through techniques like recombinant DNA and genetic engineering. These allow genes to be moved between organisms, influencing their traits. The document provides examples of applications in healthcare, agriculture, industry, and the environment. It also describes different branches of biotechnology like bioinformatics, green biotechnology, red biotechnology, and white biotechnology. Finally, it discusses how genetic engineering can help crops gain resistance to diseases and insects, reducing the need for pesticides and helping crops withstand harsh conditions.
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BY PHARM.ISA HASSAN ABUBAKARISAHASSANABUBAKAR68
PHARMACEUTICALS BIOTECHNOLOGY IS A BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT INVOLVES THE USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA FOR THE EFFECTIVE MANUFACTURE OF SOME EFFECTIVE DRUGS OR MEDICINE,EXAMPLE LIKE RECOMBINANT DNA VACCINE,RECOMBINANT DNA DRUGS,RECOMBINANT DNA ENZYMES,RECOMBINANT DNA INSULIN,RECOMBINANT DNA YEAST E.T.C. NOWADAYS PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES USES THIS RECOMBINANT DNA IN THE PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF MEDICINES.
PRESENTED BY ISA HASSAN ABUBAKAR FROM NIGERIA
Some of the landmark discoveries are tabulated below: 1902 Haberlandt proposed concept of in vitro cell culture 1966 Guha and Maheshwari produced first haploid plants from pollen grains of Datura
1904 Hannig cultured embryos from several cruciferous species 1970 Smith and Nathans discovered first restriction enzyme from Haemophilus influenza (HindIII)
1922 Kolte and Robbins successfully cultured root and stem tips respectively 1970 Baltimore isolated Reverse transcriptase from RNA tumour virus
two dimensional gel electrophoresis system
Brief introduction to biotechnology with reference to pharmaceutical Biotechnology
General introduction to biotechnology, principle of biotechnology, history and application in different field.
Type of biotechnology
Traditional and modern biotechnology
Overview on genetic engineering
Role of Biotechnology in pharma and medicine sectors, products in pharmaceutical biotechnology
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BY PHARM.ISA HASSAN ABUBAKARISAHASSANABUBAKAR68
PHARMACEUTICALS BIOTECHNOLOGY IS A BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT INVOLVES THE USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA FOR THE EFFECTIVE MANUFACTURE OF SOME EFFECTIVE DRUGS OR MEDICINE,EXAMPLE LIKE RECOMBINANT DNA VACCINE,RECOMBINANT DNA DRUGS,RECOMBINANT DNA ENZYMES,RECOMBINANT DNA INSULIN,RECOMBINANT DNA YEAST E.T.C. NOWADAYS PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES USES THIS RECOMBINANT DNA IN THE PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF MEDICINES.
PRESENTED BY ISA HASSAN ABUBAKAR FROM NIGERIA
Some of the landmark discoveries are tabulated below: 1902 Haberlandt proposed concept of in vitro cell culture 1966 Guha and Maheshwari produced first haploid plants from pollen grains of Datura
1904 Hannig cultured embryos from several cruciferous species 1970 Smith and Nathans discovered first restriction enzyme from Haemophilus influenza (HindIII)
1922 Kolte and Robbins successfully cultured root and stem tips respectively 1970 Baltimore isolated Reverse transcriptase from RNA tumour virus
two dimensional gel electrophoresis system
Brief introduction to biotechnology with reference to pharmaceutical Biotechnology
General introduction to biotechnology, principle of biotechnology, history and application in different field.
Type of biotechnology
Traditional and modern biotechnology
Overview on genetic engineering
Role of Biotechnology in pharma and medicine sectors, products in pharmaceutical biotechnology
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
This PPT will provide the basic idea of Fermentation technology and it's use. The reference book is 'Pharmaceutical Biotechnology' by Giriraj Kulkarni.
Definition of biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars, Steps involved in manufacturing biopharmaceuticals, Points of differences between Biosimilars and Chemical Generics, Related issues with biosimilars
genetic engineering, principles, b pharma 6th sem, biotechnology
What is a gene ?
Definition
History
Process
Molecular tools of genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes
History of restriction enzyme
Mechanism of action
Types of restriction enzymes
Application of restriction enzymes
Blunt ends
Sticky ends
transgenic
cisgenic.
knockout organism.
Host organism vector
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
DOLLY THE SHIP
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
UNIT 4 Microbial genetics:Transformation,Transduction,Conjugation,Plasmids an...Shyam Bass
(6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Microbial genetics:
• Transformation,
• Transduction,
• Conjugation,
• Plasmids and transposons,
• Study of the production of - Penicillins, Citric acid, Vitamin B12, Glutamic acid,
Griseofulvin,
• Blood Products: Collection, Processing, and Storage of whole human blood,Dried
human plasma, Plasma substitutes
BY- SHYAM BASS
Future trends and perspectives in modern pharmaceutical biotechnologyinemet
PharmaCon2007 Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia "New Technologies and Trends in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Industry and Education" http://www.pharmacon2007.com
Abstract is available at http://www.pharmaconnectme.com
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Presentation : Recombinant Streptokinase
Dr. Godfrey Mazhandu
Professor Peivand Pirouzi Inc. -
Copyright 2015 - Professor Peivand Pirouzi Inc., International Corporate Training, Canada
All rights reserved
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
This PPT will provide the basic idea of Fermentation technology and it's use. The reference book is 'Pharmaceutical Biotechnology' by Giriraj Kulkarni.
Definition of biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars, Steps involved in manufacturing biopharmaceuticals, Points of differences between Biosimilars and Chemical Generics, Related issues with biosimilars
genetic engineering, principles, b pharma 6th sem, biotechnology
What is a gene ?
Definition
History
Process
Molecular tools of genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes
History of restriction enzyme
Mechanism of action
Types of restriction enzymes
Application of restriction enzymes
Blunt ends
Sticky ends
transgenic
cisgenic.
knockout organism.
Host organism vector
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
DOLLY THE SHIP
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
UNIT 4 Microbial genetics:Transformation,Transduction,Conjugation,Plasmids an...Shyam Bass
(6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Microbial genetics:
• Transformation,
• Transduction,
• Conjugation,
• Plasmids and transposons,
• Study of the production of - Penicillins, Citric acid, Vitamin B12, Glutamic acid,
Griseofulvin,
• Blood Products: Collection, Processing, and Storage of whole human blood,Dried
human plasma, Plasma substitutes
BY- SHYAM BASS
Future trends and perspectives in modern pharmaceutical biotechnologyinemet
PharmaCon2007 Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia "New Technologies and Trends in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Industry and Education" http://www.pharmacon2007.com
Abstract is available at http://www.pharmaconnectme.com
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Presentation : Recombinant Streptokinase
Dr. Godfrey Mazhandu
Professor Peivand Pirouzi Inc. -
Copyright 2015 - Professor Peivand Pirouzi Inc., International Corporate Training, Canada
All rights reserved
new applications and biotechnological inventions are continuously being developed to help improve our world. Here are few breakthrough biotechnological innovations currently underway.
Biotechnology and its applications
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“.
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies.
Its Applications:
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas,
Food Industry
Health and Medicine
Agriculture
Industrial And Environmental
BIOINFORMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH AND I...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Bioinformatics in integration to computational biology is a novel field which applies computer to biology, with which biologists are able to make detailed use of biological data for its advancement. In bioinformatics, the computers are used for the storage followed by the processing and analyzing, along with retrieval of large amounts of biologic and genomic data. In recent years, the field of Bioinformatics is gaining more interest. Earlier, the methodology adopted by the researchers to generate, collect followed by the analysis of various types of scientific data, which is the most time consuming and quite expensive for the work to be carried out. On the other hand with the help of computational tools & techniques, software & databases, one can process a large amount of biological data in a short span such as computer-aided drug designing (CADD). Environment and its protection in today’s word are the most challenging. The problems associated with its protection, planning can be resolved by the best bases of Information technology.
The three important techniques of biotechnology are: (1) Recombinant DNA Technology (Genetic Engineering) (2) Plant Tissue Culture and (3) Transgenic (Genetically Modified Organisms).
Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products. Brewing and baking bread are examples of processes that fall within the concept of biotechnology (use of yeast (= living organism) to produce the desired product).
This ppt explains about molecular farming, history of molecular farming, importance, basic process underlying it, its application in agriculture and its limitations
Genetic Engineering in AgricultureFew topics in agriculture are .docxhanneloremccaffery
Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
Few topics in agriculture are more polarizing than genetic engineering (GE), the process of manipulating an organism s genetic material—usually using genes from other species—in an effort to produce desired traits such as higher yield or drought tolerance.
GE has been hailed by some as an indispensable tool for solving the world s food problems, and denounced by others as an example of human overreaching fraught with unknown, potentially catastrophic dangers. UCS experts analyze the applications of genetic engineering in agriculture—particularly in comparison to other options—and offer practical recommendations based on that analysis.
Benefits of GE: Promise vs. Performance
Supporters of GE in agriculture point to a multitude of potential benefits of engineered crops, including increased yield, tolerance of drought, reduced pesticide use, more efficient use of fertilizers, and ability to produce drugs or other useful chemicals. UCS analysis shows that actual benefits have often fallen far short of expectations.
Health and Environmental Risks
While the risks of genetic engineering have sometimes been exaggerated or misrepresented, GE crops do have the potential to cause a variety of health problems and environmental impacts. For instance, they may produce new allergens and toxins, spread harmful traits to weeds and non-GE crops, or harm animals that consume them.
At least one major environmental impact of genetic engineering has already reached critical proportions: overuse of herbicide-tolerant GE crops has spurred an increase in herbicide use and an epidemic of herbicide-resistant "superweeds," which will lead to even more herbicide use.
How likely are other harmful GE impacts to occur? This is a difficult question to answer. Each crop-gene combination poses its own set of risks. While risk assessments are conducted as part of GE product approval, the data are generally supplied by the company seeking approval, and GE companies use their patent rights to exercise tight control over research on their products. In short, there is a lot we don't know about the risks of GE—which is no reason for panic, but a good reason for caution.
What Other Choices Do We Have?
All technologies have risks and shortcomings, so critics must always address the question: what are the alternatives? In the case of GE, there are two main answers: crop breeding, which produces traits through the organism s reproductive process; and agroecological farm management, which seeks to make the most of a plant s existing traits by optimizing its growing environment. These approaches are generally far less expensive than GE, and often more effective.
The biotechnology industry has acknowledged the value of breeding as a complement to GE. But at the same time, the industry has used its formidable marketing and lobbying resources to ensure that its products—and the industrial methods those products are designed to support—continue to dominat ...
Detailing Tips
Sir,
You Know that each & every Racemic Mixture dug contains two optical isomers. In general one of them is active & on the contrary another is inactive. It's true for Esomeprazole also. The active part is Esomeprazole. Which is pure & effective. Thus, Shows maximum bioavailability in Trials. Several clinical studies have shown it's superiority over other PPI in the market.
And you will always choose a better drug for your patients.
Am I Right Sir?
Considering this, I may expect 2 prescription daily for your patients .
It offers---------
• High Bioavailability: 89%.
• Half Life : 1-1.5 Hours.
• The drug is rapidly cleared from the body, largely by urinary excretion.
• It takes Only 1 hour to reach in Peak Plasma Concentration (PPC) at Ph 5.1
• Superior to Omeprazole in maintaining Intragastric PH>4 for a long period of time, 16.8 Hours for Esomeprazole & 11 hours for Omeprazole.
• Superior to Rabeprazole in sustainable acid control.
• Superior to Lansoprazole in erosive esophagitis, healing rate 93% for Esomeprazole & 88% for Lansoprazole.
• Unique treatment therapy for the Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.
স্যার,
আস সালামু আলাইকুম। আমাদের Product Prescribe করার জন্য এবং The White Horse-কে Patronize করার জন্য অশেষ ধন্যবাদ।
আপনি হয়তো বর্তমানে PPI Market-এর Brand Leader যারা, তাদের Brand গুলো Prescribe করছেন। আমরা অতি সম্প্রতি Market-এ আমাদের Asozit Brand-কে Re-launch করেছি। সম্পূর্ন নতুন মোড়কে এবং নতুন ফয়েলে আমরা Asozit- কে Present করছি আপনার সামনে।(sample)
23.56% Potent DMF grade Pellets, Double Standard De-humidifier Foil, Vegetable capsule shell এবং সবচেয়ে ছোট Capsule Size, এই চারটি বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট আপনি কেবলমাত্র Asozit Brand-য়েই একত্রে পেয়ে থাকবেন। আপনার নিখুত অনুসন্ধান এবং সার্বিক উপলদ্ধির জন্য স্যার আমাদের Asozit এর (PPM)।
আমাদের পাশে সার্বক্ষনিকভাবে থাকার জন্য অশেষ ধন্যবাদ। স্যার, আমি সব সময়ই Asozit মনে করিয়ে দেব। Sir, For the greater benefits of your patient- Asozit-এর বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট-গুলি বিবেচনা সাপেক্ষে; আশা করছি Asozit continuously prescribe করবেন। (Gift)
আল্লাহ হাফেজ। {This will be applicable when we will make the change}
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology on Modern Technological Platform
1. D e p t . o f p h a r m a c y
G o n o B i s h w a b i d y a l a y
S a v a r , D h a k a .
B a n g l a d e s h
4 / 1 9 / 2 0 1 4
Ashikur Rahman
Class Roll: 05
Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology on
Modern
technological
platform
2. 2 | P a g e
Summary:
In knowledge-based technology areas such as modern biotechnology, an
excellent technological and intellectual environment is crucial for scientific and
economic success. Knowledge and know-how can be translated into profitable
innovations and be further developed by collaborative networks between
research and industry. The technology platform of the BIOTEC is a central tool
for implementing efficient technology transfer.
The allocation of modern devices, technologies, and services, both for research
groups and collaborators, is an important prerequisite for achieving this goal.
Hence, the main purpose of the technology platform is not to generate revenue,
but rather to increase the efficiency of technology transfer and to improve the
utilization of top quality equipment. (1)
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology provides detailed insight into the technologies
that allow development and production of biopharmaceuticals from start to
finish (from pre-clinical studies, to clinic, through to marketing) that could lead
to cures for most major diseases. (2)
3. 3 | P a g e
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make
useful products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems,
living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or
processes for specific use". (3)
Life Science and Biotechnology (LSBT) is a core and platform research and
development area that will lead the international and domestic industries in the
21st century. It involves the most modern forms of biological, biomedical, and
biochemical engineering research that focus on the functional and therapeutic
roles of genes, proteins, tissues, and organs which are the cellular, biochemical,
and molecular bases of life. Recently, the scope of Life Science and
Biotechnology research is being extended into embryonic/adult stem cell
research and animal cloning. The outcomes of these basic
researches can lead to the development of new therapeutic drugs, diagnostic
kits, biomaterials, and biochemical processes for clinical and industrial
applications. (4)
4. 4 | P a g e
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health
care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food (industrial) uses of
crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, bio fuels),
and environmental uses.
For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms
for the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer and milk
products). Another example is using naturally present bacteria by the mining
industry in bioleaching. Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste,
cleanup sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to
produce biological weapons.
A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of
biotechnology; for example:
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological
problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization as
well as analysis of biological data possible. The field may also be referred to as
computational biology, and can be defined as, "conceptualizing biology in terms
of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and
organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large scale."
Bioinformatics plays a key role in various areas, such as functional genomics,
structural
genomics, and proteomics, and forms a key component in the biotechnology
and pharmaceutical sector.
Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and
aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.
Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An
example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micro
5. 5 | P a g e
propagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow
under specific environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals.
One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally
friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is
the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby ending the need of
external application of pesticides. An example of this would be Bt corn.
Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more
environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate.
Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the
designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic
cures through genetic manipulation.
White biotechnology also known as industrial biotechnology, is
biotechnology applied to processes. An example is the designing of an
organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of
enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy
hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in
resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. (5)
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How does modern biotechnology influences over
technological platform:
All organisms are made up of cells that are programmed by the same basic
genetic material, called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Each unit of DNA is
made up of a combination of the following nucleotides -- adenine (A), guanine
(G), thymine (T), and cytosine (D) -- as well as a sugar and a phosphate. These
nucleotides pair up into strands that twist together into a spiral structure call a
"double helix." This double helix is DNA. Segments of the DNA tell
individual cells how to produce specific proteins. These segments are genes. It
is the presence or absence of the specific protein that gives an organism a trait
or characteristic. More than 10,000 different genes are found in most plant and
animal species. This total set of genes for an organism is organized into
chromosomes within the cell nucleus. The process by which a multi cellular
organism develops from a single cell through an embryo stage into an adult is
ultimately controlled by the genetic information of the cell, as well as
interaction of genes and gene products with environmental factors.
When cells reproduce, the DNA strands of the double helix separate. Because
nucleotide A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C, each DNA strand
serves as a precise blueprint for a specific protein. Except for mutations or
mistakes in the replication process, a single cell is equipped with the
information to replicate into millions of identical cells. Because all organisms
are made up of the same type of genetic material (nucleotides A, T, G, and C),
biotechnologists use enzymes to cut and remove DNA segments from one
organism and recombine it with DNA in another organism. This is called
recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, and it is one of the basic tools of
modern biotechnology. (rDNA technology is the laboratory manipulation of
DNA in which DNA, or fragments of DNA from different sources, are cut and
recombined using enzymes. This recombinant DNA is then inserted into a living
organism. rDNA technology is usually used synonymously with genetic
engineering. rDNA technology allows researchers to move genetic information
between unrelated organisms to produce desired products or characteristics or to
eliminate undesirable characteristics.
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Genetic engineering is the technique of removing, modifying or adding genes to
a DNA molecule in order to change the information it contains. By changing
this information, genetic engineering changes the type or amount of proteins an
organism is capable of producing. Genetic engineering is used in the production
of drugs, human gene therapy, and the development of improved plants .For
example, an “insect protection” gene (Bt) has been inserted into several crops -
corn, cotton, and potatoes - to give farmers new tools for integrated pest
management. Bt corn is resistant to European corn borer. This inherent
resistance thus reduces a farmers pesticide use for controlling European corn
borer, and in turn requires less chemicals and potentially provides higher
yielding Agricultural Biotechnology.
Although major genetic improvements have been made in crops, progress in
conventional breeding programs has been slow. In fact, most crops grown in the
US produce less than their full genetic potential. These shortfalls in yield are
due to the inability of crops to tolerate or adapt to environmental stresses, pests,
and diseases. For example, some of the world's highest yields of potatoes are in
Idaho under irrigation, but in 1993 both quality and yield were severely reduced
because of cold, wet weather and widespread frost damage during June. Some
of the world's best bread wheats and malting barleys are produced in the north-
central states, but in 1993 the disease Fusarium caused an estimated $1 billion
in damage.
Scientists have the ability to insert genes that give biological defense against
diseases and insects, thus reducing the need for chemical pesticides, and they
will soon be able to convey genetic traits that enable crops to better withstand
harsh conditions, such as drought). The International Laboratory for Tropical
Agricultural Biotechnology (ILTAB) is developing transformation techniques
and applications for control of diseases caused by plant viruses in tropical plants
such as rice, cassava and tomato. In 1995, ILTAB reported the first transfer
through biotechnology of a resistance gene from a wild species of rice to a
susceptible cultivated rice variety. The transferred gene expressed resistance to
Xanthomonas oryzae, a bacterium which can destroy the crop through disease.
8. 8 | P a g e
The resistant gene was transferred into susceptible rice varieties that are
cultivated on more than 24 million hectares around the world .
Benefits can also be seen in the environment, where insect-protected biotech
crops reduce the need for chemical pesticide use. Insect-protected crops allow
for less potential exposure of farmers and groundwater to chemical residues,
while providing farmers with season-long control. Also by reducing the need for
pest control, impacts and resources spent on the land are less, thereby
preserving the topsoil .
Major advances also have been made through conventional breeding and
selection of livestock, but significant gains can still be made by using
biotechnology . Currently, farmers in the U.S spend $17 billion dollars on
animal health. Diseases such as hog cholera and pests such as screwworm have
been eradicated. Uses of biotechnology in animal production include
development of vaccines to protect animals from disease, production of several
calves from one embryo (cloning), increase of animal growth rate, and rapid
disease detection .
Modern biotechnology has offered opportunities to produce more nutritious and
better tasting foods, higher crop yields and plants that are naturally protected
from disease and insects. Modern biotechnology allows for the transfer of only
one or a few desirable genes, thereby permitting scientists to develop crops with
specific beneficial traits and reduce undesirable traits . Traditional
biotechnology such as cross-pollination in corn produces numerous, non-
selective changes. Genetic modifications have produced fruits that can ripen on
the vine for better taste, yet have longer shelf lives through delayed pectin
degradation . Tomatoes and other produce containing increased levels of certain
nutrients, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and or beta carotene, and help protect
against the risk of chronic diseases, such as some cancers and heart disease.
Similarly introducing genes that increase available iron levels in rice three-fold
is a potential remedy for iron deficiency, a condition that effects more than two
billion people and causes anemia in about half that number (19). Most of the
today's hard cheese products are made with a biotech enzyme called chymosin.
9. 9 | P a g e
This is produced by genetically engineered bacteria which is considered more
purer and plentiful than it’s naturally occurring counterpart, rennet, which is
derived from calf stomach tissue.
In 1992, Monsanto Company successfully inserted a gene from a bacterium into
the Russet Burbank potato. This gene increases the starch content of the potato.
Higher starch content reduces oil absorption during frying, thereby lowering the
cost of processing french fries and chips and reducing the fat content in the
finished product. This product is still awaiting final development and approval.
Modern biotechnology offers effective techniques to address food safety
concerns. Biotechnical methods may be used to decrease the time necessary to
detect foodborne pathogens, toxins, and chemical contaminants, as well as to
increase detection sensitivity. Enzymes, antibodies, and microorganisms
produced using rDNA techniques are being used to monitor food production
and processing systems for quality control .
Biotechnology can compress the time frame required to translate fundamental
discoveries into applications. This is done by controlling which genes are
altered in an organized fashion. For example, a known gene sequence from a
corn plant can be altered to improve yield, increase drought tolerance, and
produce insect resistance (Bt) in one generation. Conventional breeding
techniques would take several years. Conventional breeding techniques would
require that a field of corn is grown and each trait is selected from individual
stalks of corn. The ears of corn from selected stalks with each desired trait (e.g,
drought tolerance and yield performance) would then be grown and combined
(cross-pollinated). Their offspring (hybrid) would be further selected for the
desired result (a high performing corn with drought tolerance). With improved
technology and knowledge about agricultural organisms, processes, and
ecosystems, opportunities will emerge to produce new and improved
agricultural products in an environmentally sound manner.
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In summary, modern biotechnology offers opportunities to improve product
quality, nutritional content, and economic benefits. The genetic makeup of
plants and animals can be modified by either insertion of new useful genes or
removal of unwanted ones. Biotechnology is changing the way plants and
animals are grown, boosting their value to growers, processors, and consumers .
Industrial Biotechnology
Industrial biotechnology applies the techniques of modern molecular biology to
improve the efficiency and reduce the environmental impacts of industrial
processes like textile, paper and pulp, and chemical manufacturing. For
example, industrial biotechnology companies develop biocatalysts, such as
enzymes, to synthesize chemicals. Enzymes are proteins produced by all
organisms. Using biotechnology, the desired enzyme can be manufactured in
commercial quantities.
Commodity chemicals (e.g., polymer-grade acrylamide) and specialty chemicals
can be produced using biotech applications. Traditional chemical synthesis
involves large amounts of energy and often-undesirable products, such as HCl.
Using biocatalysts, the same chemicals can be produced more economically and
more environmentally friendly. An example would be the substitution of
protease in detergents for other cleaning compounds. Detergent proteases,
which remove protein impurities, are essential components of modern
detergents. They are used to break down protein, starch, and fatty acids present
on items being washed. Protease production results in a biomass that in turn
yields a useful byproduct- an organic fertilizer. Biotechnology is also used in
the textile industry for the finishing of fabrics and garments. Biotechnology also
produces biotech-derived cotton that is warmer, stronger, has improved dye
uptake and retention, enhanced absorbency, and wrinkle- and shrink-resistance.
Some agricultural crops, such as corn, can be used in place of petroleum to
produce chemicals. The crop’s sugar can be fermented to acid, which can be
then used as an intermediate to produce other chemical feedstocks for various
11. 11 | P a g e
products. It has been projected that 30% of the world’s chemical and fuel needs
could be supplied by such renewable resources in the first half of the next
century. It has been demonstrated, at test scale, that biopulping reduces the
electrical energy required for wood pulping process by 30% .
Environmental Biotechnology
Environmental biotechnology is the used in waste treatment and pollution
prevention. Environmental biotechnology can more efficiently clean up many
wastes than conventional methods and greatly reduce our dependence on
methods for land-based disposal.
Every organism ingests nutrients to live and produces by-products as a result.
Different organisms need different types of nutrients. Some bacteria thrive on
the chemical components of waste products. Environmental engineers use
bioremediation, the broadest application of environmental biotechnology, in two
basic ways. They introduce nutrients to stimulate the activity of bacteria already
present in the soil at a waste site, or add new bacteria to the soil. The bacteria
digest the waste at the site and turn it into harmless byproducts. After the
bacteria consume the waste materials, they die off or return to their normal
population levels in the environment.
Bioremediation, is an area of increasing interest. Through application of
biotechnical methods, enzyme bioreactors are being developed that will pretreat
some industrial waste and food waste components and allow their removal
through the sewage system rather than through solid waste disposal
mechanisms. Waste can also be converted to biofuel to run generators.
Microbes can be induced to produce enzymes needed to convert plant and
vegetable materials into building blocks for biodegradable plastics .
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In some cases, the byproducts of the pollution-fighting microorganisms are
themselves useful. For example, methane can be derived from a form of bacteria
that degrades sulfur liquor, a waste product of paper manufacturing. This
methane can then be used as a fuel or in other industrial processes.
Human Applications
Biotechnical methods are now used to produce many proteins for
pharmaceutical and other specialized purposes. A harmless strain of Escherichia
coli bacteria, given a copy of the gene for human insulin, can make insulin. As
these genetically modified (GM) bacterial cells age, they produce human
insulin, which can be purified and used to treat diabetes in humans.
Microorganisms can also be modified to produce digestive enzymes. In the
future, these microorganisms could be colonized in the intestinal tract of
persons with digestive enzyme insufficiencies. Products of modern
biotechnology include artificial blood vessels from collagen tubes coated with a
layer of the anticoagulant heparin.
Gene therapy – altering DNA within cells in an organism to treat or cure a
disease – is one of the most promising areas of biotechnology research. New
genetic therapies are being developed to treat diseases such as cystic fibrosis,
AIDS and cancer.
DNA fingerprinting is the process of cross matching two strands of DNA. In
criminal investigations, DNA from samples of hair, bodily fluids or skin at a
crime scene are compared with those obtained from the suspects. In practice, it
has become one of the most powerful and widely known applications of
biotechnology today. Another process, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is also
being used to more quickly and accurately identify the presence of infections
such as AIDS, Lyme disease and Chlamydia.
13. 13 | P a g e
Paternity determination is possible because a child’s DNA pattern is inherited,
half from the mother and half from the father. To establish paternity, DNA
fingerprints of the mother, child and the alleged father are compared. The
matching sequences of the mother and the child are eliminated from the child’s
DNA fingerprint; what remains comes from the biological father.
These segments are then compared for a match with the DNA fingerprint of the
alleged father.
DNA testing is also used on human fossils to determine how closely related
fossil samples are from different geographic locations and geologic areas. The
results shed light on the history of human evolution and the manner in which
human ancestors settled different parts of the world .
Biotechnology for the 21st century
Experts in United States anticipate the world’s population in 2050 to be
approximately 8.7 billion persons. The world’s population is growing, but its
surface area is not. Compounding the effects of population growth is the fact
that most of the earth’s ideal farming land is already being utilized. To avoid
damaging environmentally sensitive areas, such as rain forests, we need to
increase crop yields for land currently in use. By increasing crop yields, through
the use of biotechnology the constant need to clear more land for growing food
is reduced.
Countries in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere are grappling with how to continue
feeding a growing population. They are also trying to benefit more from their
existing resources. Biotechnology holds the key to increasing the yield of staple
crops by allowing farmers to reap bigger harvests from currently cultivated
land, while preserving the land’s ability to support continued farming.
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Malnutrition in underdeveloped countries is also being combated with
biotechnology. The Rockefeller Foundation is sponsoring research on “golden
rice”, a crop designed to improve nutrition in the developing world. Rice
breeders are using biotechnology to build Vitamin A into the rice. Vitamin A
deficiency is a common problem in poor countries. A second phase of the
project will increase the iron content in rice to combat anaemia, which is
widespread problem among women and children in underdeveloped countries.
Golden rice, expected to be for sale in Asia in less than five years, will offer
dramatic improvements in nutrition and health for millions of people, with little
additional costs to consumers.
Similar initiatives using genetic manipulation are aimed at making crops more
productive by reducing their dependence on pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation,
or by increasing their resistance to plant diseases.
Increased crop yield, greater flexibility in growing environments, less use of
chemical pesticides and improved nutritional content make agricultural
biotechnology, quite literally, the future of the world’s food supply. (6)
Modern biotechnology in medicine and health care
Modern biotechnology is applied in medicine and health care in therapeutics,
mainly for the discovery, development and production of novel drugs
(biopharmaceuticals, but also small molecule drugs), in preventives for the
development of recombinant vaccines, and in diagnostics, for protein- and
nucleic acids based tests (i.e. mainly immunoassays and genetic tests).
Modern biotechnology has a direct impact on the pharmaceutical sector which
in 2002 created EUR 58 billion of added value or about 4% of the total value
added of the manufacturing sector. In 2003, the pharmaceutical industry
comprised 4111 companies in total, with 75% of these located in six EU
countries (Germany, France, Spain, Italy, UK, and Poland). The 2006 EU
Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard demonstrates a similar geographic
concentration: the majority of the total 64 pharmaceutical companies included
in the top 1000 EU companies, ranked by R&D investment, were located in
Germany (11), the UK (22) and France (9). According to Eurostat, these
countries are also the largest producers of pharmaceuticals in terms of value-
added. The production value of the EU pharmaceutical industry has grown
15. 15 | P a g e
steadily since 1993, at a higher growth rate than the average of the chemicals
sector, and its trade surplus in 2004 was more than EUR 32 billion, having
increased almost five times since 1990 (USA, Switzerland and Japan being the
top three trading partners).
Biopharmaceuticals
Biomedical research has increased our understanding of molecular mechanisms
of the human body, revealing many proteins and peptides produced by the
human body in small quantities but with important functions, which makes them
interesting for therapeutic applications. Examples are growth factors such as
erythropoietin, stimulating red blood cell production, the human growth
hormone, or immune system stimulating interferons. Modern biotechnology, in
particular recombinant DNA technology, made it possible to produce these
substances in larger quantities using microorganisms or cell cultures as “cell
factories”, facilitating their therapeutic use. These products are subsumed under
the term “biopharmaceuticals”. The first biopharmaceutical to reach the market
was recombinant human insulin in 1982. Since then about 142
biopharmaceutical products have been launched worldwide .The main product
classes of marketed biopharmaceutical products are recombinant hormones such
as human insulin, monoclonal antibodies used to treat e.g. cancer but also used
for diagnostic purposes, and recombinant interferons and interleukins.
Economic significance of biopharmaceuticals
Over the last ten years (1996-2005) in the EU, an average of six new
biopharmaceutical products have been launched per year, accounting for about
9% of pharmaceuticals launched in this period (Overall, in 2005, about 85
biopharmaceutical products were available in the The combined pharmaceutical
market in 2005 of the USA, the EU and Japan was about EUR 372 billion
(about 80% of the worldwide market), the EU having a share of 33%.
Biopharmaceuticals in the USA, EU and Japan represented a market of EUR
38.5 billion in 2005, about 10% of the corresponding pharmaceutical market.
The EU has a market share of 30%, similar to the market share for
pharmaceuticals.
The biopharmaceutical market in the EU seems to be more dynamic than the
pharmaceutical market, with average annual growth rates (23%) twice as high
16. 16 | P a g e
as for pharmaceuticals (11%). Accordingly, overall, the shares of
biopharmaceuticals in the turnover of pharmaceuticals are increasing, indicating
the growing importance of biopharmaceuticals from an economic perspective).
The average turn-over per marketed biopharmaceutical in the EU has tripled
over the last 10 years and, in 2005, reached a value of EUR 133 million per
year.
Recombinant human insulin
Recombinant human insulin was the first biopharmaceutical product to reach
the market, launched in 1982. Since then, it has largely replaced animal insulin;
today only 30% of the worldwide available insulin is isolated from the porcine
or bovine pancreas of slaughtered animals. At least 15 recombinant human
insulin products are currently on the market, representing about 15% of the
biopharmaceutical market by value. In developed countries animal-based insulin
is hardly available any more.
Insulin is primarily targeted at Type 1 diabetes patients, mainly children and
adolescents (about 5-10% of all diabetes patients) who have lost their ability to
produce insulin and need regular injections of insulin. About 30% of Type 2
diabetes patients require additional insulin to regulate their blood glucose levels.
The underlying cause of Type 2 diabetes is an acquired loss
of sensitivity to the hormone insulin, which affects adults usually over the age
of 40 and is linked to diet and body weight. In 2003, there were about 194
million diabetes patients worldwide; this figure is expected to increase to more
than 330 million by 2025 due to an increase of obesity worldwide.
Complications from diabetes, such as stroke, renal failure, blindness, coronary
artery and peripheral vascular disease, often reduce quality of life and life
expectancy and entail considerable health care costs.
Although recombinant human insulin does not appear to have significant
therapeutic differences compared to animal insulin, clinical adoption of
recombinant insulin is high: about 95% of Type 1 diabetes patients in the EU
use recombinant insulin. Recombinant human insulin seems to be more
expensive than animal insulin in most countries where both are available, e.g. in
European countries (including non-EU countries) the average price of
recombinant human insulin was twice as high as for animal insulin. One
17. 17 | P a g e
explanation for the widespread adoption could be the potentially improved
safety of recombinant insulin regarding the risk of immune reaction and
contamination of animal insulin. It is also important to realise that, according to
a study carried out in the USA, the actual cost of insulin, including delivery,
amounts to only 7.6% of diabetes-related health care expenditures.
Recombinant human insulin is the starting point for the development of human
insulin analogues, which reached the market several years ago. The analogues
are developed by using genetic engineering to produce fast acting and slow
acting human insulin. They are designed to improve the control of insulin
requirements over the day, with obvious advantages for the patients. However,
the generally higher prices may reduce their cost-effectiveness, especially in the
case of diabetes type 2 patients.
Recombinant human insulin and insulin analogues are effective in the treatment
of diabetes; however, for these products there is currently limited experimental
evidence showing additional efficacy compared with conventional animal
insulin. Hence, the contribution of biotechnology-derived insulin products to
reducing the burden of diabetes per se compared to animal insulin may need to
be considered marginal. However, insulin analogues may improve the quality of
life of diabetes patients, which could be seen as the major contribution of
recombinant insulin. Judging such qualitative improvements would require
more specific cost- utility analyses and more fundamental ethical decisions.
Interferon-beta for multiple sclerosis
Until 1993, when interferon-beta reached the market, multiple sclerosis (MS)
was treated with corticoids to accelerate recovery from relapses. Corticoids do
not cure MS, and neither do any of the treatments currently available. Also,
interferon-beta belongs to the group of disease modifying drugs: it does not cure
MS, but it may slow down the development of some disabling effects and
decrease the number of relapses. As such, it has developed into the first line
treatment for MS. Currently, four interferon-beta products are available,
representing about 8% of the biopharmaceutical market by value.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the central
nervous system. Its onset occurs primarily in young adults and it affects women
18. 18 | P a g e
more often than men. The exact cause of the disease is unknown, but a genetic
predisposition is suspected. The disorder can manifest in a remitting or
progressive development, and it is characterised by lesions that occur
throughout the brain and spinal cord, which have severe consequences such as
loss of memory or loss of balance and muscle coordination; other symptoms
include slurred speech, tremors, and stiffness or bladder problems. Estimates of
the prevalence of MS in the EU differ between about 2,57,000 in Western
Europe to over 5,63,000 cases in the EU. Given the number of people who
suffer from MS and the fact that it primarily affects young adults, the individual
consequences of this disease are severe and the economic and social costs are
substantial. This is also reflected in the high share of “indirect” costs – i.e. of
costs that occur outside the health care system, like productivity losses, costs for
informal health care or estimates of intangible costs – that usually make up
more than half of total costs.
Regarding cost-effectiveness, no conclusive studies have been identified. The
use of interferon- beta for the treatment of MS is not without controversy. In
2002, the UK’s National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)
issued a guidance not recommending interferon-beta or the current alternative
treatment glatiramer acetate (available since 2000 in some EU Member States)
for the treatment of MS based on clinical performance and cost-effectiveness
considerations. More recent evaluations show modest benefits of interferon-beta
for the progression of MS in the short to medium term. (7)
19. 19 | P a g e
Conclusion: Finally we can come to an end by saying that- most of the
educated people regardless of gender are unaware of the importance of
biotechnology in any aspects of our society, even though it is crystal clear that
its technological value has foreseen for a long time to motivate the upcoming
generations. It is certain that human existence and survival on the coming days
rest on the development and rapidly advancement of biotechnology.
Because of the advancement of thorough researched and development, the
importance of biotechnology has come to existence. It is a field in biology that
is extensively used in engineering, medicine, science and technology,
agriculture and other valuable form of applications. Biotechnology can be a
great solution to mankind struggles. So, what does it’s all about? Briefly, it is
merely an applied principles of chemistry, physics and engineering comprise
into biological structure.
Application in modern era includes the field of genetic engineering. It is the
usage of this technology to culture cells and tissues for the modification living
organism for human purposes. By this, the importance of biotechnology in
agriculture increases the crop production which makes it double or even higher
than normal harvest. It has the ability to give biological protection from disease
and pests, so a minor necessity for chemical insecticides. Biotechnology is
capable of conveying genetic qualities of the crops that can withstand the
changing climate condition, obtain an increase of nutritional qualities. This will
provide the farmers a healthy lifestyle due to the less exposure of chemical
residues and eventually give a higher profit.
Benefits of biotechnology can also be experienced in the medical institution. Its
technological application includes pharmaceutical products and medicines, and
human therapy. It helps produced large quantity of protein for nutritional
supplements and insulin for diabetic patient treatment. The gene therapy, in
which is the most successful result of biotechnology research use to cure aids
and cancer.
Application on biotechnology can be seen in industrial plant and factories. They
are used to give an improved effectiveness and competence in production
process while reducing the impact to the environmental issues. Waste products
can be treated and recycled as a help to preserve natural resources.
20. 20 | P a g e
It is beyond expectation on what the biotechnology has accomplished and
reached in just a matter of time. Humanity has just start to comprehend and
recognized the endless opportunities it has open. As technology assures to
provide solution to every frightening problem we face every now and then, so is
mankind is expecting a more develop biotechnology in the future. A technology
that is more reliable and firm. This is the importance of biotechnology;
revolution of the future technology. (8)
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Reference:
1) Dresden Biotechnology Centre http://www.biotec.tu-dresden.de/technology-platform/
2) De Montfort University http://www.dmu.ac.uk/study/courses/postgraduate-
courses/pharmaceutical-biotechnology.aspx
3) Wikipedia
https://www.google.com.bd/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&
ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiotechnology&ei=Op5
QU89i0puJB5H-
gIAH&usg=AFQjCNGplF2VLcYqkSmvXq3Wsxbd5zYvCg&sig2=dQMG2jZUQZPqwqs-
whiGNQbiotechnology.aspx
4) yonsei school of Life science & Biotechnology
https://www.google.com.bd/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&uact=8&
ved=0CGIQFjAH&url=http%3A%2F%2Fuic.yonsei.ac.kr%2Fimages%2FUD_Life_Science_and
_Biotechnology.pdf&ei=CJxQU7H2NomDiQe5soCwDA&usg=AFQjCNH5eZPVNrV2jTgfaEEL
iZxekAGrbw&sig2=WzalBIin6n_CkFPrHGXqPw
5) Yale Bioinformatics
http://www.primate.or.kr/bioinformatics/Course/Yale/intro.pdf
6) The North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
North Carolina State University
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/foodsci/ext/pubs/bioapp.html
7) Consequences, Opportunities and Challenges of Modern Biotechnology for Europe By- Eleni
Zika, Ilias Papatryfon, Oliver Wolf, Manuel Gómez-Barbero, Alexander J. Stein and Anne-Katrin
Bock
http://ebookbrowsee.net/consequences-opportunities-and-challenges-of-modern-biotechnology-
for-europe-pdf-d631986284
(8)Importanceoftech.com
http://importanceoftech.com/importance-of-biotechnology