During the early 20th century, millions of Mexican immigrants came to the US due to violence and lack of opportunities in Mexico. These newer immigrants differed from earlier Mexican immigrants in that they were attracted to agricultural, mining, and railroad jobs that were unskilled and seasonal. As a result, they lived in overcrowded ethnic enclaves with poor sanitation. While initially planning to return to Mexico, limited jobs and education in the US made social mobility unlikely. Racial attitudes and anti-Mexican sentiment led to discrimination and isolation of Mexican immigrants. The Great Depression further worsened conditions, though Mexican immigrants began organizing for labor rights and civil protections.
John Sulzbach is a Killingworth, CT, executive who serves as the production manager of Astroseal Products, a provider of specialized electronics to the aerospace industry. John Sulzbach is also an avid traveler. As a student, he took part in a study-abroad program in San Cristobal de las Casas, Mexico, in 2000. He subsequently travelled for four months in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala, among other countries.
Mexican Revolution in World Historical Context: IB History of the Americaswilliamjtolley
The Mexican Revolution in a world-historical context. Includes long-term causes back to pre-conquest Latin America, current historiography, world-systems analysis and extrapolations to modern Mexico and the Zapatista movement of 1994.
John Sulzbach is a Killingworth, CT, executive who serves as the production manager of Astroseal Products, a provider of specialized electronics to the aerospace industry. John Sulzbach is also an avid traveler. As a student, he took part in a study-abroad program in San Cristobal de las Casas, Mexico, in 2000. He subsequently travelled for four months in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala, among other countries.
Mexican Revolution in World Historical Context: IB History of the Americaswilliamjtolley
The Mexican Revolution in a world-historical context. Includes long-term causes back to pre-conquest Latin America, current historiography, world-systems analysis and extrapolations to modern Mexico and the Zapatista movement of 1994.
Chicano Studies 168
Lecture 2
Dr. Raúl Moreno Campos
UCSB
Agenda
Mexican Communities in the U.S. Southwest at the Turn of the 20th Century
Immigration to the U.S.: Then and Now
The History of Illegality, the Racialization of Mexican Labor, and the “Revolving Door” of U.S. Immigration Law and Mexicanos
I.
By the dawn of the 20th century, the once sovereign, and often wealthy, Mexican families and communities of the former Northern Mexican territories had been largely dispossessed, brought under U.S. rule, and placed within the lowest rungs of its racial regimes.
One central dimension of this change, therefore, was the marginal status that Mexicanos had come to occupy in the U.S., and the manner in which, despite being native to these lands, they ultimately became thought of as “foreigners” and “illegal aliens”, to be looked upon with suspicion and subject to various forms of state-sponsored violence.
By the middle of the 20th century, Mexican social segregation and political marginality, and the use of Mexicanos as disposable labor, was firmly entrenched and widespread- indeed, these conditions became some of the central issues of the Chicano Movement in the 1960s.
I.
How did Mexican communities come to be thought of as “foreign”, and what was the historical process by which Mexicanos came to be thought of as “iconic illegal aliens”?
In particular, how did Mexicans become the primary target of U.S. border patrol after its formation in 1924?
In turn, how did this racialized and regionalized method of border enforcement shape race in the U.S.?
I.
Throughout the Southwest, the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo were not kept- in particular guarantees of rights of citizenship and protection of property for Mexicans
Ex. California Land Act of 1851- flagrant violation of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Led to exhausting and expensive legal battles (land rich, cash poor)
I.
As Lytle Hernandez (2010) points out, a variety of techniques were used to acquire land rights from Mexican landholders
Violence, genocide reservation system- used against indigenous populations by Spaniards (1st conquest)- pg. 22
Fraud, debt payment (legal battles), marriage- used for Mexicans (Ibid.)
The decline in wealth for wealthy Mexicans, led to a decline in political clout, and consequently a marked decline in social status.
Ex of Ventura county- by 1900, 80% of Mexicans were at the bottom of social strata (Cf. Almaguer)
I.
Dramatic shift to agro-industrialist model
1902- Newlands Reclamation Act in the West- funding of irrigation projects made large scale farming possible.
1920- West largest and most profitable agricultural producer in the nation
31 million acres of crops valued at $ 1.7 billion in California and Texas alone.
This rapid expansion depended on a cheap farm hands- where to get them?
I.
The case of CA
Late 1800s- growers relied on Chinese and (to some extent) Indian labor.
Growing nativism (Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882)- li ...
THIRD EDITION
PETER WINN
FOURTEEN
North of the Border
"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe
free," wrote Emma Lazarus in 1883. Inscribed on a bronze plaque at the
base of the Statue of Liberty at the entrance to New York Harbor, these
lines expressed the promise of "the land ofliberty" for generations of im-
migrants to the United States.
During the 1980s, more immigrants arrived in the United States than
in any other decade in history. Yet, unlike millions of their predecessors,
few of them were welcomed by Lady Liberty and few came from Europe.
Most were migrants from Latin America and the Caribbean who had
traveled north, not west, to reach the United States, and crossed borders,
not oceans, to arrive at its shores.
How this nation of immigrants deals with this new wave of immi-
grants from the south may well shape its domestic history and hemi-
spheric relations during the twenty-first century. It may also force the
United States of America to rethink what it means to be "American."
These new immigrants have made the United States the fifth largest
Spanish-speaking country in the world. Today, it has the hemisphere's
largest Puerto Rican city, second largest concentrations of Cubans, Sal-
vadorans, Haitians, and Jamaicans, and fourth largest Mexican metrop-
olis. People of Latin American origin have surpassed African-Americans
North of the Border I 585
as the nation's largest minority group. Their concentrations in such large
states as California, Florida, New York, and Texas-and in some of the
country's biggest cities-will increase their social and political impact
still further. By 202 5, they will be the largest race or ethnic group in Cali-
fornia, comprising 4 3 percent of the population of the largest state. Al-
ready more than half of Miami is of Latin American descent, and the
same is true for nearly 40 percent of Los Angeles and a quarter of Hous-
ton and New York. Increasingly, "Anglos"-a term that "Hispanics,"
people with Spanish American cultural roots, apply to all white English-
speaking North Americans-will have to come to terms with the fact that
they not only share the Americas with their Latin American and
Caribbean neighbors, but that they also share their own country with
growing communities of "Latinos," people of Latin American descent.
The 2000 census revealed that there were more than 3 5 million His-
panics living in the continental United States, a 58 percent increase over
1980 and a nine-fold rise over 1950. By 2005, there were over 40 million
Hispanics living on the mainland and their numbers were growing four
times as fast as the U.S. population as a whole, as a result of immigra-
tion-legal and illegal-as well as higher birth rates. If current trends
continue, there will be more than roo million Hispanic-Americans by
the year 2050, when they will comprise one-quarter of this country's
populatio ...
WEEK 6· Chapter 13 • Goodbye America The Chicano in t.docxmelbruce90096
WEEK 6·
Chapter 13 • Goodbye America: The Chicano in the 1960s 295
consider the ending of poverty a worthwhile goal. Euro-Americans increasingly wanted the poor to just go
away. According to U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater, "The fact is that most people who have no skill have no edu-
cation for the same reason-low intelligence or low ambition:'48
Bureaucratic conflict also weakened the War on Poverty. The Department of Labor refused to cooperate
with OEO; social workers perceived it as a threat to the welfare bureaucracy and their hegemony among the
poor. Local politicians claimed that OEO programs "fostered class struggle." Meanwhile, as government officials
and others quickly gained control of the programs, the participation of the poor declined. By 1966, President
Johnson began dismantling the OEO, with Head Start going to Health, Education, and Welfare, and the Job
Corps, to the Department of Labor. He then substituted the "Model Cities" program for OEO. Johnson, faced
with opposition within his own party over the war in Vietnam, announced that he would not seek reelection.
The assassination of Robert Kennedy during the California primary also dealt a blow to Mexican American
hope. The election of Richard Nixon in 1968 put the proverbial final nail in the coffin.
Impart of the War on Poverty
The impact of the War on Poverty on Chicanos was huge. A study of 60 OEO advisory boards in East Los
Angeles-Boyle Heights-South Lincoln Heights, for instance-showed that 1,520 individuals, 71 percent of
whom lived in these communities, served on the boards; two-thirds were women. Many Chic;ano activists of
the 1960s developed a sense of political consciousness as a result of poverty programs, which advertised the
demands and grievances of the poor and created an ideology that legitimized protest. Many minorities came to
learn that they had the right to work in government and to petition it. Legal aid programs and Head Start, a
public preschool system, also proved invaluable to the poor. The number of poor fell dramatically between
1965 and 1970 as Social Security, health, and welfare payments more than doubled. When the federal govern-
ment cut the last of the War on Poverty programs in the 1980s, poverty escalated.49
MAGNETIZATION OF THE BORDER <t--VJ -\\ e....'(' -e_
A population boom in Mexico tossed millions into Mexico's labor pool, thus intensifying the push factors. In
1950, Mexico had a population of 25.8 million; it jumped to 34.9 million 10 years later and was rushing toward
50 million by the end of the 1960s. Driving this increase was the fertility rate of Mexican women, which
increased from an average of 1.75 percent in 1922-1939 to 2.25 percent in 1939-1946 and to 6.9 percent in
the late 1950s. Mexico had the fastest-growing gross national product (GNP) in Latin America, but it did not
offset this increase in population.
The termination of the bracero (guest worker) program in 1964 worsened Mexico's econ.
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Mexicanos
1. How the Chicano Community in the United States Changed
Chapter 5: The Great Migration: 1900-1930
During this time period, we had millions of Mexicanos leaving their native lands and
coming to the US. The push and pull factors that brought about this movement was due to the
Mexican revolution had left the country with violence, political corruption, and few job and land
opportunities for the peasant class. Combined with economic growth in the American Southwest,
Mexicanos made their way into the New Country in hopes of economic opportunity.
This new wave of Mexican immigrants in the US differed from the community of
Mexicans who were already in the Southern states. Many of the previous immigrants were
political exiles from the Mexican Revolution and were skilled workers of urban and professional
backgrounds. However, the newer immigrants from the early part of the 20th century were
attracted to the southwest for railroad, mining, and agriculture jobs. These jobs were unskilled
and highly seasonal. Therefore, these newer immigrants were forced in ethnic barrios an even
labor camp living quarters that were over crowded and had poor sanitation. The Mexican
immigrants were an indispensable labor force that worked hard and dangerous jobs under low
wages. They often moved frequently especially in agricultural industries to follow what crops
were in season. Initially, the Mexican immigrant that arrived in the first three decades of the 20th
century planned on returning home to Mexico after acquiring enough economic resources in
American to live well in their home country. But what these new immigrants found once in the
US was limited jobs, lack of education, and poor living conditions which all made social
mobility unlikely.
2. Political factors that influences how the Mexican community in the US changed during
this period centered around an anti-Mexican sentiment. The racial attitude of most Americans
after a long history of non-whites being discriminated, and because of strong anti-Mexican
sentiment in the US, Mexican immigrants gained a strong sense of nationalism to their native
lands as they were isolated residentially and in the work place from Anglo’s. They also received
poor treatment from the already established Mexican American community in the US who
preferred to call themselves Spanish-American and not be associated with the lower class newer
cholos. Again economic conditions also affected the position and treatment of the Mexican
immigrants in the US. The new immigrants were also often taken advantaged by contratistas,
often immigrants themselves, who served as middlemen between the immigrant contract
workforce and their employees, stealing money from the immigrants. The newer immigrants
lacked education and English language skills which made them open to such schemes and poor
treatment. Mexican immigrants often worked and lived along side European immigrant groups as
well as African Americans, Asians, and Indians.
Towards the end of the 1920’s much of the Mexican immigrants community in the US
was moving North into the cities abandoning rural agricultural life. Most of the Mexican
immigrants that entered the US during the early 1990’s were largely undocumented but this not
an issue due to the cheap labor force that the Mexicanos provided to the US industries. But
during the 1930’s after the fall of the US stock market, financial crisis ensued almost all
Americans and especially Mexican immigrants. As the agricultural industries dried up, even
more Mexicanos headed for the cities.
3. Chapter 6: The Depression: 1930-1940
Social and living conditions for Mexican immigrants in the southwest during this time
period continued to be disastrous as the ethnic enclaves were over crowded, poor sanitation, lack
of social services and segregated under funded schools for non-white children. Bu ton the flip
side, the barrios offered a cultural realm that was beneficial. The ethnic enclaves formed “Little
Mexico's” were Spanish was the dominate language and the Catholic Church ran social functions
and community events. The barrios played Spanish movies and radio programs. Chicano scholars
view the Mexican barrios in a positive light rather than ghettos that fueled violence and crime. In
the barrios, culture, customs and community were focal points.
Mexican immigrants living in urban areas in the midwest had a slightly different
experience. The midwest cities were highly urbanized therefore immigrants received higher
wages and better education. Also, the immigrant communities were mixed with Mexican barrios
bordering European immigrant communities. They two often intermarried and this join
experience made the Mexican assimilation process quicker. Also, in the midwest cities,
Mexicanos were further away from their homeland making it harder to keep ties to the Old
Country.
After the first World War, a nativism perspective was popular among Americans to keep
America pure and with economic strife following the depression, many felt the growing presence
of Mexican immigrants in the cities as a threat to white jobs and influx of crime and violence.
Again this anti-Mexican and anti-sentiment took on a racial perspective as Mexicanos were
looked at as dirty, heathens that were unassimilable. The”Mexican Problem” was part of a larger
anti immigration campaign that led to legislation that mandated immigration quotas in 1921 and
4. 1924. However, southwest corporations fought to keep their cheap labor force available therefore
allowing sometime before Mexicans were targeted specifically in the anti immigration campaign.
But because of the poor economic conditions in the US, many Mexicans after the 1930’s returned
back to Mexico however several involuntarily. Repatriation was targeted heavily toward the
southern California Mexican community and racial tensions were intense during this period.
The economic outcome of the depression brought labor strife which allowed for Mexican
activists and labor organization. Mexicanos realized they were going to stay in the US and
needed to address the issues they faced in the job market. The labor strikes and union movement
of the 1930’s though unsuccessful demonstrated Mexicanos militancy to fight for fair wages and
improved conditions. The Mexican government also supported their citizens abroad. Further,
Mexicanas who have always been vital to the Mexican community showed their resilience in
labor organization fighting now only for work conditions but civil rights as well.