Postmodernism lesson 1 introduces some of the basic ideas and concepts of postmodernism. It discusses the origins and key themes of postmodernism, including skepticism of grand narratives, blurring of boundaries between high and low art forms, and lack of originality through techniques like pastiche and intertextuality. The document explores concepts like hybridization, bricolage, and juxtaposition that are characteristic of postmodern works. It provides examples from film and art to illustrate self-reflexivity, parody, and how postmodernism questions what is considered real. The lesson aims to help students understand some of the defining features of postmodernism.

1. Postmodernism lesson 1
L/O:
In this lesson you will be able to …..
Introduce to the basic ideas about Postmodernism and consider it's origins
Address basic themes and concepts that make something Postmodern
Consider the wider effects of Postmodernism on yourself
Address assessment objectives and exam criteria

2. Starter
• Post = ?
• Modern = ?
• Ism = ?

3. Starter
• Post = after
• Modern = ?
– Modern generally denotes something that is "up-to-date", "new", or contemporary. (wiki)
• 1.of or pertaining to present and recent time; not ancient or remote: modern city life.
• 2.characteristic of present and recent time; contemporary; not antiquated or obsolete: modern viewpoints.
• 3.of or pertaining to the historical period following the Middle Ages: modern European history.
• 4.of, pertaining to, or characteristic of contemporary styles of art,literature, music, etc., that reject traditionally acc
epted or sanctioned forms and emphasize individual experimentation and sensibility.
• Ism = ?
• a distinctive doctrine, theory, system, or practice:
• a suffix appearing in loanwords from Greek, where it was used to form action nouns from verbs ( baptism );
• on this model, used as a.productive suffix in the formation of nouns denoting action or.practice, state or condition
, principles, doctrines, a usage or.characteristic, devotion or adherence, etc. ( criticism; barbarism;Darwinism; desp
otism; plagiarism; realism; witticism; intellectualism

4. What is pomo? (wiki)
• Postmodernism is a term that describes the postmodernist movement in the arts,
its set of cultural tendencies and associated cultural movements.
• It is in general the era that follows Modernism.
• It frequently serves as an ambiguous overarching term for skeptical interpretations
of culture, literature, art, philosophy, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary
criticism.
• It is often associated with deconstruction and post-structuralism because its usage
as a term gained significant popularity at the same time as twentieth-century post
structural thought.

5. ISM’s before postmoderISM
Ism's: A History
Artistic/Cultural Movements (17th-
21st Century)

6. Ism's: A History
Artistic/Cultural Movements (17th-21st Century)
BAROQUE

7. Ism's: A History
Artistic/Cultural Movements (17th-21st Century)
ROMANTIC

8. Ism's: A History
Artistic/Cultural Movements (17th-21st Century)
REALISM

9. Ism's: A History
Artistic/Cultural Movements (17th-21st Century)
MODERN

10. Ism's: A History
Artistic/Cultural Movements (17th-21st Century)
POSTMODERN

11. Some Key points
• Inability to create anything new
• Experimentation with existing forms and
conventions
• Loss of the "real"
• General pessimism and lack of purpose
• Technology increasing important in social
interaction

12. What makes something
Postmodern?

13. Generic Hybridisation
• Put simply this is when a text
mixes the elements of two or
more genres together
• Example: “Shaun of the Dead”
• Suggests that you cannot
create anything new anymore?

14. Hybridisation
• When more than one thing is
mixed with another thing
• i.e. ‘technological convergence’
such as a smart phone is a
product of many different types
of technology merged together
• i.e. periscope is like skype +
texting + facebook etc

15. Bricolage
• Bricolage is related to hybridity…
• When a hybrid product develops it’s own set of
conventions
• i.e. REALITY TV SHOWS is a product
of….(doc+game show+soap) to form new
meaning/conventions
• It has it’s own set of conventions
• i.e. ‘zombie films’ is a well known subgenre with familiar
conventions of it’s own that are distinctive from other genres

16. Intertextuality • This is when a
text makes
deliberate
references to
other media
texts by stealing
bits of it
• Example:
• “The Simpsons”
(Sopranos)
&
• (Clockwork
Orange)
• Possibly suggests that we constantly repeat rather than create new things?
• Intertextuality is the shaping of texts' meanings by other texts. It can refer to an author’s
borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a reader’s referencing of one text in
reading another.

17. Intertextuality
A text’s reference to other texts.
This is the shaping of texts' meanings by
other texts.
It can refer to an author’s borrowing and
transformation of a prior text or to a reader’s
referencing of one text in reading another.

18. Intertextuality
Pastiche
ParodyHomage
Satire

19. Pastiche
• A pastiche is a work of art, literature, film, music or
architecture that closely imitates the work of a previous
artist, usually distinguished from parody in the sense that it
celebrates rather than mocks the work it imitates.
• A medley of various ingredients... Denotes a technique
using a generally light hearted, tongue-in-cheek imitation
of another’s style. Although it is jocular (humorous), it is
respectful (unlike parody).
• Alternately, a pastiche may be a hodge-podge of parts
derived from the original work of others.

20. • Pastiche is prominent in popular culture.
• Many genre pieces, particularly in fantasy, are essentially pastiches.
• George Lucas’ Star Wars series is often considered to be a pastiche of
traditional science fiction television serials or radio shows.
• They can be seen as a pastiche of 1930s science fiction cliffhanger serials
like Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers. Some would argue that it blends
elements of samurai, American western, and sci-fi film genres.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh8KVG8j68I flash
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjNlyWxwCac buck rogers

21. The films of Quentin Tarantino are often
described as pastiches, with their
mixing and blurring of generic
conventions and boundaries.
Kill Bill (2003) pays tribute to (or
perhaps imitates) numerous genres;
(next slide)
-though some say his films are more of
a homage.

22. Kung fu / martial arts
& Japanese anime
Western films
-pulp novels/comics
(themes of
adventure/horror)
blaxploitation
(70’s)
grindhouse
(venues that showed exploitation
films….showed pornographic/high sex,
slasher horror or dubbed martial arts films)
Kill Bill (2003) pays tribute to (or perhaps imitates) numerous genres;

23. Kung fu / martial arts
& Japanese anime
Western films
blaxploitation
(70’s)
grindhouse
(venues that showed exploitation
films….showed pornographic/high sex,
slasher horror or dubbed martial arts films)

24. Homage
• Mixing and blurring of generic conventions and
boundaries.
• Film or director pays tribute (some believe
imitates) to previous distinctive styles/genres
• Homage is generally used to mean any public
show of respect to someone to whom you feel
indebted (worthy of dedication). In this sense, a
reference within a creative work to someone who
greatly influenced the artist would be a homage

25. Homage example
• Johnathan Glazer’s music video for Blur’s The
Universal paid homage to Stanley Kubrick’s
film Clockwork Orange).

26. Homage Example
• ChinatownWhen Nicholas has
discovered the secret of
Sandford and is trying to get
Danny to help him take the
village down, Danny says
"Forget it Nicholas, It's Sandford"
• a reference to Chinatown's
"Forget it Jake, it's Chinatown"

27. Parody
• A parody (also called spoof), is an imitative
work created to mock, comment on or
trivialise an original work, its subject, author,
style, or some other target, by means
of satiric or ironic imitation.
• Most of the humour in recent parodies of film
genres is based on our familiarity with formula
plots, conventions and characters.

28. Duchamp's parody of the Mona
Lisa adds a goatee and
moustache.
Mona Lisa by Leonardo da
Vinci. Original painting from
circa 1503 – 1507.

29. Parody in Duchamp (mona lisa)
• Marcel Duchamp's Dadaist painting LHOOQ parodies DaVinci's Mona Lisa
by marring it with a goatee and moustache. In keeping with his Dadist
practices, which called artistic conventions and aesthetic assumptions into
question, DuChamp’s paired his visual parody with a low pun; in French,
"L.H.O.O.Q." sounds like an idiom describing women who sexually tease
men: "elle a chaud au cul," or "she is hot in the ass."

30. Parody Examples
• Films like Scary Movie, Not Another Teen Movie and Team America: World Police first build on
our habitual expectations of their genre and then violate them. Because each of these films
incorporates the plot, characters & conventions of dozens of films, they can be helpful in
studying the genres they parody.

31. Satire is a technique in which a
target is held up for merciless
ridicule. Because satire often
combines anger and humour it
can be profoundly disturbing -
because it is essentially ironic &
sarcastic - it is often
misunderstood.
Although satire is usually witty,
and often very funny, the primary
purpose of satire is not primarily
humour but criticism of an
individual or a group in a witty
manner.
Satire

32. Intertextuality
Pastiche
(IMITATE)
Parody
(MOCK/criticise)
Homage
(TRIBUTE)
Satire
(Criticise)

33. Self Reflexivity
• This is when a “text” points
out to the audience that it is
a “text”.
• This level of self awareness
points to how “texts” are
constructed
• Where a text knows it's a
text and draws attention to
it's structure, production
and/or conventions to the
audience. In doing so, inverts
(reverses) itself reflecting its
own reality rather than an
outside one.
I feel like I’ve been
wearing the same
clothes for 10
Years!
• “Example: “The Simpsons”

34. Self Reflexivity example
• CATFISH
• Makes it known it is making the show (you
can see filming/cameraman, NEV talks about
it on camera) …..a lot of direct address etc etc.

35. Juxtaposition
• This is when a collection of opposing elements
all mix together to try and make sense.
• Example: “The Mighty Boosh”
This can often reflect a
confusing a world where
things don’t make any
sense

36. Hyperreality
• WHEN LINE BETWEEN WHAT IS REAL AND
SIMULATION OF REAL IS BLURRED
• Because of all the self- reflexivity,
intertextuality etc, texts become
detached from anything real. This creates
a hyperreal state where reality is altered
and detached from anything “real”
• It is when a reality is made which is based
on a reality which is not real
– Think of ‘virtual realities’ or realities in video
games……think of representation of
men/women – usually ideological and
unrealistic
• Example: “The Matrix”

37. High art/culture
Low art/culture
LOW HIGH
Low culture is a derogatory term for popular culture ; everything in
society that has mass appeal.
Low culture is a term for some forms of popular culture that that
have mass appeal.
High culture is a term referring to the "best of breed" (from some
elitist viewpoint) cultural products. What falls in this category is
defined by the most powerful sections of society, i.e. its social,
political, economic and intellectual elite.
Take away meals
Gossip magazines
Best selling books such as ‘50 shades of Grey’
Sports such as basketball and football
Banksy
Shakespeare
Classic art………mona lisa……Picasso…….
Classic literature
Classic music ………..such as the Opera
Theatre

38. Hybrids of high/low
• The line between high and low art is very
blurred in postmodernism
Producing text like this:
Why?

39. Nothing new
• Think of the film industry
• You will realise most films are
– Remakes (the hills have eyes)
– Adaptations (from books/plays ‘Girl with dragon tattoo’ or adapted to be
different = ‘Maleficient’)
– Franchise (series – Indiana Jones)
– Reboots (the Amazing Spiderman, Godzilla)
– Parody/pastiche/homage
• On your phone look up each category (film/TV/music video)
– Remakes
– Adaptations
– Franchise
– Reboots
– Parody/pastiche/homage
What films are COMPLETELY NEW/ORIGINAL? Are they as successful?

40. • Can you think of two genres that have not
been mixed already?
• What/who decides what works well
together?

41. Other pomo features
• (Look on your handout)
• Non linear narratives
• Artificialness
• Dystopian narratives (& pessimism)
• Non realism
• Voyeurism & panopticanisation

42. Postmodernism WIKI
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism
• If you want to do more reading……

43. Summary of POMO Key terms
• Nothing new/nothing original
• Non linear narratives
• High/low art hybrids
• Self reflexivity
• Artificialness
• Dystopian narratives (& pessimism)
• Non realism
• Hyperreality
• Voyerism & panopticanisation
• Nostalgia
• Intertextuality
– Homage
– Pastiche
– Parody
• Hybridisation/hybrids
• Bricolage
• Juxtaposition
GREEN
(confident)
AMBER
(somewhat
confident)
RED
(not confident)

44. Homework (assign #1)
Set: Thur Sept 15 /
Due: Mon Sept 19
• A) revise all key terms
• B) Assignment 1: Something Postmodern
• Create a presentation on something postmodern (a text) (film, art,
TV, advertising, music video, etc)
• Must have at least 2-3 key terms
• The newer, the better – nothing more than 3 years old
• The more key terms you can apply, the better (an A/B would have at
least 5+)
• Nothing from the sheet or this presentation!