Energy shortages is the major challenge facing the industrial sector in Nigeria. This paper assessed the energy shortages due to technical losses in the Nigerian distribution network and the cost implications. The study was carried out based on network data collected over the period 2011-2015 from three electricity distribution companies (DisCos) drawn from the three major industrial cities of Nigeria. These data were simulated on the Electrical Transient Analysis program (ETAP) Version 12.6. The calculated energy losses for these cities for the said period are 108,959.87 MWH, 149,256 MWH and 72,743.08 MWH respectively. The corresponding revenue losses are N2,434,164,012, N3,538,754,758.8 and N1,699,751,530.1 respectively. The paper suggested remedial measures to reduce energy losses, mitigate losses arising from unannounced electricity cuts as well as achieve a more efficient and reliable electricity distribution network. The outcome of this research provides a data bank for policy makers and future researchers in the areas of electricity generation, transmission and distribution.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Sustainable Infrastructural Development in Africa: The Build Operate and Tran...AJHSSR Journal
The build, operate and transfer (BOT) investment model can be advantageously adopted in Nigeria in
ensuring the rehabilitation of the decaying and obsolete electricity infrastructure in the country as low electricity
generation and consumption has serious negative implications on both the households and economic activities in
the economy. Thus, the objective of the paper is to interrogate the existing electricity infrastructure in Nigeria
and advocate for a form of private investment model. Using qualitative method and documentary evidence
predicted on the public-private partnership model, the study found that electricity infrastructure in Nigeria is
obsolete and inadequate. Power generation in Nigeria compared to other leading economies in Africa is
abysmally low due to lack of adequate investment in the sector. The BOT investment model has been used
successfully to build and maintain cost-intensive infrastructures like the power plants, highways, railways,
airports, etc in both developed and developing countries of the world; as seen in China, India, Pakistan,
Philippine, South Africa, Ghana, etc. Thus, the paper submits that the BOT alternative should be adopted to
address the power sector menace in the country.
Indian Power Sector - Industry AnalysisArjun Yadav
The power sector in India has entered into the growth stage since 2003. With a production of 1,006 TWh, India is the fifth largest producer and consumer of electricity in the world after Russia. The sector is also witnessing robust growth in renewable sources of energy with wind and solar energy estimated to contribute 15GW and 10GW respectively, during the next five year plan. The government passed the National Tariff Policy in 2006 that ensured adequate ROI to companies engaged in power generation, transmission and distribution and assured the consumers affordable rates.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Sustainable Infrastructural Development in Africa: The Build Operate and Tran...AJHSSR Journal
The build, operate and transfer (BOT) investment model can be advantageously adopted in Nigeria in
ensuring the rehabilitation of the decaying and obsolete electricity infrastructure in the country as low electricity
generation and consumption has serious negative implications on both the households and economic activities in
the economy. Thus, the objective of the paper is to interrogate the existing electricity infrastructure in Nigeria
and advocate for a form of private investment model. Using qualitative method and documentary evidence
predicted on the public-private partnership model, the study found that electricity infrastructure in Nigeria is
obsolete and inadequate. Power generation in Nigeria compared to other leading economies in Africa is
abysmally low due to lack of adequate investment in the sector. The BOT investment model has been used
successfully to build and maintain cost-intensive infrastructures like the power plants, highways, railways,
airports, etc in both developed and developing countries of the world; as seen in China, India, Pakistan,
Philippine, South Africa, Ghana, etc. Thus, the paper submits that the BOT alternative should be adopted to
address the power sector menace in the country.
Indian Power Sector - Industry AnalysisArjun Yadav
The power sector in India has entered into the growth stage since 2003. With a production of 1,006 TWh, India is the fifth largest producer and consumer of electricity in the world after Russia. The sector is also witnessing robust growth in renewable sources of energy with wind and solar energy estimated to contribute 15GW and 10GW respectively, during the next five year plan. The government passed the National Tariff Policy in 2006 that ensured adequate ROI to companies engaged in power generation, transmission and distribution and assured the consumers affordable rates.
This presentation gives a brief about the Indian Power sector. It covers evolution, growth, major players of Power sectors. Also, it focuses various acts, regulations and tariffs related to it. The important part is issues which are there in Power sector and we have made an attempt to provide recommendations for the same.
The energy access dividend in honduras and haitiStanleylucas
This report presents results of the EAD model for Haiti and Honduras, two countries that represent different electricity access situations in Latin America. In both settings, energy poverty continues to pose important challenges, but the nature of the problem is quite diffe- rent. Haiti has the lowest rates of electricity access in the Western Hemisphere, while Hondu- ras has much higher connection rates but still faces problems related to last mile connections and electricity quality. The contrasting nature of the challenge in these two settings provide a useful comparison that also helps to better demonstrate the value of EAD in policyma- king. Furthermore, as data availability differs substantially between the two countries, this report illustrates how detailed household-level survey data can be a powerful addition to national-level statistics by demonstrating how bene ts accrue in different ways to different populations within a country. Designed as a tool for policy planning, the dividends presen- ted in this report for Haiti and Honduras are intended to highlight the role of electri cation in economic development and offer policymakers a framework for including electri cation trade-offs—in terms of technology, pace, and level—in policy planning and design.
CO2 Reduction Measures in the Electricity Supply Chain in LibyaHusen E . Bader
The electricity supply chain consists of three components; electricity generation, transmission and distribution (T&D) system, and the end-user stage. CO2 emissions from electricity generation are caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Unjustified end-users and electricity losses in the T&D system increase electricity production, which of course indirectly contributes to further emissions. Consequently, this study presents the state of the electricity supply chain in Libya and measures taken to reduce emissions. The analysis shows that efforts are currently being made to diversify the energy mix and to exploit the potential of solar and wind energy. Low carbon fuels and combined cycle technologies remain key sources of electricity generation. In the T&D system, Libya has built a strong transmission system and strict design criteria have been applied. Libya is working on the establishment of Energy Demand Management (EDM), where some power plants have installed EDM-related equipment. Further efforts are needed to reduce technical and non-technical losses. In the end-user stage, per capita electricity consumption corresponds to 3.73MWh, which is considered to be the largest energy consumer in Africa. There is no time-differentiated price that would encourage consumers to switch from peak hours. Libya is currently preparing a national energy efficiency action plan.
This presentation gives a brief about the Indian Power sector. It covers evolution, growth, major players of Power sectors. Also, it focuses various acts, regulations and tariffs related to it. The important part is issues which are there in Power sector and we have made an attempt to provide recommendations for the same.
The energy access dividend in honduras and haitiStanleylucas
This report presents results of the EAD model for Haiti and Honduras, two countries that represent different electricity access situations in Latin America. In both settings, energy poverty continues to pose important challenges, but the nature of the problem is quite diffe- rent. Haiti has the lowest rates of electricity access in the Western Hemisphere, while Hondu- ras has much higher connection rates but still faces problems related to last mile connections and electricity quality. The contrasting nature of the challenge in these two settings provide a useful comparison that also helps to better demonstrate the value of EAD in policyma- king. Furthermore, as data availability differs substantially between the two countries, this report illustrates how detailed household-level survey data can be a powerful addition to national-level statistics by demonstrating how bene ts accrue in different ways to different populations within a country. Designed as a tool for policy planning, the dividends presen- ted in this report for Haiti and Honduras are intended to highlight the role of electri cation in economic development and offer policymakers a framework for including electri cation trade-offs—in terms of technology, pace, and level—in policy planning and design.
CO2 Reduction Measures in the Electricity Supply Chain in LibyaHusen E . Bader
The electricity supply chain consists of three components; electricity generation, transmission and distribution (T&D) system, and the end-user stage. CO2 emissions from electricity generation are caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Unjustified end-users and electricity losses in the T&D system increase electricity production, which of course indirectly contributes to further emissions. Consequently, this study presents the state of the electricity supply chain in Libya and measures taken to reduce emissions. The analysis shows that efforts are currently being made to diversify the energy mix and to exploit the potential of solar and wind energy. Low carbon fuels and combined cycle technologies remain key sources of electricity generation. In the T&D system, Libya has built a strong transmission system and strict design criteria have been applied. Libya is working on the establishment of Energy Demand Management (EDM), where some power plants have installed EDM-related equipment. Further efforts are needed to reduce technical and non-technical losses. In the end-user stage, per capita electricity consumption corresponds to 3.73MWh, which is considered to be the largest energy consumer in Africa. There is no time-differentiated price that would encourage consumers to switch from peak hours. Libya is currently preparing a national energy efficiency action plan.
Wat kan een dokter met Social Media? Wat zijn de gevaren? Wat juist de kansen? Aan de hand van diverse voorbeelden leid ik u door het Social Media landschap!
Wat kan een dokter met Social Media? Wat zijn de gevaren? Wat juist de kansen? Aan de hand van diverse voorbeelden leid ik u door het Social Media landschap!
Performance investigation of electricial power supply to owerri for higher pr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This research was carried out to investigate the performance of electrical power supply to Owerri, Imo State Capital. The Enugu Electrical Distribution Company (EEDC), Owerri was the case study and sample of 10 respondents representing each unit were used. Structured questionnaire and observations techniques were administered during this research. The data presentation tools were tables and charts. It was found out that the major hindrances to Customer satisfaction in Power supply were: inadequate megawatts of power availability, obsolete network and equipment that require upgrade, overload networks, poor funding, lack of routine maintenance culture, inadequately trained manpower, logistics (vehicle, personal and material problems), psychological and physiological problems. Although the privatization policy is believed to be a progressive step to these challenges. based on the aforementioned, it was therefore recommended that management’s proactiveness to manage faults and equipment upgrade, government and private sectors should actively involve positive and effective management, as well as smart metering to ensure consumers meet up with charges, Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) play major to ensure substandard materials and products are not delivered, form rural cooperative society to create awareness on how to use light and serve as interface between the company and community.
Keywords: Performance, Electric Power, Investigation, Supply, Productivity.
Evaluation of losses in distribution networks of selected industrial cities i...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
Distribution losses contribute to energy shortages and therefore power outages in Nigeria’s industries. This work evaluated the technical losses in the distribution networks of selected industrial cities in Nigeria. Power flow simulation of network data collected over the period 2011-2015 from three distribution companies (DisCos) domiciled in these cities was done by Newton-Raphson (N-R)
technique using the Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software version 12.6.
Results of the power flow simulation showed that between 2011 and 2015 covered by the study, the cities of Lagos, Kano and Port Harcourt recorded a total power loss of 15.8 MW, 36.2 MW and 6.04 MW respectively. The findings also revealed that overloaded power transformers is part of the reasons for high losses in the distribution networks of some of the cities. The outcome of the study provides a guide for system planners and utility companies in providing for prioritization and system
upgrade to ensure improved efficiency of their distribution networks.
Assessment of Impact of Outages in Selected Electricity Intensive Industries ...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
The typical Nigerian firm incurs huge costs arising from frequent cuts in electricity supply. This paper investigated the impact of power outages in Nigeria’s industries for the year 2014 through the simulation of statistical data collected from two hundred and fifty (250) electricity intensive industries drawn from the nation’s three major industrial cities using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0. This study found that in 2014 alone, Nigeria’s industries spent a whooping N2,558,562,894,261.7 equivalent to 2.26 % of the nation’s GDP for that year or 56.9% of the budget for 2015 as a result of power outages. The results further showed that Nigeria’s industries suffer low capacity utilization, significant reduction in productivity, low marginal profit and lack of competitiveness in the international market due to perennial shortages in energy supply resulting from high distribution losses. The paper suggested remedial measures to mitigate losses arising from unannounced electricity cuts as well as achieve more efficient power supply to the nation’s industrial sector. The findings of this research provide a data bank for industry operators, future researchers in the areas of electricity distribution and power sector stakeholders.
A feasibility study of electrical energy generation from municipal solid wast...IJECEIAES
In several developing countries, the electricity crisis obstructs both socioeconomic and technological sustainable evolution. Also, it leads to reducing job availability due to shut down several industries or relocate to neighbouring countries to such an issue. A Najaf City is an important holy and tourist city in the middle of Iraq country. Indeed, waste management in An Najaf City needs to be reconsidered to be used as an energy source. In this article, we investigated and listed the waste quantity which produced recently (one year) respect to waste types and types of content. Data collected from the waste products for one year and are used as a key factor to study the feasibility of generating electrical energy from collected MSWs. The proposed model was simulated and tested respect to cost analysis factor of the suggested power plant by Homer pro simulation software. Results were very encouraging and competitive to the current energy production cost based on the production cost of the Kwh prospective among the conventional methods in Iraq. The proposed scenario provide proper and secure waste proposal technique with low-cost.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 0.5 KW SOLAR TREE FOR POWERING FARM SETTLEMENTSIAEME Publication
Nigeria is a country faced with great challenges in the power sector. This is as a
result of inadequate administrative and technical efforts in handling issues in this
sector. Aforetime, the country has solely depended on grid electricity generation
which has proven to be unstable for several decades. These and others, has made it
imperative to introduce the use of renewable energy in addressing some of the
electricity challenges facing the country. The sources of renewable energy which
could serve as an alternative source of power include wind, solar, and biogas. These
can also be combined together as an entity to form a hybrid renewable energy source.
In this paper, a solar tree was designed and constructed to provide an alternative
supply of electricity to farm settlements in Nigeria. This is achieved by generating
electricity from a single or multiple number of solar panels connected with a charge
controller, a battery bank for storage and an inverter circuit to supply electrical
power. Depending on the electrical load demand and the applications coverage area,
the solar tree rating and specification can be a single-phase or three-phase AC output
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Impacts of COVID-19 lockdown period on the Algerian power grid demandIJECEIAES
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) spread out at the end of 2019 has sadly caused millions of human losses and hundreds of millions of cases and stressful health situations. As a result, governments forced the worldwide population to stay confined and change their social activities and working behaviors. Under such conditions all economic sectors have been impacted, therefore global electricity consumption pattern has changed consequently. The object of this study is to calculate energy drop for such circumstances to make strategies to face such events in the future. The study we conducted during the period of confinement aims to identify the effects of the Corona epidemic on electricity consumption in Algeria by emphasizing four months (March, April, May, and June) for four years (2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021) by comparing monthly load curves and calculating load deviation for each month.
Analysis of grid connected independent power plant capabilities on electricit...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
At the core of any meaningful economic activity is electric power. Absence or inadequacy of it in a nation
stalls development in that nation. In Nigeria, there is a wide gap between forecast power and actual
power generation needed for productive endeavours. For instance in July 2017, the generation peak load
forecast was 14190MW while the actual generation peak load was 4567MW. In July 2018 it was again
14190MW (forecast) but 5110MW (actual). This paper uses descriptive statistics to analyse Independent
Power Plant (IPP) capabilities spread across ten years (2009-2018). The results show that there is need
to encourage more private investors to build additional IPPs in order to increase adequate power
generation in Nigeria – especially in post-COVID-19 socio-economic crisis. Consequently, it is expected
that the wide gap between generation peak load peak load forecast and actual peak load would be
narrowed.
Cost implications analysis of grid supplied electricity and solar source of e...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Energy is a key component in the overall growth of every nation. Insufficient energy delivery hinders political growth, restricts social growth, limits economic growth, and negatively affects the standard of living of citizens, bothin urban and rural areas. Sufficient energy delivery increases food production, improves the standards of living of citizens, improves healthcare and enhancements in other human services, enhances industrial output, provides effective and efficient transportation not forgetting adequate shelter to the citizens of the nation. Currently, there is a significant level of deficiency in Nigeria’s energy sector. This study seeks to address this issue by analysing cost implications of conventional energy source and solar energy source. This study brings to focus the payback period of a solar powered home and the return on investment that might accrue during this time to the residential home owners. Furthermore, the best cost-effective load sharing option for residential owners considering two energy sources is also obtained.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An Examination of the Impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Serv...IJAAS Team
The main objective of this study is to empirically examine the impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Services Sector in Nigeria between 1999-2016. The study employed secondary annual time series data sourced from World Bank database (2016). The methodology adopted for the study was Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF); a test for long-run relationship using ARDL Bounds Testing approach with analysis of long-run and shortrun dynamics in the model. A striking revelation from the study is the inverse relationship that exists between manufacturing output and electricity consumption in Nigeria within the period referenced. This negative relationship is not unconnected with widespread allegation of misappropriation of budgeted funds for the Power Sector by successive administrations in Nigeria since 1999. It must be stated in clear terms that constant and consistent electricity generation, transmission and distribution is sine-qua-none for the growth of the national economy. Virtually all sectors of the economy depend on the supply of electricity to do business and so the lack of this vital ingredient of growth contributes in no small measure in stagnating economic growth and development. Efforts at reforming the power sector can only be fruitful when ALL stakeholders in the power sector including the political class put away their personal agendas and take the bull by the horn towards rescuing the nation from the looming danger of stagnant economic growth. Furthermore, there is the need for the Nigerian government to come up with new, better and alternative ways of improving energy generation and supply, as well as proper maintenance of electricity infrastructure in the country.
Power distribution system fault monitoring device for supply networks in NigeriaIJECEIAES
Electric power is the bedrock of our modern way of life. In Nigeria, power supply availability, sufficiency and reliability are major operational challenges. At the generation and transmission level, effort is made to ensure status monitoring and fault detection on the power network, but at the distribution level, particularly within domestic consumer communities there are no fault monitoring and detection devices except for HRC fuses at the feeder pillar. Unfortunately, these fuses are sometimes replaced by a copper wire bridge at some locations rendering the system unprotected and creating a great potential for transformer destruction on overload. This study is focused on designing an on-site power system monitoring device to be deployed on selected household entry power cables for detecting and indicating when phase off, low voltage, high voltage, over current, and blown fuse occurs on the building’s incomer line. The fault indication will help in reducing troubleshooting time and also ensure quick service restoration. After design implementation, the test result confirms design accuracy, device functionality and suitability as a low-cost solution to power supply system fault monitoring within local communities.
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
Building Energy Efficiency Into Energy EquationIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The increasing demand of energy in the world has causes the pollution and devastation of environment and also depletion of the resources. It imminent that cannot be avoided, however, There is agitation and confrontation from country to country which later realised that only energy efficiency practices is the means of minimizing the impact to the environment, but developing countries like Nigeria centered only on end users.These studies see how energy efficiency will be built into energy generation processes and the benefit to the environment, economic growth and development of a country.
Similar to Assessment of Energy Losses and Cost Implications in the Nigerian Distribution Network (20)
Analysis of Transformer Loadings and Failure Rate in Onitsha Electricity Dist...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
This study investigated transformer loadings and failure rate in the Onitsha Electricity Distribution Network by using the Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP) software 12.6 and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software 16.0. Data collected over the period 2011-2015 on the distribution network were simulated on ETAP software using the Newton-Raphson (N-R) technique to determine the transformer loadings while responses to 350 copies of questionnaire distributed among the technical staff were statistically analysed on the SPSS software to ascertain the failure rate among transformers in the network. The findings of the study show that during the 5 years period covered by the study, the sampled substations recorded transformer average failure rate of 11.7 %. It was further revealed that besides insulation issues which accounted for 24.2% of all the failures, overload (22.5%) was the next major cause of transformer breakdowns in the distribution network. The study recommends installation of more transformer units, use of high quality transformers, balanced loading of the transformers and proactive inspection and maintenance program of transformers units within the network. The outcome of this work would help electricity utilities provide more reliable and cost effective services to customers.
The Effects of Technical and Non-Technical Losses on Power Outages in NigeriaDr. Hachimenum Amadi
Adequate and reliable electricity supply is widely accepted as a sine qua non for the rapid socio-economic development of any nation. Researchers, over the years, have attributed electricity supply failures mostly to dilapidated electrical equipment, poor maintenance culture etc. Only a few considered the contributions of transmission and distribution losses to frequent power outages. This paper fills the gap by focusing on the effects of technical and non-technical losses on power outages in Nigeria. This study emphasizes the need for more radical measures than are currently being applied to reduce system losses and make the nation’s electric power system holistically more efficient.
The direct assessment and captive costs methods for estimating the economic c...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
ABSTRACT: Due to frequent power outages, the typical Nigerian firm incurs huge costs arising from damaged equipment, lost output, spoiled materials, idle workers and restart costs. This paper developed mathematical models for the computation of the economic costs due to power outages in selected electricity intensive industries from the major industrial areas of Nigeria. This became necessary to optimize investment and operating decisions for adequate power outage mitigation measures.
Effective Earthing System in the Corrosive Soil of Niger DeltaDr. Hachimenum Amadi
Abstract - In order to perform its basic function of safeguarding life and property, every power system needs an earthing profile that is effective and efficient. Recent studies carried out in the Niger Delta show that its soil is corrosive and frequently attacks the earthing system thereby rendering same ineffective thus posing a great danger to human life and property. This paper reviewed several scholarly literature related to the study for possible causes of earthing system failures and found that corrosive soils, poor workmanship, wrong choice of earthing materials, lack of maintenance etc. were dominant factors hindering effective and sustainable earthing system in the Niger Delta. The paper, therefore, recommends the regular use of experienced workmen, choice of quality earthing materials, periodic testing, inspection and maintenance as strategies to improve the earthing condition in the area.
Abstract
Frequent power outages arising from poor state of electricity infrastructure is hindering Nigeria’s socio-economic growth. Port Harcourt is one of the foremost cities in Nigeria where business and social activities are becoming rapidly more dependent on electricity. Any power outage, even of the shortest duration, in Port Harcourt City has severe socio-economic impacts and there is no likelihood that the phenomenon would abate even in the nearest future. This research investigated the causes of incessant power outages in Port Harcourt City and suggested remedial measures to reverse the trend. The researcher relied on data personally collected from primary sources through personal observations, interviews and discussions with residents of the city and from secondary sources such as the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) and current scholarly literature relating to this research, over a period of twelve months. The study used a descriptive and the non-parametric simple percentages technique in analysing the data so collected and in drawing conclusions. It was found that inadequate power generating capacity, shortage of gas, weak and dilapidated electrical transmission and distribution network, inadequate power infrastructure facilities, etc. are the chief causes of incessant power outages in the Port Harcourt metropolis. The paper recommends, among others, immediate upgrade of existing power infrastructure facilities, review of government policy on domestic gas supply and stiff statutory legislation on vandalism as measures to stabilise electricity supply in the Port Harcourt city.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
2. 124 American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
therefore, to ascertain energy losses due to technical losses
and the cost implications in the Nigerian distribution
network in view of perennial shortages in electricity
supply to the nation’s industrial sector.
The estimation of the quantity and cost of energy losses
in the distribution systems due to vandalism and illegal
connections to distribution lines, though these too are
important factors of electricity losses is beyond the scope
of this study.
Electricity Distribution companies (DisCos) in Nigeria
are all privatized and are responsible for the expansion of
the distribution network’s MV and LV grid. The
companies are generally owned by consortia among
which are larger state governments. The 11 distribution
companies were scheduled to handle over 5,000 MW and
cover the areas: Abuja, Benin, Eko, Enugu, Ibadan, Ikeja,
Jos, Kaduna, Kano, Port Harcourt and Yola. At the time of
handing over to these core investor companies the concept
of Aggregate Technical, Commercial and Collection
(ATC&C) loss reduction was employed in the bidding
process. What this means is that the investor that proposed
the highest ATC&C loss reduction (in absolute percentage
terms) over a five-year period was deemed to have won
the bid. This concept was preferred over other sale
evaluation methods in order to commit the distribution
companies to pursuing loss reduction as a fundamental
issue and a priority. Two years down the privatization line,
however, these companies are faced with myriad
operational challenges including lack of investment funds.
Thanks to the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) which
provided a 10-year intervention to the power sector to
ensure provision of low cost, long-term debt financing to
the DisCos. Recently, Kano DisCo acquired 62,000
energy meters courtesy of the CBN facility [8]. Some
DisCos have opted to raise long term debt by way of debt
securities issuance and listing and quotations of such
securities on the market while a handful of other Discos
are considering the adoption of off-balance sheet funding
solutions to finance capital items such as metering,
network expansion and embedded generation. To
complement the distribution companies’ effort towards
energy efficiency improvement, the Federal Government
in April 2015 adopted the Nigeria’s National Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy which provides
incentives for selling, manufacturing and importing
energy-efficient products, while also promoting policies
for renewable energy sources [9].
2. Methodology
Data and information on the sampled distribution
networks were collected from three electricity distribution
companies located in the three major Nigerian cities under
review. The distribution companies are Eko Electricity
Distribution Company (EKEDP) in Lagos city for data
and diagram on the Agbara/Badagry distribution network,
Kano Electricity Distribution Company (KEDCO) in
Kano city for data and diagram on the Sabon Gari
distribution network and the Port Harcourt Electricity
Distribution Company (PHEDCO) in Port Harcourt city
for data and diagram on the Port Harcourt distribution
network. Data and information collected from each of the
sampled distribution companies include: (i) Single line
diagram of each injection substation and its associated
feeders (See Figure 2 annexed). (ii) Monthly maximum
loading on the feeders for the period 2011- 2015 (iii)
Feeder route length (iv) Size of conductor used for feeders
(v) Daily outages on each feeder for the period 2011-2015.
These data were simulated on the Electrical Transient and
Analysis Program (ETAP) version 12.6 software and the
simulation results used in the computation of energy
losses and the corresponding revenue losses in the
respective distribution networks. The research findings are
presented using appropriate statistical tables and charts.
Figure 2. ETAP Single line representation of SabonGari distribution network
3. American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 125
According to ref. [10], energy is the total amount of
work done and power is how fast the work is done. In
other words, power is energy per unit of time. Power is
watts. Energy is watt-hours.
Given a typical network, therefore, the relationship
between the energy input and the energy lost in the
network respectively can be expressed as:
tE Pin in= × (1)
tE Plosses losses= × (2)
Where: Ein is the energy in Joules (J) delivered in the
network, t is the time in Seconds (S) taken for energy
transfer and Elosses is the energy lost in Joules (J) in the
network.
Let Ce represent the electricity tariff or cost in Naira
(N) per unit of electrical energy lost, Eloss in Kilowatt-
Hour (KWH), we can then express the total revenue lost,
Rlost as follows:
( ) ( / ) ( )N N KWH KWHCR Elost lossese= × (3)
Table 1 - Table 3 show the calculated yearly energy
losses and the losses in revenue due to energy losses in
Beecham and Evans industrial feeders in Agbara/Badagry
injection substations, Independence and Bompai industrial
feeders in Sabon Gari/Dakata injection substations and
Glass factory and Old Aba Road industrial feeders in
Akanni/Trans-Amadi injection substations respectively for
2011-2015.
Table 1. Calculated Yearly Energy Losses and Losses in Revenue
due to Energy Losses in Beecham and Evans Industrial Feeders in
Agbara/Badagry Injection Substations for 2011-2015
Beecham 11KV Feeder
Year Energy Loss (Kwh) Tariff (N/Kwh) Loss in revenue (N)
2011 1,636,130 15.2 24,869,176
2012 3,143,240 23.10 72,608,844
2013 3,232,530 23.10 74,671,443
2014 3,358,580 23.10 77,583,198
2015 4,207,650 23.10 97,196,715
Total 346,929,376
Evans 11KV Feeder
Year Energy Loss (Kwh) Tariff (N/Kwh) Loss in revenue (N)
2011 998,520 15.2 15,177,504
2012 2,128,320 23.10 49,164,192
2013 3,208,780 23.10 74,122,818
2014 3,527,400 23.10 81,482,940
2015 4,002,900 23.10 92,466,990
Total 312,414,444
Table 2. Calculated Yearly Energy Losses and Losses in Revenue
due to Energy Losses in Independence and Bompai Industrial
Feeders in Sabon Gari/Dakata Injection Substations for 2011-2015
Independence 11KV Feeder
Year Energy Loss (Kwh) Tariff (N/Kwh) Loss of Revenue (N)
2011 2,190,400 15.2 33,294,080
2012 3,294,560 22.80 75,115,968
2013 3,577,570 23.94 85,647,025.8
2014 3,647,740 25.14 91,704,183.6
2015 4,101,459 26.39 108,237,503.01
Total 393,998,760.41
Bompai 11KV Feeder
Year Energy Loss (Kwh) Tariff (N/Kwh) Loss of Revenue (N)
2011 754,530 15.2 11,468,856
2012 1,649,420 22.8 37,606,776
2013 2,115,880 23.94 50,654,167.2
2014 2,622,270 25.14 65,923,867.8
2015 2,909,110 26.39 76,771,412.9
Total 242,425,079.9
Table 3. Calculated Yearly Energy Losses and Losses in Revenue
due to Energy Losses in Glass factory and Old Aba Road Industrial
Feeders in Akanni/Trans-Amadi Injection Substations for 2011-2015
Glass Factory 11KV Feeder
Year Energy Loss (Kwh) Tariff (N/Kwh) Loss of Revenue (N)
2011 754,530 15.2 11,468,856
2012 1,649,420 22.80 37,606,776
2013 2,115,880 23.48 49,680,862.4
2014 2,622,270 24.91 65,320,745.7
2015 2,909,110 25.66 74,647,762.6
Total 238,725,002.7
Old Aba Road 11KV Feeder
Year Energy Loss (Kwh) Tariff (N/Kwh) Loss of Revenue (N)
2011 999,180 15.2 15,187,536
2012 1,618,500 22.80 36,901,800
2013 1,965,010 23.48 46,138,434.8
2014 2,149,640 24.91 53,547,532.4
2015 2,198,370 25.66 56,410,174.2
Total 208,185,477.4
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Energy Losses in the Distribution
Network
Table 4 – Table 6 show the maximum energy losses in
the respective sampled distribution network substations.
During the period 2011-2015, the Agbara/Badagry
substation in the Eko distribution network in Lagos
showed a maximum energy loss of 108,959.87 MWH
(Table 4).
Table 4. Maximum Energy Loss in Agbara/Badagry for 2011-2015
Feeder Maximum Energy Loss (MWH) per Feeder Total Energy Loss (MWH)
2011-20152011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Unilever 1,784.15 3,179.31 4,467.64 4,489.87 4,490.49 18,411.46
Evans 998.52 2,128.32 3,208.78 3,527.4 4,002.9 13,865.92
P&G 1,945.42 3,371.58 3,388.19 4,116.05 5,033.58 17,854.82
Beecham 1,636.13 3,143.24 3,232.53 3,358.58 4,207.65 15,578.13
Nestle 1,093.02 2,426.65 2,659.17 3,654.07 3,899.68 13,732.59
OPIC 2,060.2 3,135.84 3,611.95 4,503.56 5,308.46 18,620.01
Guinness 964.71 2,026.78 2,220.05 2,690.31 2,995.09 10,896.94
Total 10,482.15 19,411.72 22,788.31 26,339.84 29,937.85 108,959.87
4. 126 American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Table 5. Maximum Energy Loss in Sabon Gari/Dakata for 2011-2015
Feeder Maximum Energy Loss (MWH) per Feeder Total Energy Loss (MWH)
2011-20152011 2012 2013 2014 2015
SabonGari 1,444.0 2,627.9 3,850.4 4,205.6 4,887.2 17,015.1
Bompai 754.53 1,649.4 2,115.9 2,622.3 2,909.1 10,051.2
Independence 2,190.4 3,294.6 3,577.6 3,647.7 4,101.5 16,811.7
Gezewa 2,357.2 4,503.2 4,862.6 4,959.4 5,002.1 21,684.5
Abuja 1,849.5 2,597 3,665.7 3,763.1 4,277.4 16,152.6
Flour Mill 2,765.1 3,889.3 3,997.7 4,087.3 4,242.2 18,981.5
Fagge 1,849.5 2,897 3,665.7 3,763.1 4,477.4 16,652.6
Murtala 1,093.0 2,426.7 2,659.2 3,654.1 3,899.7 13,732.6
Brigade 1,830.1 3,176.5 3,600.4 4,528.7 5,038.5 18,174.2
Total 16,133.33 27,061.6 31,995.2 35,231.3 38,835.1 149,256
Table 6. Maximum Energy Loss in Akanni/Trans-Amadi for 2011-2015
Feeder Maximum Energy Loss (MWH) per Feeder Total Energy Loss (MWH)
2011-20152011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Glass Factory 754.53 1,649.42 2,115.88 2,622.27 2,909.11 10,051.21
Rumuogba 915.09 1,617.12 1,929.01 2,132.49 2,218.76 8,812.47
Rumurolu 796.02 1,385.09 1,649.32 1,684.58 1,957.34 7,472.35
Water Works 915.09 1,617.12 1,929 2,132.49 2,237.49 8,831.19
Nda Bros 917.69 1,617.1 1,929.01 2,132.49 2,237.66 8,833.95
Famie 999.18 1,618.5 1,965.01 2,149.64 2,198.3 8,930.63
Rivoc 956.95 2,026.78 2,211.45 2,690.31 2,995.09 10,880.58
Old Aba Rd 999.18 1,618.5 1,965.01 2,149.64 2,198.37 8,930.7
Total 7,253.73 13,149.63 15,693.69 17,693.91 18,952.12 72,743.08
Figure 3. Average Energy Losses in Agbara/Badagry for 2011-2015
Figure 4. Average Energy Losses in Sabon Gari/Dakata for 2011-2015
5. American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 127
Figure 5. Average Energy Losses in Akanni/Trans-Amadi
It was observed also that the highest maximum energy
loss during the period was reported on the Gezewa feeder
in the Sabon Gari/Dakata injection substation in Kano
distribution network. This high value of energy loss
(21,684.5 MWH) reported on Gezawa feeder is attributable
to the power losses on the feeder during the five (5) year
period covered by the study. It is obvious from Tables 4 –
9 that the energy losses in each of the distribution
networks increased yearly. This is attributable to yearly
increases in power losses resulting from overloaded
transformers, distribution lines and other system
components [10,11]. Figure 3 – Figure 5 show the average
energy losses in each of the distribution networks.
Recent researches [10,11,12] have shown that high power
losses contribute to high energy losses in distribution
networks. It is important therefore that utilities minimize
power losses in the system in order to reduce the resultant
energy losses. Other factors that contribute to increased
energy losses in distribution systems are vandalism, illegal
connection to transmission/distribution lines, poor
workmanship, use of wrong sizes of conductors etc.
3.2. Loss of Revenue in the Distribution
Networks
Table 7 - Table 9 show the maximum revenue losses in
the industrial substations of the sampled distribution
networks. During the five year period (2011-2015)
covered by the study, the Agbara/Badagry substation in
the Eko distribution network in Lagos showed a maximum
revenue loss of N2,434,164,012 (Table 7). The Sabon
Gari/Dakata substation in Kano distribution network
showed a maximum revenue loss of N3,538,754,759
(Table 8) while the Akanni/Trans-Amadi substation reported
maximum revenue loss of N1,699,751,530 (Table 9). It is
obvious from the Tables that the revenue losses in each of
the distribution networks increased yearly. This is due to
yearly increases in energy losses as reported by each of
the distribution companies investigated.
Table 7. Maximum Loss of Revenue in Agbara/Badagry per year
Feeder Maximum Loss of Revenue (N) per Feeder Total Loss of Revenue (N)
2011-20152011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Unilever 27,119,080 73,442,061 103,202,484 103,715,997 103,730,319 411,209,941
Evans 15,177,504 49,164,192 74,122,818 81,482,940 92,466,990 312,414,444
P&G 29,570,384 77,883,498 78,267,189 95,080,755 116,275,698 397,077,524
Beecham 24,869,176 72,608,844 74,671,443 77,583,198 97,196,715 346,929,376
Nestle 16,613,904 56,055,615 61,426,827 84,409,017 90,082,608 308,587,971
OPIC 31,315,040 72,437,904 83,436,045 104,032,236 122,625,426 413,846,651
Guinness 14,663,592 46,818,618 51,283,155 62,146,161 69,186,579 244,098,105
Total 159,328,680 448,410,732 526,409,961 608,450,304 691,564,335 2,434,164,012
Table 8. Maximum Loss of Revenue in Sabon Gari/Dakata per year
Feeder Maximum Loss of Revenue (N) per Feeder Total Loss of Revenue (N)
2011-20152011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Independence 33,294,080 75,115,968 85,647,026 91,704,184 108,237,503 393,998,760.4
Bompai 11,468,856 37,606,776 50,654,167 65,923,868 76,771,413 242,425,079.9
Flour Mill 42,029,976 88,675,128 95,704,220 102,753,465 111,951,658 441,114,446.8
Abuja 28,112,096 59,210,460 87,755,661 94,604,083 112,880,322 382,562,621.7
Gezawa 35,829,288 102,672,960 116,409,926 124,679,567 132,006,211 511,597,951.9
Brigade 27,817,216 72,423,744 86,194,534 113,851,769 132,965,751 433,253,014.1
SabonGari 21,948,952 59,916,120 92,178,815 105,728,030 128,972,416 408,744,333.5
Fagge 28,112,096 66,050,460 87,755,661 94,604,083 118,158,322 394,680,621.7
Murtala 16,613,904 55,327,620 63,660,530 91,863,320 102,912,555 330,377,928.8
Total 245,226,464 616,999,236 765,960,539 885,712,368 1,024,856,151 3,538,754,759
6. 128 American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Table 9. Maximum Revenue Loss in Akanni/Trans-Amadi per year
Feeder Maximum Loss of Revenue (N) per Feeder Total Loss of Revenue (N)
2011-20152011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Glass Factory 11,468,856 37,606,776 49,680,862 65,320,746 74,647,762.6 238,725,003
Rumuogba 13,909,368 36,870,336 45,293,155 53,120,326 56,933,381.6 206,126,566
Rumurolu 12,099,564.8 31,580,052 38,726,034 41,962,888 44,353,324.4 168,721,863
Water Works 13,909,368 36,870,336 45,293,155 53,120,326 57,413,993.4 206,607,178
Nda Bros 13,948,888 36,870,336 45,293,155 53,120,326 57,418,355.6 206,651,060
Famie 15,187,536 36,901,800 46,138,435 53,547,533 56,408,378 208,183,681
Rivoc 14,545,640 46,210,584 51,924,846 67,015,622 76,854,009 256,550,702
Old Aba Rd 15,187,536 36,901,800 46,138,435 53,547,532 56,410,174 208,185,477
Total 110,256,757 299,812,020 368,488,076 440,755,298 480,439,379 1,699,751,530
The Gezewa feeder in the Sabon Gari/Dakata injection
substations in the Kano distribution network showed the
highest energy loss (21,684.5 MWH) during the study
period and so incurred the highest revenue loss of
N511,597,951.9 when compared to the feeders in the Eko
and Port Harcourt distribution networks that recorded lower
energy loss values. Figure 6 – Figure 8 show the average
revenue losses in each of the distribution networks.
Figure 6. Average Revenue Loss in Agbara/Badagry for 2011-2015
Figure 7. Average revenue loss in Sabon Gari/Dakata for 2011-2015
Figure 8. Average Loss of Revenue in Akanni/Trans-Amadi for 2011-2015
7. American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 129
Table 10 shows the summary of the energy and revenue
losses in the three distribution networks surveyed. These
findings confirmed claims by earlier studies [10,13,14,15,16,17]
that energy shortages result in loss of revenue and
depletion of funds available to the distribution companies
to invest in and render more satisfactory services to
electricity consumers [18,19,20].
Table 10. Summary of Energy and Revenue Losses in the Lagos,
Kano and Port Harcourt Distribution Networks
City
Energy Losses
(MWH)
Revenue Losses
(N)
Lagos 108,959.9 2,434,164,012
Kano 149,256 3,538,754,758.8
Port Harcourt 72,743.1 1,699,751,530.1
Total 330,959 7,672,670,300.9
4. Conclusion
The calculated energy loss for the period 2011-2015
yielded 108,959.87 MWH for the Eko distribution
network. This is while the Kano distribution network and
the Port Harcourt distribution network reported 149,256
MWH and 72,743.08 MWH respectively. The calculated
revenue loss for the same period showed N2,434,164,012
for the Eko distribution network, N3,538,754,758.8 for the
Kano distribution network and N1,699,751,530.1 for the
Port Harcourt distribution network. In other words, a total
of N7,672,670,300.91 (Seven Billion, Six Hundred
Seventy-two Million, Six Hundred Seventy Thousand,
Three Hundred Naira, Ninety Kobo) only was lost as a
result of a total energy loss of 330,958.95 MWH in the
three distribution networks during the period covered by
the research.
The paper recommends government legislation against
vandalism and energy theft such that suspected vandals
are prosecuted and convicts made to suffer stiff penalties.
Such legislation should in addition compel Utilities make
pre-paid meters available to every electricity consumers in
order to checkmate power wastages and exploitation of
unsuspecting customers by dubious staff of distribution
companies (DisCos). The paper further recommends an
immediate and comprehensive power generation planning
programme that would determine the country’s maximum
load demand when the suppressed loads are added to the
national grid. Government should emulate Ghana and
Niger Republic and legislate an energy conservation and
efficiency policy that would encourage consumers to use
electricity gadgets and devices that do not consume much
current. There should be intensive enlightenment
programmes to educate the public and especially
electricity users on how to use the energy economically
and efficiently and on the need to safeguard electrical
installations and equipment in their domains from being
vandalised. The study findings would find application
amongst energy policy makers and stakeholders in the
energy industry.
Acknowledgements
The researchers are grateful to the Management and
Staff of the various distribution companies (DisCos) that
aided the successful completion of this study by providing
data and information that facilitated the assessment of the
impact of outages on their respective distribution networks.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that no conflicting interests exist.
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