This document summarizes the state of electricity infrastructure in Nigeria and advocates for adopting a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) public-private partnership model to address issues in the power sector. It finds that Nigeria's electricity generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure is outdated, inadequate, and unable to meet the country's energy needs. Compared to other African nations, Nigeria has significantly lower electricity consumption and production. Adopting a BOT model, which has successfully developed infrastructure in other countries, could attract private investment to rehabilitate Nigeria's electricity system without placing additional fiscal burdens on the government. A comprehensive legal framework is needed to regulate public-private partnerships in infrastructure.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document discusses energy efficiency opportunities and challenges in the ASEAN region. It begins with introducing IPEEC, an international forum that provides global leadership on energy efficiency. It then outlines ASEAN's energy challenges, including rising energy demand, energy poverty, and low energy efficiency. Significant energy savings potential exists in the region according to studies. However, barriers include a lack of clear targets and policies, capacity, and financing. Moving forward, strategies like developing policies, raising awareness, promoting best practices, and facilitating financing could help realize this potential. International expertise can also assist in areas such as policies, energy management, and data collection.
The document discusses solutions to power generation shortages in Nigeria using solar energy. It finds that providing reliable power for manufacturing activities through solar energy backup is much cheaper and safer than using generator backup. Specifically:
- The average cost per unit of power consumption is N59.29 for solar, N20.88 for grid electricity, and N83.50 for generators.
- Nigeria receives abundant sunlight and has potential to harness solar energy, yet has underutilized its renewable resources due to overreliance on fossil fuels and lack of infrastructure development.
- Reliably powering industries through solar could help solve Nigeria's power shortages more effectively than the current reliance on expensive, polluting generators.
TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA, A...IAEME Publication
This research focus on a recent review of the techno economic study of coal fired power plant in south east Nigeria, its application, effects and suggestion in processing the coal and safeguard the atmosphere. Electricity crisis in Nigeria and power reform in the sector is analyzed to determine another source of electricity generation in the country. To recognize the fact that coal is one of the mostly available sources of energy than oil and natural gas. Furthermore, Coal production in different countries and environmental impacts enables us to forge ahead in generating electricity through coal processing. Finally, economic evaluation of the plant will boost coal fired power plant in south east Nigeria.
This document discusses long-term energy scenarios for Africa's energy transition. It finds that Africa will need to double its power capacity by 2030 to meet growing demand, yet many scenarios conservatively estimate renewable energy growth. The document compares two scenarios: the IEA projects 26% of electricity from solar by 2050, while a 100% renewable scenario from LUT projects 58% from solar, as renewables are becoming cheaper than fossil fuels. Faster renewable growth is possible with innovative business models and finance.
Assessment of Energy Losses and Cost Implications in the Nigerian Distributio...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
Energy shortages is the major challenge facing the industrial sector in Nigeria. This paper assessed the energy shortages due to technical losses in the Nigerian distribution network and the cost implications. The study was carried out based on network data collected over the period 2011-2015 from three electricity distribution companies (DisCos) drawn from the three major industrial cities of Nigeria. These data were simulated on the Electrical Transient Analysis program (ETAP) Version 12.6. The calculated energy losses for these cities for the said period are 108,959.87 MWH, 149,256 MWH and 72,743.08 MWH respectively. The corresponding revenue losses are N2,434,164,012, N3,538,754,758.8 and N1,699,751,530.1 respectively. The paper suggested remedial measures to reduce energy losses, mitigate losses arising from unannounced electricity cuts as well as achieve a more efficient and reliable electricity distribution network. The outcome of this research provides a data bank for policy makers and future researchers in the areas of electricity generation, transmission and distribution.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document discusses energy efficiency opportunities and challenges in the ASEAN region. It begins with introducing IPEEC, an international forum that provides global leadership on energy efficiency. It then outlines ASEAN's energy challenges, including rising energy demand, energy poverty, and low energy efficiency. Significant energy savings potential exists in the region according to studies. However, barriers include a lack of clear targets and policies, capacity, and financing. Moving forward, strategies like developing policies, raising awareness, promoting best practices, and facilitating financing could help realize this potential. International expertise can also assist in areas such as policies, energy management, and data collection.
The document discusses solutions to power generation shortages in Nigeria using solar energy. It finds that providing reliable power for manufacturing activities through solar energy backup is much cheaper and safer than using generator backup. Specifically:
- The average cost per unit of power consumption is N59.29 for solar, N20.88 for grid electricity, and N83.50 for generators.
- Nigeria receives abundant sunlight and has potential to harness solar energy, yet has underutilized its renewable resources due to overreliance on fossil fuels and lack of infrastructure development.
- Reliably powering industries through solar could help solve Nigeria's power shortages more effectively than the current reliance on expensive, polluting generators.
TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA, A...IAEME Publication
This research focus on a recent review of the techno economic study of coal fired power plant in south east Nigeria, its application, effects and suggestion in processing the coal and safeguard the atmosphere. Electricity crisis in Nigeria and power reform in the sector is analyzed to determine another source of electricity generation in the country. To recognize the fact that coal is one of the mostly available sources of energy than oil and natural gas. Furthermore, Coal production in different countries and environmental impacts enables us to forge ahead in generating electricity through coal processing. Finally, economic evaluation of the plant will boost coal fired power plant in south east Nigeria.
This document discusses long-term energy scenarios for Africa's energy transition. It finds that Africa will need to double its power capacity by 2030 to meet growing demand, yet many scenarios conservatively estimate renewable energy growth. The document compares two scenarios: the IEA projects 26% of electricity from solar by 2050, while a 100% renewable scenario from LUT projects 58% from solar, as renewables are becoming cheaper than fossil fuels. Faster renewable growth is possible with innovative business models and finance.
Assessment of Energy Losses and Cost Implications in the Nigerian Distributio...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
Energy shortages is the major challenge facing the industrial sector in Nigeria. This paper assessed the energy shortages due to technical losses in the Nigerian distribution network and the cost implications. The study was carried out based on network data collected over the period 2011-2015 from three electricity distribution companies (DisCos) drawn from the three major industrial cities of Nigeria. These data were simulated on the Electrical Transient Analysis program (ETAP) Version 12.6. The calculated energy losses for these cities for the said period are 108,959.87 MWH, 149,256 MWH and 72,743.08 MWH respectively. The corresponding revenue losses are N2,434,164,012, N3,538,754,758.8 and N1,699,751,530.1 respectively. The paper suggested remedial measures to reduce energy losses, mitigate losses arising from unannounced electricity cuts as well as achieve a more efficient and reliable electricity distribution network. The outcome of this research provides a data bank for policy makers and future researchers in the areas of electricity generation, transmission and distribution.
South korea smart_grid_revolution_july_2011_zpryme_researchcanaleenergia
South Korea has developed an ambitious plan to build a nationwide smart grid by 2030 to help reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. The government is investing heavily in smart grid projects and technology, with a goal of spending $15.8 billion between 2009-2016. A major smart grid demonstration project on Jeju Island involves 168 companies and aims to test new business models. South Korea's smart grid market is projected to grow to $290 million by 2015 as the government works to capture 30% of the global smart grid market share.
The Impact of Working Capital Management in Enhancing Profitability in the El...Premier Publishers
The study was focused on the significance of working capital management in enhancing profitability in the electricity distribution sector in Zimbabwe because the sector has been underperforming and facing mounting debts. Thus, positivism philosophy and a case study design were used to collect data, in addition to questionnaires and focus groups. Whilst, descriptive analysis was used to measure central tendency and variability, and this included arithmetic means, variances and standard deviations. Consequently, the study established that working capital management is significant to the electricity distribution sector in Zimbabwe because it improves profitability, enhances value creation and growth. Thus, this is expected to enable the sector to make critical infrastructural and technological investments in order to contain the surging electricity demand. In addition, it was established that profit maximisation through working capital management will enable the Zimbabwean electricity distribution industry to maximize shareholders’ wealth, as a result attracting more investors in this highly capital intensive sector thus, reducing dependence on expensive debt financing. Accordingly, the study concludes by stressing that working capital management guarantees business survival and continuity and this have a domino effect on the alleviation of power shortages in Zimbabwe as well as energizing the entire economy.
Roadmap for Indonesia's Power Sector - Summary for Policy MakersGandabhaskara Saputra
- The study models different pathways for Indonesia's power system to meet energy and climate targets from 2018-2027, focusing on Java-Bali and Sumatra where most people and electricity consumption are located.
- Analysis using PLEXOS power system modeling software finds that if PLN continues overestimating demand and building excess coal capacity, over $12 billion could be wasted. Doubling renewable energy through wind and solar is comparable in cost and would reduce emissions 36%.
- A high renewables scenario coupled with energy savings could save $10 billion over 10 years compared to current plans, requiring lower costs and a long-term strategic renewable energy expansion plan with clear targets. Even with 43% renewables, security of
An Examination of the Impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Serv...IJAAS Team
The main objective of this study is to empirically examine the impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Services Sector in Nigeria between 1999-2016. The study employed secondary annual time series data sourced from World Bank database (2016). The methodology adopted for the study was Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF); a test for long-run relationship using ARDL Bounds Testing approach with analysis of long-run and shortrun dynamics in the model. A striking revelation from the study is the inverse relationship that exists between manufacturing output and electricity consumption in Nigeria within the period referenced. This negative relationship is not unconnected with widespread allegation of misappropriation of budgeted funds for the Power Sector by successive administrations in Nigeria since 1999. It must be stated in clear terms that constant and consistent electricity generation, transmission and distribution is sine-qua-none for the growth of the national economy. Virtually all sectors of the economy depend on the supply of electricity to do business and so the lack of this vital ingredient of growth contributes in no small measure in stagnating economic growth and development. Efforts at reforming the power sector can only be fruitful when ALL stakeholders in the power sector including the political class put away their personal agendas and take the bull by the horn towards rescuing the nation from the looming danger of stagnant economic growth. Furthermore, there is the need for the Nigerian government to come up with new, better and alternative ways of improving energy generation and supply, as well as proper maintenance of electricity infrastructure in the country.
The document discusses rural electrification challenges in Uganda. It analyzes Uganda's energy sector using Ostrom's Social-Ecological Systems framework, highlighting key players and programs. The national grid reaches only 2% of rural residents. Extending the grid is difficult due to high costs and low revenues from rural customers. Alternative programs like solar PV installations and an empowerment project show promise but have limitations. Overall, increasing energy access in Uganda faces substantial barriers but could significantly improve human development.
Electrical power outage in nigeria history, causes and possible solutionsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the history of power outages in Nigeria, identifies key causes, and proposes solutions. It analyzes data from 120 substations in Ondo State. Major causes of outages identified include low water levels, lack of gas for turbines, inadequate maintenance, and high distribution losses from old infrastructure and improper maintenance. Proposed solutions include introducing ring circuits, standby generation, solar street lighting, upgrading cable sizes, ensuring proper switchgear ratings, and developing an energy management system and sustainable maintenance program. The goal is to improve power supply reliability to support Nigeria's development goals.
IRJET- The Power of Electricity and it’s Problems in IndiaIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses electricity generation and its role in India's economic development. It highlights how all sectors rely on electricity for basic needs and operations.
2) The major sources of electricity in India are described as hydroelectric, thermal using coal and gas, and nuclear. However, problems have arisen due to delays in projects, financial issues of state electricity boards, and high transmission and distribution losses.
3) While generation capacity has increased significantly over time, gaps remain between targets and achievements. Issues like cost recovery and inefficiencies have also contributed to regular power shortages across the country.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This document discusses power outages in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria. It finds that inadequate power generating capacity, shortage of gas supply, weak and dilapidated electrical transmission and distribution networks, inadequate power infrastructure, vandalism, and lack of maintenance are the primary causes of frequent power outages in the city. Port Harcourt currently receives only 200MW of electricity despite needing over 800MW. This forces many businesses and residents to rely on expensive private generators. The document recommends immediate upgrades to existing infrastructure, reviews of domestic gas supply policies, and stronger laws against vandalism to help stabilize the electricity supply in Port Harcourt.
Promoting Massive Renewable Energy (RE) Projects
towards achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Taiwo Benjamin
Carleton University, Canada
Presented at #naee2015
South Korea has implemented an ambitious plan to build a nationwide smart grid by 2030 to reduce carbon emissions and energy imports. The government is investing heavily in smart grid technology and infrastructure, with a goal of capturing 30% of the global smart grid market. A major smart grid pilot project is underway on Jeju Island, involving over 160 companies testing technologies like smart meters, electric vehicles and renewable energy integration. When complete, South Korea's smart grid is expected to help meet its energy and climate goals while creating new economic opportunities for its industries.
IRJET- Study of Generating Power from Speed Breakers using Rack and Pinion Me...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on generating power from speed breakers using a rack and pinion mechanism. It begins with an abstract that outlines how the kinetic energy from vehicles passing over speed bumps can be converted to electrical energy. The introduction then provides context on energy needs and defines conventional vs renewable energy sources. It describes how the proposed system would work, using the up and down motion of vehicles on speed bumps to drive a generator via a rack and pinion mechanism. The scope section outlines issues with India's current power infrastructure and argues that tapping energy from ubiquitous speed bumps could provide power for streetlights and rural areas.
This document provides an overview of Myanmar's power sector, including its primary energy supply, final energy consumption, and institutional structure. Some key points:
- Myanmar has abundant energy resources like hydropower and natural gas but per capita electricity consumption is among the lowest in Southeast Asia due to low electrification rates.
- Biomass accounts for over half of primary energy supply while natural gas and hydropower are also major sources. Final energy consumption is dominated by biomass used in the residential sector.
- The Ministry of Electric Power oversees policy and planning for the power sector while the Electricity Supply Enterprise and Electricity Supply Corporation are responsible for generation, transmission, and distribution.
-
This document summarizes an article about India's energy policy and the need to promote renewable energy sources. It discusses how India has vast renewable energy resources and the government has implemented various policies and incentives to promote greater renewable energy deployment. The key challenges are India's limited fossil fuel reserves, high fuel transportation costs, aging conventional power plants, need to rationalize power tariffs, and reduce transmission and distribution losses in the power sector. The government is aiming to source 10% of additional grid power from renewable sources by 2012 to help address these challenges in a sustainable manner.
Recovery of cost of electricity supply in the nigerian power sectorAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study analyzing cost recovery in Nigeria's power sector. The study examined how increases in electricity tariffs through the Multi-Year Tariff Order (MYTO) in 2008 and 2012 affected operational cost recovery, revenue generation, and power generation. The researchers found that while full cost recovery was not achieved in some years, the level of recovery was significant. Revenue increased significantly after MYTO was implemented in 2008. However, increased tariffs did not have a significant impact on power generation. The study recommends setting tariffs to allow private operators to recover costs and make profits when they take over the sector. Efforts should also be made to reduce transmission and distribution losses and ensure regular supply to increase demand.
The Energy Crisis of Nigeria An Overview and Implications for the FutureMichael Olafusi
The document provides an overview of Nigeria's energy crisis, which stems from structural problems across its energy system including hydropower, oil, natural gas, and its grid structure. The crisis is exacerbated by low governmental cooperation, public opposition to privatization efforts due to past negative experiences, and widespread use of unsafe fuelwood. To address this, Nigeria's 2003 energy policy aims to diversify energy sources and increase capacity from oil, natural gas, and renewables, while reducing dependence on fuelwood. However, progress has been limited due to social, political, and economic challenges.
The document summarizes an analysis of Uganda's energy ecosystem conducted by Team 42. It finds that only 26% of Ugandans have access to electricity, with just 7% in rural areas, where most rely on agriculture. It maps the key players in Uganda's energy sector, including public sector organizations, manufacturers, importers/distributors, and financiers. It also analyzes rural demographics, barriers to financing clean energy access, and proposes solutions like connecting microfinance institutions, maximizing government support, implementing quality controls, and using local businesses to provide energy to households.
The document discusses wind energy development in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia will need to add around 33 GW of electricity over the next 20 years to support economic growth. Wind energy could help meet this need and set an example for private sector energy projects. The Aysha wind farm is presented as a case study, describing its 120 MW planned capacity and progress toward development. Financing structures will be key to increasing capacity and driving economic growth in Ethiopia.
IRJET- Integration of Solar Electricity Into National Grid: Case Study of...IRJET Journal
This document discusses integrating solar electricity into Nigeria's national grid. It begins with an abstract that outlines the study's purpose of exploring solar electricity integration and addressing Nigeria's energy problems. The introduction provides background on Nigeria's energy challenges and potential for solar power.
The methodology section explains that this is a survey research study covering Nigeria's 36 states. It describes the population and sample, as well as the questionnaire used to collect data on solar electricity application, transmission success, and accessibility/availability.
The results section presents findings from the questionnaire. It found that solar technologies can be deployed in urban and rural areas, but are currently more accessible to wealthy urban residents. It also found that solar electricity can meet consumer needs by expanding energy
1. Global energy trends show increasing electrification and a growing demand for clean and efficient energy solutions. Electricity demand has grown faster than overall energy use.
2. Energy efficiency technologies can significantly improve efficiency across the entire energy value chain, from production and generation to transmission and final end-use. Implementing best available technologies could double efficiency in some sectors.
3. Barriers beyond technical potential must be addressed, including economic factors, skills gaps, and investment incentives, to fully realize efficiency gains from existing technologies. A holistic approach is needed to maximize efficiency opportunities.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Recovery of cost of electricity supply in the nigerian power sectorAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that analyzed revenue generation and cost recovery in Nigeria's power sector. The study examined whether increases in electricity tariffs through the Multi-Year Tariff Order (MYTO) significantly increased revenue and cost recovery from 2008-2012. The researchers discovered that while full cost recovery was not achieved in some years, the level of recovery was significant. Revenue also significantly increased after MYTO was implemented in 2008. However, increased tariffs did not have a significant impact on power generation. The researchers recommend that future tariffs allow private operators to recover costs and make profits when they take over the sector. Efforts should also be made to reduce transmission losses and improve service quality to increase demand.
South korea smart_grid_revolution_july_2011_zpryme_researchcanaleenergia
South Korea has developed an ambitious plan to build a nationwide smart grid by 2030 to help reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. The government is investing heavily in smart grid projects and technology, with a goal of spending $15.8 billion between 2009-2016. A major smart grid demonstration project on Jeju Island involves 168 companies and aims to test new business models. South Korea's smart grid market is projected to grow to $290 million by 2015 as the government works to capture 30% of the global smart grid market share.
The Impact of Working Capital Management in Enhancing Profitability in the El...Premier Publishers
The study was focused on the significance of working capital management in enhancing profitability in the electricity distribution sector in Zimbabwe because the sector has been underperforming and facing mounting debts. Thus, positivism philosophy and a case study design were used to collect data, in addition to questionnaires and focus groups. Whilst, descriptive analysis was used to measure central tendency and variability, and this included arithmetic means, variances and standard deviations. Consequently, the study established that working capital management is significant to the electricity distribution sector in Zimbabwe because it improves profitability, enhances value creation and growth. Thus, this is expected to enable the sector to make critical infrastructural and technological investments in order to contain the surging electricity demand. In addition, it was established that profit maximisation through working capital management will enable the Zimbabwean electricity distribution industry to maximize shareholders’ wealth, as a result attracting more investors in this highly capital intensive sector thus, reducing dependence on expensive debt financing. Accordingly, the study concludes by stressing that working capital management guarantees business survival and continuity and this have a domino effect on the alleviation of power shortages in Zimbabwe as well as energizing the entire economy.
Roadmap for Indonesia's Power Sector - Summary for Policy MakersGandabhaskara Saputra
- The study models different pathways for Indonesia's power system to meet energy and climate targets from 2018-2027, focusing on Java-Bali and Sumatra where most people and electricity consumption are located.
- Analysis using PLEXOS power system modeling software finds that if PLN continues overestimating demand and building excess coal capacity, over $12 billion could be wasted. Doubling renewable energy through wind and solar is comparable in cost and would reduce emissions 36%.
- A high renewables scenario coupled with energy savings could save $10 billion over 10 years compared to current plans, requiring lower costs and a long-term strategic renewable energy expansion plan with clear targets. Even with 43% renewables, security of
An Examination of the Impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Serv...IJAAS Team
The main objective of this study is to empirically examine the impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Services Sector in Nigeria between 1999-2016. The study employed secondary annual time series data sourced from World Bank database (2016). The methodology adopted for the study was Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF); a test for long-run relationship using ARDL Bounds Testing approach with analysis of long-run and shortrun dynamics in the model. A striking revelation from the study is the inverse relationship that exists between manufacturing output and electricity consumption in Nigeria within the period referenced. This negative relationship is not unconnected with widespread allegation of misappropriation of budgeted funds for the Power Sector by successive administrations in Nigeria since 1999. It must be stated in clear terms that constant and consistent electricity generation, transmission and distribution is sine-qua-none for the growth of the national economy. Virtually all sectors of the economy depend on the supply of electricity to do business and so the lack of this vital ingredient of growth contributes in no small measure in stagnating economic growth and development. Efforts at reforming the power sector can only be fruitful when ALL stakeholders in the power sector including the political class put away their personal agendas and take the bull by the horn towards rescuing the nation from the looming danger of stagnant economic growth. Furthermore, there is the need for the Nigerian government to come up with new, better and alternative ways of improving energy generation and supply, as well as proper maintenance of electricity infrastructure in the country.
The document discusses rural electrification challenges in Uganda. It analyzes Uganda's energy sector using Ostrom's Social-Ecological Systems framework, highlighting key players and programs. The national grid reaches only 2% of rural residents. Extending the grid is difficult due to high costs and low revenues from rural customers. Alternative programs like solar PV installations and an empowerment project show promise but have limitations. Overall, increasing energy access in Uganda faces substantial barriers but could significantly improve human development.
Electrical power outage in nigeria history, causes and possible solutionsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the history of power outages in Nigeria, identifies key causes, and proposes solutions. It analyzes data from 120 substations in Ondo State. Major causes of outages identified include low water levels, lack of gas for turbines, inadequate maintenance, and high distribution losses from old infrastructure and improper maintenance. Proposed solutions include introducing ring circuits, standby generation, solar street lighting, upgrading cable sizes, ensuring proper switchgear ratings, and developing an energy management system and sustainable maintenance program. The goal is to improve power supply reliability to support Nigeria's development goals.
IRJET- The Power of Electricity and it’s Problems in IndiaIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses electricity generation and its role in India's economic development. It highlights how all sectors rely on electricity for basic needs and operations.
2) The major sources of electricity in India are described as hydroelectric, thermal using coal and gas, and nuclear. However, problems have arisen due to delays in projects, financial issues of state electricity boards, and high transmission and distribution losses.
3) While generation capacity has increased significantly over time, gaps remain between targets and achievements. Issues like cost recovery and inefficiencies have also contributed to regular power shortages across the country.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This document discusses power outages in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria. It finds that inadequate power generating capacity, shortage of gas supply, weak and dilapidated electrical transmission and distribution networks, inadequate power infrastructure, vandalism, and lack of maintenance are the primary causes of frequent power outages in the city. Port Harcourt currently receives only 200MW of electricity despite needing over 800MW. This forces many businesses and residents to rely on expensive private generators. The document recommends immediate upgrades to existing infrastructure, reviews of domestic gas supply policies, and stronger laws against vandalism to help stabilize the electricity supply in Port Harcourt.
Promoting Massive Renewable Energy (RE) Projects
towards achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Taiwo Benjamin
Carleton University, Canada
Presented at #naee2015
South Korea has implemented an ambitious plan to build a nationwide smart grid by 2030 to reduce carbon emissions and energy imports. The government is investing heavily in smart grid technology and infrastructure, with a goal of capturing 30% of the global smart grid market. A major smart grid pilot project is underway on Jeju Island, involving over 160 companies testing technologies like smart meters, electric vehicles and renewable energy integration. When complete, South Korea's smart grid is expected to help meet its energy and climate goals while creating new economic opportunities for its industries.
IRJET- Study of Generating Power from Speed Breakers using Rack and Pinion Me...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on generating power from speed breakers using a rack and pinion mechanism. It begins with an abstract that outlines how the kinetic energy from vehicles passing over speed bumps can be converted to electrical energy. The introduction then provides context on energy needs and defines conventional vs renewable energy sources. It describes how the proposed system would work, using the up and down motion of vehicles on speed bumps to drive a generator via a rack and pinion mechanism. The scope section outlines issues with India's current power infrastructure and argues that tapping energy from ubiquitous speed bumps could provide power for streetlights and rural areas.
This document provides an overview of Myanmar's power sector, including its primary energy supply, final energy consumption, and institutional structure. Some key points:
- Myanmar has abundant energy resources like hydropower and natural gas but per capita electricity consumption is among the lowest in Southeast Asia due to low electrification rates.
- Biomass accounts for over half of primary energy supply while natural gas and hydropower are also major sources. Final energy consumption is dominated by biomass used in the residential sector.
- The Ministry of Electric Power oversees policy and planning for the power sector while the Electricity Supply Enterprise and Electricity Supply Corporation are responsible for generation, transmission, and distribution.
-
This document summarizes an article about India's energy policy and the need to promote renewable energy sources. It discusses how India has vast renewable energy resources and the government has implemented various policies and incentives to promote greater renewable energy deployment. The key challenges are India's limited fossil fuel reserves, high fuel transportation costs, aging conventional power plants, need to rationalize power tariffs, and reduce transmission and distribution losses in the power sector. The government is aiming to source 10% of additional grid power from renewable sources by 2012 to help address these challenges in a sustainable manner.
Recovery of cost of electricity supply in the nigerian power sectorAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study analyzing cost recovery in Nigeria's power sector. The study examined how increases in electricity tariffs through the Multi-Year Tariff Order (MYTO) in 2008 and 2012 affected operational cost recovery, revenue generation, and power generation. The researchers found that while full cost recovery was not achieved in some years, the level of recovery was significant. Revenue increased significantly after MYTO was implemented in 2008. However, increased tariffs did not have a significant impact on power generation. The study recommends setting tariffs to allow private operators to recover costs and make profits when they take over the sector. Efforts should also be made to reduce transmission and distribution losses and ensure regular supply to increase demand.
The Energy Crisis of Nigeria An Overview and Implications for the FutureMichael Olafusi
The document provides an overview of Nigeria's energy crisis, which stems from structural problems across its energy system including hydropower, oil, natural gas, and its grid structure. The crisis is exacerbated by low governmental cooperation, public opposition to privatization efforts due to past negative experiences, and widespread use of unsafe fuelwood. To address this, Nigeria's 2003 energy policy aims to diversify energy sources and increase capacity from oil, natural gas, and renewables, while reducing dependence on fuelwood. However, progress has been limited due to social, political, and economic challenges.
The document summarizes an analysis of Uganda's energy ecosystem conducted by Team 42. It finds that only 26% of Ugandans have access to electricity, with just 7% in rural areas, where most rely on agriculture. It maps the key players in Uganda's energy sector, including public sector organizations, manufacturers, importers/distributors, and financiers. It also analyzes rural demographics, barriers to financing clean energy access, and proposes solutions like connecting microfinance institutions, maximizing government support, implementing quality controls, and using local businesses to provide energy to households.
The document discusses wind energy development in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia will need to add around 33 GW of electricity over the next 20 years to support economic growth. Wind energy could help meet this need and set an example for private sector energy projects. The Aysha wind farm is presented as a case study, describing its 120 MW planned capacity and progress toward development. Financing structures will be key to increasing capacity and driving economic growth in Ethiopia.
IRJET- Integration of Solar Electricity Into National Grid: Case Study of...IRJET Journal
This document discusses integrating solar electricity into Nigeria's national grid. It begins with an abstract that outlines the study's purpose of exploring solar electricity integration and addressing Nigeria's energy problems. The introduction provides background on Nigeria's energy challenges and potential for solar power.
The methodology section explains that this is a survey research study covering Nigeria's 36 states. It describes the population and sample, as well as the questionnaire used to collect data on solar electricity application, transmission success, and accessibility/availability.
The results section presents findings from the questionnaire. It found that solar technologies can be deployed in urban and rural areas, but are currently more accessible to wealthy urban residents. It also found that solar electricity can meet consumer needs by expanding energy
1. Global energy trends show increasing electrification and a growing demand for clean and efficient energy solutions. Electricity demand has grown faster than overall energy use.
2. Energy efficiency technologies can significantly improve efficiency across the entire energy value chain, from production and generation to transmission and final end-use. Implementing best available technologies could double efficiency in some sectors.
3. Barriers beyond technical potential must be addressed, including economic factors, skills gaps, and investment incentives, to fully realize efficiency gains from existing technologies. A holistic approach is needed to maximize efficiency opportunities.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Recovery of cost of electricity supply in the nigerian power sectorAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that analyzed revenue generation and cost recovery in Nigeria's power sector. The study examined whether increases in electricity tariffs through the Multi-Year Tariff Order (MYTO) significantly increased revenue and cost recovery from 2008-2012. The researchers discovered that while full cost recovery was not achieved in some years, the level of recovery was significant. Revenue also significantly increased after MYTO was implemented in 2008. However, increased tariffs did not have a significant impact on power generation. The researchers recommend that future tariffs allow private operators to recover costs and make profits when they take over the sector. Efforts should also be made to reduce transmission losses and improve service quality to increase demand.
Integration of coal based fuel into the energy mix & expansion of hydro...FRANKLIN AJAEGBU
The document discusses strategies for improving electricity supply in Nigeria through diversifying the energy mix and expanding power sources. It recommends integrating coal-based fuel and expanding hydroelectric power through new dams. Nigeria currently generates only 3,000MW against a demand of 50,000MW and projected need of 150,000MW by 2030. Other countries rely heavily on coal for power but Nigeria has not utilized its estimated reserves of 3 billion tonnes. The study argues Nigeria can meet energy demands through clean coal technologies and hydroelectric power given suitable locations for dams exist. Investments are needed in generation, transmission and distribution to achieve optimal electricity supply.
Off-grid small hydropower for rural development in NigeriaIJSRED
This document summarizes research on the potential for small hydropower systems to provide off-grid electricity in rural areas of Nigeria. It finds that Nigeria has many potential small hydropower sites that could generate between 5.13-5000 kW, enough to power an average rural community. Several studies are cited that identified specific sites across Nigeria with potential for small hydropower development. However, only a small percentage of the potential has been harnessed so far. The document concludes that developing decentralized off-grid small hydropower networks at potential sites could significantly increase electricity access for rural populations in Nigeria.
Nigeria’s nuclear power generation project current state and future prospectsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes Nigeria's nuclear power generation project. It discusses Nigeria's current energy crisis due to insufficient electricity production to meet growing demand. Nigeria created the Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission in 1976 to pursue nuclear power as part of its energy mix. The Commission aims to develop human resources and infrastructure to deploy nuclear power plants for electricity generation. The document examines Nigeria's progress so far in its nuclear program and future plans to bring its first nuclear power plant online.
National electric energy supply and industrial productivity in nigeria from 1...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of electric energy supply on industrial productivity in Nigeria from 1970 to 2010. The study used secondary data from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin to conduct a multiple regression analysis. The results showed that national energy supply had no significant impact on industrial productivity in Nigeria. Tests indicated that variables were stationary at first difference and industrial output may converge to equilibrium in the future. The study recommends sustained funding and private partnerships in the power sector to enhance economic growth.
Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
Afghanistan power system development project final project under Massive Open...Atiqur Rahman Barbhuiya
Afghanistan is at the bottom 10% globally in electricity consumption per capita and only 28% of its population is connected to the grid. In June 2015 Afghanistan’s access to electricity rate is estimated at about 25% with about 1 million residential connections.
The demand for electricity is increasing steadily, and it is estimated that Afghanistan would require 3,000 MW of electricity to suffice its needs by 2020.
This project is conceived to solicit external aid from private and Donor agencies to meet the challenges described above and creating a framework for a sustainable, decentralised power supply using renewable energy sources. The project is preparedfor partial fulfillment of obtaining a certificate under Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on Financing for Development (FFD): Unlocking Investment Opportunities
A Field Survey Based Study of Household Energy Use Patterns in Tertiary Insti...ijtsrd
The availability of energy sources, particularly electricity, is a basic requirement for living standards. The efficiency with which households use energy is critical not just for improving individual living conditions, but also for a countrys economic growth. There is a considerable imbalance between electricity demand and generation in Nigeria. The purpose of this survey is to investigate the energy related perceptions and awareness of household consumers in Ihiagwa and Nekede communities, and, to determine the level of alignment of this awareness with their actual preferences and behavior to derive insights for environmental and energy policy planning and management. We have collected the data in the form of questionnaires related, to personal profiles, behavior, and attitudes in the use of energy and electricity in 676 households in Nekede and Iheagwa. By analyzing the data, it was found that the Households 82.0 prefer electricity to other forms of energy. A large percentage of people 67.1 believed that their electric bill was causing them financial difficulties, and 80.2 had made efforts to reduce their electricity bill. Furthermore, the results suggest an attitude behavior gap in terms of energy sources and purpose of usage. Commercial energy is used and petroleum sources come as a stand in alternative source. The household features and average energy cost was correlated. The results show that ownership of the building factor had a statistically insignificant coefficient, a p value of 0.5586, income relationship with energy cost was a significant factor p value of 0.0009, and the number of family members and energy cost had a p value of 0.0004 respectively. The findings of this survey should be useful for future planning of household energy management in Imo State and Nigeria by extension. These would aid in the development of the national energy strategy plan, as well as in understanding current energy use and availability conditions. Obasi Ibe B. | Opabisi Adeyinka K | Agbakwuru Bruno C. "A Field Survey-Based Study of Household Energy-Use Patterns in Tertiary Institutions Communities in Imo State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57479.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/57479/a-field-surveybased-study-of-household-energyuse-patterns-in-tertiary-institutions-communities-in-imo-state/obasi-ibe-b
Detailed Analysis Of Power Plant Equipments (Power Sector)KAMALAKKANNAN G
This document provides a project report on the analysis of power sector equipments in India. It includes an acknowledgement, table of contents, executive summary and introduction. The executive summary highlights that the report provides an extensive study and analysis of India's power sector through Porter's five forces model and SWOT analysis. It shows that there has been continuous growth in power generation and consumption in India. The introduction provides background on the growth of the power sector globally and in India, current scenario and future scope. It indicates that demand for power is growing rapidly in India and there is a need to double generation capacity.
Solar energy as a potential contributor to help bridge the gap between electr...IJAAS Team
The pivotal role of electricity is as an enabler for every other sector in any economy. Adequate electricity supply is a vital input for the economic growth and in a range of key industries. Unfortunately, the electricity sector in Iraq has been an unsustainable fiscal burden on successive Iraqi governments yet it has not been able to meet the growing demand. Iraq’s electricity sector and government’s decision makers should look for a longterm solutions and strategies to meet the current and future demand, by taking important steps towards fostering a reliable, affordable, and sustainable electricity system in the years and decades to come. Also, Iraqi government and ministry of electricity in particular should understand that electricity is basic service and right of Iraqis, and many nations have overcome this kind of problem decades ago. Overcoming this problem will help refueling Iraqi economy and enable it to stand on its feet again. Renewable energy resources, and solar in particular could be part of the solution. This paper aims to highlight the importance of solar energy in Iraq as a potential contributor to help bridge the gap between electricity supply and growing demand. Also, it discusses the solar energy opportunities with challenges facing other renewable energy sources in Iraq.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 0.5 KW SOLAR TREE FOR POWERING FARM SETTLEMENTSIAEME Publication
Nigeria is a country faced with great challenges in the power sector. This is as a
result of inadequate administrative and technical efforts in handling issues in this
sector. Aforetime, the country has solely depended on grid electricity generation
which has proven to be unstable for several decades. These and others, has made it
imperative to introduce the use of renewable energy in addressing some of the
electricity challenges facing the country. The sources of renewable energy which
could serve as an alternative source of power include wind, solar, and biogas. These
can also be combined together as an entity to form a hybrid renewable energy source.
In this paper, a solar tree was designed and constructed to provide an alternative
supply of electricity to farm settlements in Nigeria. This is achieved by generating
electricity from a single or multiple number of solar panels connected with a charge
controller, a battery bank for storage and an inverter circuit to supply electrical
power. Depending on the electrical load demand and the applications coverage area,
the solar tree rating and specification can be a single-phase or three-phase AC output
Coupling Universal Energy Access with Financial Sustainability: the Case of L...Jacopo Pendezza
Modern energy access is an essential precondition for economic development. It is essential for poverty reduction, improvement of human health, women’s empowerment, education. With access to reliable and affordable energy services, local entrepreneurs and companies of any size can generate local jobs, income and, thereby, promote local development, in particular in rural and peri- urban areas. The major barriers toward improving rural electricity connectivity in Africa include: absence of national grid in large part of the country, high cost of delivering electricity to rural areas, high upfront investment costs; scattered settlements in the rural areas leading to long and costly distribution lines. Other challenges are harsh terrains and inaccessibility due to underdeveloped infrastructure leading to high cost of rural electrification projects; high operating costs of grids in rural areas due to low population density.
For these reasons, several experts suggest that the extension of the main grid is not the most economical viable solution to grant energy access to rural communities. In most of the case, and especially in Tanzania, the best option is the realization of renewable source powered mini-grid (both grid-connected and off-grid). This option, if carefully analyzed, allows to reach more and more rural clients and at the same time to increase the share of renewable energy production.
Experience, however, has shown that it is not enough to simply create a new mini-grid and hope for local economic activities to pick up just by themselves. Countless electrification projects have suffered from a low demand response from the commercial sector that ended up affecting plans and expectations. This usually determines two significant consequences: First, the hoped-for impact of electrification programmes on the development of local communities often struggles to materialize. Secondly, the electrification schemes suffer from a lack of new customers able to pay for their electricity connection and use the new availability of electricity for productive purposes. Such developments have undermined the entire economic viability, and thus sustainability, of many electrification programs in developing countries. This paper explores the concrete steps to be put in place in order to increase the financial sustainability of a mini-grid, in order to couple universal access to modern energy services with sound financial sustainability of the systems providing electricity. To show that, it will take in account a feasibility study that CEFA is doing the Luganga site, Tanzania.
The document summarizes the potential for distributed solar energy in Ghana. It finds that while Ghana has a relatively high national electrification rate, unreliable electric power is a major impediment to economic growth. Distributed solar could help expedite service to off-grid communities and enhance reliability in areas that experience frequent outages. However, significant challenges remain in spurring distributed solar development, including Ghana's high electricity costs and the ongoing restructuring of its power sector.
Electricity crisis and manufacturing productivity in nigeria (1980 2008)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the impact of electricity crisis on manufacturing productivity in Nigeria from 1980-2008. The study found that:
1) Electricity generation during this period negatively impacted manufacturing productivity growth due to unnecessary government spending on non-productive sectors.
2) Capacity utilization had a positive relationship with manufacturing productivity, while government capital expenditure and electricity generation had negative relationships.
3) Inadequate and irregular electricity supply increased production costs and reduced manufacturing productivity in Nigeria.
Nigeria recently deregulated its power sector to pave way for private sector investors. The government owned corporation, Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) that was responsible for all electricity supply was unbundled, partly privatised and there are many ongoing reforms to reposition the power sector. However, the authorities must get the policies right and seek the support of international partners to attract private investments into the sector. Opportunities in the energy sector are highlighted for private sector participants to consider and take decisions. The citizens (consumers) must support government by agreeing with the new policies for a successful transformation. All hands must be on deck for success to be achieved.
3. Increasing Financing and Investments for Clean and Renewable Energy Access...ENVIRONMENTALALERTEA1
This position paper is an output from several CSOs engagements coordinated by Environmental Alert with financial support from Norad within the framework of ‘Increasing access to sustainable and renewable energy alternatives in the AlbertineGraben’ that is implemented by WWF-Uganda Country Office
Global Power Grid Interconnection for Sustainable Growth: Concept, Project an...Power System Operation
Environment friendly and low carbon RE has a great development and research potential for GEI. Acceleration in development of clean energy is required in future to improve the proportion in world's energy generation. Low-cost conversion and plug in play type high-efficiency generation are required to develop in energy bases, especially on North Pole and Equator regions. Clean energy topic is generally divided into generation bases, grid integration and large-scale energy storage system. Hydropower is the key source of clean energy against power grid fluctuations due to intermittent sources. It has capabilities such as fast response on dispatch command, easy to start/shutdown, large capacity and high efficiency as well as flexible on load adjustment. However, large hydro sources can be improved further for eco-friendly point of
view.
Wind energy integration in Africa: development, impacts and barriersIJECEIAES
The African renewable energy initiative (AREI), adopted in 2015 by nearly half of the African countries, planned to install 10 GW of renewable energy by the end of 2020 and 300 GW by 2030, of which 100 GW would be wind. These countries have each adopted their own national energy strategy defining their rate of renewable electricity capacity, particularly wind, in the overall energy mix by 2020 and/or 2030. This article aims to assess the implementation of these strategies by evaluating the up-to-date achievements in regards to wind energy and thus infer the AREI realization rate by the end of 2020. It focuses on the wind energy investments of the major African countries while comparing their effective realization rates with those targeted by their national strategies. This article also covers the impact of wind energy integration and the barriers to its development in Africa. Taking into account the recent study published in 2020 by the Global Wind Energy Council which assessed the wind energy potential in Africa at 59 TW, the obtained results show that the huge wind power potential in Africa is still far from being exploited and that only Morocco, Egypt and South Africa are on the right track.
Similar to Sustainable Infrastructural Development in Africa: The Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) Alternative for the Power Sector in Nigeria (20)
Study of Road Patterns and Space Formation in Settlement Areas on the Edge of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to find developments in road patterns from 2008 to 2024 and explain the
influence of road patterns on the formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar. This research uses a
quantitative descriptive approach and diachronic reading analysis techniques. This research uses overlapping
maps (superimpose), surveys, and interviews. The results of this research are to find factors that influence the
formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar, including the flat topographic conditions. Demographics
continue to increase in the population of the study location. The social culture at the study location is that the
residents who live on the edges of Lake Laut Tawar are residents who have family relationships. Distribution of
space designations that change function from agricultural land to residential land. Land values vary on the edges
of Lake Laut Tawar according to their zones.
KEYWORDS : Road Pattern, Lake Edge, Laut Tawar Lake
HAPIS AT KATANUNGAN, PANGUNGULILA NG MGA NAIWAN: SIPAT-SURI SA MAIKLING KUWEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang pagpapatiwakal o sariling pagtapos ng buhay ay isang malubhang dilema na madalas na
kinahaharap ng isang taong nakararanas ng malalim na hirap at kalungkutan. Ang isa sa mga dahilan ng
pagpapatiwakal ay ang pagtingin dito bilang isang paraan ng pagtakas mula sa mga suliranin at hamon ng buhay.
Ang pagsusuri sa maikling kuwentong "Bahay sa Dilim" ni Alfredo Enriquez ay isang uri ng kwalitatibong
pananaliksik na gumamit ng pagsusuring pangnilalaman upang maabot ang layunin nito na tukuyin at
maipaliwanag ang mga isyu ng dilema at desisyon sa pagpapatiwakal, pagmamahal sa pamilya, at pangungulila
at pagsisisi. Sa paggamit ng mga teoryang pampanitikan tulad ng eksistensyalismo at romantisismo bilang mga
gabay, ninais ng mga mananaliksik na magbigay-liwanag at solusyon sa mga isyu ng pagpapatiwakal. Ito ay
magiging patnubay sa pagpapalawak ng kaalaman tungkol sa mga suliranin at karanasan ng mga pamilyang
Pilipino, pati na rin sa mga laban na hinaharap ng isang tao na nakararanas ng isang dilema. Sa dulo, hinahamon
ng pag-aaral na ito na gamitin pa ang iba't ibang uri ng panitikan na mas naglalarawan ng tunay na karanasan at
realidad ng buhay.
KEYWORDS : pagpapatiwakal, dilema, kalungkutan, buhay, pangungulila
Risk Tolerance as A Moderation of Financial Literacy and Lifestyle on Old Age...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:Old age financial planning must consider various factors, such as retirement age, estimated
monthly expenses in retirement, life expectancy, current and projected income until retirement which determines
the ability to save, assets and investments already owned, and the impact of inflation on future purchasing
power. Future, as well as the level of investment return. This research is causal associative research, this
research uses a quantitative approach. The population used in this research were employees within the Rectorate
of the University of Mataram, 67 Civil Servants. The saturated sampling method or total sampling is a sampling
technique in which all members of the population are used as samples. In this questionnaire, respondents'
answers were measured using a 6-point Likert scale: with ratings of 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3
(somewhat disagree), 4 (somewhat agree), 5 (agree), 6 (strongly agree). The Partial Least Square-Structural
Equation Model (PLS-SEM) with smart PLS 3.0 software was used to analyze the research data. The study's
findings indicate that financial literacy is found to have a positive and significant impact on old-age financial
planning among Rectorate employees at the University of Mataram. This indicates that as financial literacy
levels increase, so do activities relate to planning for retirement. Conversely, lifestyle does not exhibit a
significant influence on old-age financial planning for these employees. Furthermore, the interaction between
financial literacy and risk tolerance weakens the effect of financial literacy on retirement financial planning,
implying that higher risk tolerance diminishes the impact of financial literacy on planning for retirement.
However, risk tolerance does not moderate the influence of lifestyle on old-age financial planning, indicating
that the interaction between lifestyle and risk tolerance does not significantly affect retirement financial
planning for Rectorate employees at Mataram University.
KEYWORDS :Risk Tolerance, Financial Literacy, Lifestyle, Old Age Financial Planning
THE INFLUENCE OF APPLICATION FEATURES AND SECURITY THROUGH TRUST ON BRImo CUS...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research objective is to determine the influence of application features and security
through trust on BRImo customer loyalty in Banyuwangi. This research used the Explanatory Research type.
The population used in this research is all customers who use the BRImo application as of the end of December
2022 at the BRI Banyuwangi office, totaling 89,333 customers. The sampling technique in this research used a
multistage random sampling technique (multi stage sampling). In this study, the criteria used were customers
who happened to use the BRImo application and were financially registered, totaling 100 respondents. The data
analysis method used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the SmaprtPLS application. The research
results showed that Application Features influence BRIMo Trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced
BRIMo's trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Application features influenced BRIMo customer loyalty in
Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust influenced
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Application Features on
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Security on BRIMo
Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency.
KEYWORDS : Application feature, security, trust, loyalty
On Storytelling & Magic Realism in Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, Shame, and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Salman Rushdie’s novels are humorous books about serious times. His cosmopolitanism and
hybrid identity allowed him access to multiple cultures, religions, languages, dialects, and various modes of
writing. His style is often classified as magic realism, blending the imaginary with the real. He draws
inspiration from both English literature and Indian classical sources. Throughout his works, there is a lineage of
‘bastards of history’, a carnival of shameful characters scrolling all along his works. Rushdie intertwines fiction
with reality, incorporating intertextual references to Western literature in his texts, and frequently employing
mythology to explore history. This paper focuses on Rushdie’s three novels: Midnight’s Children, Shame, and
Haroun and the Sea of Stories, analyzing his postmodern storytelling techniques that aim to explore human
vices and follies while offering socio-political criticism.
KEYWORDS : Magic Realism, Rushdie, Satire, Storytelling, Transfictional Identities
CYBER SECURITY ENHANCEMENT IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF SIX STATES IN THE NORT...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Security plays an important role in human life and endeavors. Securing information and
disseminating are critical challenges in the present day. This study aimed at identifying innovative technologies
that aid cybercrimes and can constitute threats to cybersecurity in North Central (Middle Belt) Nigeria covering
its six States and the FCT Abuja. A survey research design was adopted. The researchers employed the use of
Google form in administering the structured questionnaire. The instruments were faced validated by one expert
each from ICT and security. Cronbach Alpha reliability Coefficient was employed and achieved 0.83 level of
coefficient. The population of the study was 200, comprising 100 undergraduate students from computer science
and Computer/Robotics Education, 80 ICT instructors, technologists and lecturers in the University and
Technical Colleges in the Middle Belt Nigeria using innovative technologies for their daily jobs and 20 officers
of the crime agency such as: Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) andEconomic and Financial
Crimes Commission (EFCC). Three research purposes and questions as well as the hypothesis guided the study
on Five (5) point Likert scale. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the three
research questions while three hypotheses were tested using t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Major findings
revealed that serious steps are needed to better secure the cybers against cybercrimes. Motivation, types, threats
and strategies for the prevention of cybercrimes were identified. The study recommends that government,
organizations and individuals should place emphasis on moral development, regular training of its employees,
regular update of software, use strong password, back up data and information, produce strong cybersecurity
policy, install antivirus soft and security surveillance (CCTV) in offices in order to safeguard its employees and
properties from being hacked and vandalized.
KEYWORDS: Cybersecurity, cybercrime, cyberattack, cybercriminal, computer virus, Virtual Private Networks
(VPN).
TACKLING ILLEGAL LOGGING: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGESAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Illegal logging poses significant environmental, economic, and social challenges worldwide. This
research explores the problems associated with illegal logging in the present and future, shedding light on the
multifaceted nature of this issue and the accompanying challenges faced by governments, organizations, and
communities. The study employs a comprehensive literature review to analyze the current state of illegal
logging, its causes, and its consequences. It examines the environmental impact of deforestation, including
biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and climate change. The researchers identify the challenges faced in
combating illegal logging in the present and anticipate future obstacles. It considers illegal logging networks'
complex and elusive nature, the limited enforcement capacity, and the need for international cooperation and
coordination. The study also examines the adoption and effectiveness of policies, regulations, and technological
advancements in curbing illegal logging practices in Davao City.
Keywords -Problems and Challenges, Cultural Disruptions, Anticipate future problems.
Towards Developing Students’ Soft Skills: The Case of ENSAM StudentsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Building students’ soft skills has started to gain ground within the realm of higher education in
Morocco. However, the development of these skills requires a real-life context which simplifies their learning.
In this regard, the present study is mainly conducted to investigate the effect of the out-group collaborative
learning method on the development of students’ soft skills. Data for the study comes from 20 semester two
students at “Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Arts et Metiers” (ENSAM), Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, by
implementing a one-group pretest-posttest research design. The qualitative and quantitative findings confirm
that there is a statistically significant difference between the pretest and posttest results. Therefore, the adopted
treatment, the out-group collaborative learning method, has improved students’ communication, adaptability and
presentation delivery skills. The findings of this study can be useful for future studies and give language
teachers insights into the importance of using the out-group collaborative learning method in their teaching of
the soft skills.
KEYWORDS : collaborative learning, soft-skills, out-group collaborative learning method
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF TMALL DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMICAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:China's e-commerce enterprises have developed rapidly, among which Tmall has become one of
the largest retail shopping websites in China.But in the past year, the Covid-19 epidemic has brought a huge
impact to Chinese e-commerce enterprises, and Tmall is no exception.Therefore, the development status of
Tmall in the new crown epidemic situation was analyzed, and the viewpoint was put forward :Tmall1 stabilized
the situation in the face of the epidemic situation and made a very correct countermeasures.The influence of this
epidemic on Tmall was deeply analyzed, and the conclusion was made: the new crown epidemic is both a
challenge and an opportunity forTmall.
KEYWORDS:Tmall; COVID - 19 outbreak ; The electronic commerce
Factors affecting undergraduate students’ motivation at a university in Tra VinhAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Motivation plays an important role in foreign language learning process. This study aimed to
investigate student’s motivation patterns towards English language learning at a University in Tra Vinh, and factors
affecting their motivation change toward English language learning of non-English-major students in the semester.
The researcher used semi-structured interview at the first phase of choosing the participants and writing reflection
through the instrument called “My English Learning Motivation History” adapted from Sawyer (2007) to collect
qualitative data within 15 weeks. The participants consisted of nine first year non-English-major students who learning
General English at pre-intermediate level. They were chosen and divided into three groups of three members each
(high motivation group; average motivation group; and low motivation group). The results of the present study
identified six visual motivation patterns of three groups of students with different motivation fluctuation, through the
use of cluster analysis. The study also indicated a diversity of factors affecting students’ motivation involving internal
factors as influencing factors (cognitive, psychology, and emotion) and external factors as social factors (instructor,
peers, family, and learning environment) during English language learning in a period of 15 weeks. The findings of
the study helped teacher understand relationship of motivation change and its influential factors. Furthermore, the
findings also inspired next research about motivation development in learning English process.
KEY WORDS: language learning motivation, motivation change, motivation patterns, influential factors, students’
motivation.
The Impact of Work Stress and Digital Literacy on Employee Performance at PT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research aims to analyze the correlation between employee work stress and digital literacy
with employee performance at PT Telkom Akses Area Cirebon, both concurrently and partially. Employing a
quantitative approach, the study's objectives are descriptive and causal, adopting a positivist paradigm with a
deductive approach to theory development and a survey research strategy. Findings reveal that work stress
negatively and significantly impacts employee performance, while digital literacy positively and significantly
affects it. Simultaneously, work stress and digital literacy have a positive and significant influence on employee
performance. It is anticipated that company management will devise workload management strategies to
alleviate work stress and assess the implementation of more efficient digital technology to enhance employee
performance.
KEYWORDS -digital literacy, employee performance,job stress, multiple regression analysis, workload
management
The Settlement of Construction Disputes Through Dispute Councils From the Per...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This research differs from the practice of business activity in the construction services industry,
which may lead to construction disputes. The settlement of construction disputes is a consensus based on the
basic principle of debate. If the discussions between the parties do not reach an agreement, the parties may take
measures to resolve the dispute through the dispute council. Because the standard governing the disputes
committee was not fully regulated, they did not comply with the principle of legal certainty. Therefore, further
research was needed to establish a theoretical basis for regulating the disputes committee in settling construction
disputes. This research is a standard legal research using a legal regulatory, conceptual, and comparative
approach. The research results show that the ideal concept of resolving construction disputes through a dispute
council based on the value of legal certainty is to establish that the position of the dispute council is a special
court that has the authority to resolve construction disputes under construction services agreements. To realize
the position of the Court of Disputation as a special court, it must be based on the creation of philosophical
values, the creationof legislative regulations, and the creation of the institutional structure of the Court of
Disputation.
KEYWORDS-Construction Disputes, Dispute Council, Special Court
VALUES OF ORAL LITERATURE IN THE SOCIETY: A STUDY OF FOLKTALES OFOGBA IN RIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Oral literature is a creative work of art that portends high merit and has the creative use of
imagination in preliterate societies. It adopts the genres of literature: drama, prose and poetry in the oral milieu,
using performance as its hallmark. It thrives on the use of oral data because of its orality. This paper focuses on
the moral values or oral literature in the society using Ogba as a spring board. The study was carried out in
communities ofOgba. The population of the study consists of ten towns and village, in Ogba. The theoretical
framework used is Dell Hyme’s ethno-poetics because the works of oral literature relate to the society. This
paper concludes that oral literature serves to against all odds; communicate ideas, emotions, beliefs and
appreciation of life. The folktales in Ogba for instance, serve similar purpose through their
rendition/performance. Through the stories, the younger generation in Ogba society is familiarised with the
customs, traditions, and rituals prevalent in the society. This paper therefore recommends the use of oral
literature in all its genres to inculcate moral values and lessons to the teenagers and youths. Against this
background, Ogba (African) themselves must cease to regard oral literature as primitive and fetish.
KEYWORDS: Values, Oral Literature, Society, Ogba, Folktales
Pormalistikong Pagdalumat sa mga Tula ni Ron CanimoAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang dalawampung (20) tula ni Ron Canimo gamit ang
pormalistikong dulog batay sa mga sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at
Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e) Diksiyon. Layunin din nitong mataya ang antas ng pagtanggap ng
ginawang pagsusuri gamit ang nabuong instrumento sa pagtataya nito. Sinunod dito ang Input-Process-Output
na balangkas ng pag-aaral at ginamitan ng kwantitatib-deskriptib-ebalwatib na pamamaraan. Sa pamamagitan
ng talatanungang ibinatay sa ginamit ni Morales (2014) na naimodipika ayon sa kahingian ng kasalukuyang
pag-aaral, tatlong (3) gurong eksperto ang nagsilbing tagataya dito na siyang tumiyak sa kahusayan ng nabuong
pagsusuri ng mananaliksik. Gamit ang Content Analysis, natuklasan na makabagong pamamaraan ang istilo na
ginamit ni Ron Canimo sa pagsulat ng mga tula. Lahat ng kanyang mga tula ay walang sinusunod na sukat at
tugma, may iba‟t ibang tayutay at simbolismong ginamit, magkaibang pandama ang pinagana dahil sa mga
imahe at paglalarawang ginawa, iba‟t ibang uri ng pag-ibig ang tinalakay at gumamit ng pormal, impormal o
kumbersasyonal na wika at makabagong istilo sa pagsulat ng tula. Gamit ang mean at standard deviation,
lumabas na “Mataas” ang antas ng pagtanggap sa kabuuan ng mga gurong eksperto na tumaya sa nabuong
pagsusuri. Lumabas din na “Mataas” ang antas ng kanilang pagtanggap sa nabuong pagsusuri batay sa mga
sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e)
Diksiyon. Mula sa natayang pagsusuri at kinalabasan ng antas ng pagtanggap dito, naitala ang mga paksa sa
Junior High School Filipino na maaaring lapatan at gamitan ng nabuong pagsusuri.
KEYWORDS: Kumbensyunal, Pagdalumat, Pormalistiko, Ron Canimo, Tula
SCHOOL CULTURE ADAPTATION AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A PRIV...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative study investigates the adaption experiences of indigenous college students at the
University of Mindanao, Matina-main campus. Eight major themes emerged, including difficulties with language
proficiency, online learning, classroom interaction, examination systems, grading procedures, school regulations,
resource accessibility, coping mechanisms, and future goals. Implications include the requirement for targeted
language proficiency and technology use support, an understanding of adaption processes, interventions to
improve resource accessibility, and equitable public administration policies. The study underlines the importance
of adaptation in various educational contexts, as well as the role of educators and legislators in creating inclusive
learning environments.
KEYWORDS: indigenous college students, adaptation, educational challenges, coping strategies
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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Sustainable Infrastructural Development in Africa: The Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) Alternative for the Power Sector in Nigeria
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 188
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN :2378-703X
Volume-02, Issue-11, pp-188-196
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Sustainable Infrastructural Development in Africa: The Build
Operate and Transfer (BOT) Alternative for the Power
Sector in Nigeria
Moses Etila Shaibu, PhD
Department of Political Science
Faculty of Social Sciences
National Open University of Nigeria(NOUN)
Abstract: The build, operate and transfer (BOT) investment model can be advantageously adopted in Nigeria in
ensuring the rehabilitation of the decaying and obsolete electricity infrastructure in the country as low electricity
generation and consumption has serious negative implications on both the households and economic activities in
the economy. Thus, the objective of the paper is to interrogate the existing electricity infrastructure in Nigeria
and advocate for a form of private investment model. Using qualitative method and documentary evidence
predicted on the public-private partnership model, the study found that electricity infrastructure in Nigeria is
obsolete and inadequate. Power generation in Nigeria compared to other leading economies in Africa is
abysmally low due to lack of adequate investment in the sector. The BOT investment model has been used
successfully to build and maintain cost-intensive infrastructures like the power plants, highways, railways,
airports, etc in both developed and developing countries of the world; as seen in China, India, Pakistan,
Philippine, South Africa, Ghana, etc. Thus, the paper submits that the BOT alternative should be adopted to
address the power sector menace in the country.
Keywords: Infrastructural Development. Public-Private Partnership (PPP)Capital Project.
I. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Electricity is a key ingredient to economic growth and development not only to a developing
economy but also to advanced economies. From various internet links, electricity is defined as a form of energy
fuelled by the transfer of electrons from positive and negative points within a conductor. It is also defined as a
form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles such as electrons or proton either statically as
an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a current. Such energy is carried through wires, to operate
machines, lights and power appliances. Electricity is widely used for providing power to buildings, electric
devices, appliances and even some automobiles. Thereja &Thereja(2005)
Electrical energy has different sources. They are renewable and non renewable energy sources.
Renewable energy source are those which can be renewed or recycled like hydropower, wind, biomass, solar
energy, etc. Non renewable energy sources are those energy sources that can run out or cannot be replaced. They
usually expire with time. Examples are fossil fuel (natural gas, crude oil and coal) and uranium. In Nigeria, the
major sources of electricity are the hydro and thermal (gas fired) power. Electricity production from
hydroelectric source was reported by the World Bank to be 17.59% in 2014 with the thermal power plants
dominating the Nigerian power supply mix. Nigeria currently has four hydroelectric power stations in service
located at Kainji, Jebba, Shiroro and Zamfara with additional four proposed power stations to be located at
Kano, Zamfara, Kiri and Mambilla power station proposed to be completed in 2018. There are about 23 natural
gas stations with proposed one coal and one natural gas plant located in Azura (Edo state) and Geregu (Kogi
State) respectively. Nnaji (2017)
The electricity infrastructures consist of production and distribution technologies and consumption
management. This paper focused more on the production and distribution technologies. Electricity power is
divided into three sectors- generation/production, transmission and distribution sectors. The power generation or
production is the process of generating electric power from primary energy source. It is the first process in the
delivery of electricity to consumers through the use of power plants. Electricity transmission is the process of
carrying electric power from the generating plants to the substations with the use of electrical wires known as
conductors. The movement of electrical energy is facilitated through a transmission network. The power
2. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 189
distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power and it carries electricity from the transmission
system to individual consumers through the use of transformers, and cable wires.
Infrastructure development generally is a critical part of Nigeria‟s vision 20:2020 agenda and also a
precondition for private sector investment in the economy. Increasing the stock of infrastructure investments in
core sectors (like power sector) by one percent can increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth by up to
one percentage point (African Development Bank (AFDB), 2014). Electricity infrastructure development can be
a stimulus for economic growth and development in any economy. Hence, productive economic activities that
lead to employment generation and poverty reduction may not happen without sufficient and adequate
electricity supply given the all pervading potential electricity has in every sector of the economy.
General Electric (GE) has described electricity infrastructure in Nigeria as inadequate, ageing and
degrading, a situation responsible for the current power crisis in the country (Eboh, 2014). According to
Angbazo (2014), the country‟s power sector is bedevilled by inadequate generating capacity and inadequate gas
supply. He further stated that the transmission facilities are ageing, and degraded, while the distribution facilities
comprising meters, transformers, etc are grossly inadequate. The main cause of Nigeria‟s inadequate power
supply is a lack of investment in the sector by a succession of government over the past twenty five years
(AFDB, 2014). The Nigeria Vision 20:2020 report stated that the main challenges facing the power sector are
inadequate power generation, overloaded transmission and distribution network due to obsolete and inefficient
equipment among others which contribute to the electricity problem in the country.
Since Nigeria returned to democracy in 1999 till the present government, infrastructure development
especially in the power sector has been a major concern. In the quest to improve the electricity supply in the
economy, the Nigerian government privatized the power sector with the expectation that the regulatory
authorities will boost the power generation capacity to 40GW by 2020. In 2013 precisely when the new owners
took possession of power producing assets, they discovered that electricity infrastructure were crumbling,
decaying and ageing. According to the association of power generation companies (APGC), the country cannot
enjoy more than 4,600 megawatts (MW) of electricity despite its capacity to produce 12,000Mw due to paucity
of funds to buy feed stock (gas) to power the turbines. This source also stated that the transmission infrastructure
that would take power to the distribution companies have limited capacity, so it recommended a total system
overhaul in order to facilitate the supply of electricity in the nation. Electricity is all pervading in every other
sector of the economy, thus, its importance cannot be underestimated. Many instances abound in Nigeria where
lives are lost especially in the hospital due to power outages. Pre-mature babies, women undergoing caesarean
delivery, children and adults who are supported by oxygen need constant and stable electricity to
survive.Angbozo(2014)
The Federal Ministry of Power, Works and Housing placed the nation‟s electricity demand at 12,600
megawatts (MW) but current power supply is not up to 4,000MW. In the same vein, Salau (2016) quoting the
Executive Director, Association of Nigerian Electricity Distribution Companies (ANED), said that Nigeria need
160,000MW national aggregate electricity to satisfy the local electricity demands.
Table 1: Comparing Nigeria Electricity Consumption with other Countries
Source: Authors computation from World Fact Sheet
3. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
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With a population of only 31.19 million, Malaysia has electricity consumption of 133 billion kWh
while South Africa has a population of 55.9 million with electricity consumption of 207.7 billion kWh, the
highest in Africa. Egypt has also a population of 95.69 million and electricity consumption of 150.4 billion
kWh. The United Kingdom which was Nigeria‟s colonial master has a population of 65.64 with electricity
consumption of 301.6 billion kWh, the highest in the figure above. Nigeria among the comparator countries with
the highest population of 186 million has the lowest electricity consumption of 24.57 billion kWh. Thus, Nigeria
has an obvious shortfall which most people living in the country are too familiar with.
Based on the foregoing, it is imperative for the economy to subscribe to an investment model that
guarantees successful building, completing and efficient management of electricity infrastructure in Nigeria.
Globally and especially in developing countries, there is a paradigm shift from public provision of
infrastructures to a public-private arrangement where the development projects are realized without any fiscal
burden to the government. Also, in line with the Federal government road map for power reform policy, it is
recommended that there shall be no obstacles for the private sector investment in the power generation,
transmission and distribution in Nigeria. The public-private partnership model has proven its potentials to build
and manage different cost–intensive infrastructures in many countries such as China, India, South Africa,
Ghana, etc. In Nigeria also, the Lagos-Ibadan express way and the Lekki expressway (Lekki Toll Plaza) are
successful Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) project which are functional till date.Achanya(2012)
II. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Due to the ageing and degrading nature of electricity infrastructure in Nigeria, power generation and
consumption in Nigeria has been abysmally low. There are evidences of constant outage of electricity supply
due to poor (quantity and quality) electricity infrastructures AFDB, (2014), Nnaji,(2017). Low installation
capacity resulted in frequent and unpredictable load shedding which informed the usage of generators by
industry and households as alternative power supply. Regrettably, power generation, installed power capacity
and per capita electricity usage in Nigeria are low compared to other African countries. Nigeria is the second
largest economies of Africa after South Africa and has been named among the three (South Africa, Nigeria and
Egypt) riches economies in Africa also. But, in terms of electricity generation and consumption, Nigeria ranked
lowest among them.
For instance, in terms of electricity production, Egypt produces 162,000 million KWh/year, South
Africa (SA) produces 235,000 million KWh/year while Nigeria produces 29,000 million KWh/year. The
installed power capacity for Egypt is 29,190 MW, South Africa is 45,970 MW and Nigeria is 6,940 MW. In
terms of electricity usage per capita, Egypt is 1,864 million KWh/year; South Africa is 4,858 million KWh/year
while Nigeria is 164 Nnaji, (2017). Ironically, Ghana which Nigeria supplied energy few years ago uses 505
million KWh/year which is about thrice the quantity Nigeria uses as a country. This implies that an average
Ghanaian uses more electricity than an average Nigeria.(Nnaji 2017)
Furthermore, the economic implication of power deficit in Nigeria is substantial. The Nigerian
Investment Climate Assessment (ICA) survey report stated that the country is affected by power outages more
than 320 days in a year and 96% of firms experience 196 hours of power outage per month. Current available
electricity generation capacity is 50% below estimated power demand. Lack of government investment in the
sector for the past decades and failed interventions due to inappropriate planning contributed greatly to
electricity shortage in Nigeria. Erratic power supply in Nigeria has affected cost of production of goods and
services negatively and according to Oyesola, Iba, Usim and Nwaoguji (2016), manufacturers spent N800b
annually on generators. In the same vein, the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria stated that member
companies spent N20.8b monthly for the past three years on power generation to run their production process.
Thus, the broad objective of the study is to ensure the development of infrastructure in Nigeria using the BOT
financing alternative.
III. METHODOLOGY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
This paper is an outcome of a desk research. The study used mostly online secondary data and other
information from different sources. The newspapers, the journal articles and data banks were consulted. The
author used analytical method based on the data consulted from the CIA world fact sheet on electricity
consumption. The review of extant literature is done thematically.
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Framework
In general, public private partnership refers to forms of co-operation between public authorities and
the private sector which aim at ensuring the funding, construction, renovation, management and maintenance of
infrastructure associated with the provision. According to Achanya (2012), Rodriguez (2017), public private
partnership (PPP or P3s) can be described as the future of infrastructure projects and can provide a solution to
problems of financing, project completion and investing in large projects without spending government
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finances. PPP is a mode of providing public infrastructure and services by Government in partnership with
private sector with a long term contract arrangement (Jose, 2016). PPP is a contractual arrangement normally
between a public agency (federal, state or local) and a private sector entity usually of a long term nature to
provide public asset or service. The private party bears the significant risk as it also manages the responsibilities
and remunerations attached to the contract.
It can be used to finance, build, and operate large and cost-intensive projects such as public transport
networks, parks, air port terminals, convention centres, etc. There are different types of Public private
partnership and depends on the needs and options available. Power generation (electricity) projects and
infrastructure projects appear to options that are best suited to PPP (Rodriguez, 2017). The key feature of PPP is
concession, as the concept was first developed in France. Under French law the concessionaire has the
obligation to provide continuity of services (la continuité du service public), to treat all consumers equally
(l‟égalité des usagers) and to adapt the service according to changing needs (l‟adaptation du service"). In return,
the concessionaire is protected against new concessions which would adversely affect the rights of the
concessionaire (Institut de la Gestion Délégué (IGD), 2008).
According to http://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership, a concession gives a
concessionaire the long term right to use all utility assets conferred on the concessionaire, including
responsibility for operations and some investment. Asset ownership remains with the authority and the authority
is typically responsible for replacement of larger assets. A concession covers an entire infrastructure system (so
may include the concessionaire taking over existing assets as well as building and operating new assets). In a
concession the concessionaire typically obtains most of its revenues directly from the consumer and so it has a
direct relationship with the consumer. It is usually within 25 – 30 years of contract. Unlike many management
contracts, concessions are focused on outputs - i.e., the delivery of a service in accordance with performance
standards. There is less focus on inputs - i.e., the concessionaire is left to determine how to achieve agreed
performance standards, although there may be some requirements regarding frequency of asset renewal and
consultation with the awarding authority or regulator on such key features as maintenance and renewal of assets,
increase in capacity and asset replacement towards the end of the concession term.
IV. LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
The term “public-private partnership” is not defined in the European Union (EU) legislation on
public contracts however, a government may decide to enact a PPP law or a concession law for a number of
reasons, such as to give priority to a process of developing, procuring and reviewing PPP projects that will take
priority over sector laws, or to establish a clear institutional framework for developing, procuring and
implementing PPPs. PPP laws can also be used to close gaps in the laws of a host country may need to allow for
successful infrastructure PPP projects, such as enabling the grant of step-in rights to lenders and requiring open
and fair procurement processes. These modifications may be embodied in sector-specific law or in a general
concession or PPP law.
Each PPP/ concession law needs careful drafting to be consistent with the host country's existing
laws. Legal draftsmen need to strike a balance between setting ground rules that encourage transparency and
imposing general restrictions that may hinder bidding teams from achieving value for money or sensible
solutions when bidding out PPP projects. To safe guard the interests of government, private investors and the
taxpayers, a comprehensive legal framework must be put in place. Some projects may require the passing of
legislation in cases where the private party charges the general public for services normally deemed to be
provided by government and hence should be free, e.g. tolls on roads.
In Nigeria, the Infrastructure Concession Regulatory Commission (ICRC) is Nigeria‟s main PPP unit
with a key objective to foster investment in the country‟s national infrastructure through private sector funding.
The ICRC assists the federal government and its ministries and development agencies in implementing and
establishing effective PPP processes. PPP has different forms. They include Design-build-operate-transfer
(DBOT), Design-build-finance-operate-transfer (DBFOT), operate-maintain-transfer (OMT), Lease-Develop-
Operate (LDO), Build-Own-Operate (BOO), Build-lease-transfer (BLT), Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT),
Build operate and transfer (BOT), Build-Operate-Lease-Transfer (BOLT), Rehabilitate-Operate-Transfer
(ROT).
V. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS
Rousseau theory of popular sovereignty is the theoretical framework used for this study, Jean-Jacques
Russeau was a Geneva born philosopher who lived between 1712 and 1778(Enemuo 1999), he was of lowly
birth, his father was a craftsman. This explains largely why he identified with the masses in his political
postulations. He believes that the general will is a moral force, which implies seeking the welfare of all and this
provides the basis for popular sovereignty (Enemuo 1999).
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He postulates that the people constitute the nerve centre of government. Little wonders that Ebenstein
has described him as the first modern writer of politics that was of people, the submerged, inarticulate masses of
the petit bourgeois, the poor artisan and working men and small peasants (Ebenstein 1969). His teaching along
the realm of equality of men had a great influence on the American and French Revolutions. More importantly,
it was said that “many of the ideas expanded by the French Revolutionaries were more or less faithful
referendum of Jean-Jacques Roussean(Healer 1967), hence the central theme of Roussean‟s teaching is the
involvement of the largest number of people in whatever decision that is to be taken by government, the general
will of the people must prevail.
I believed that this theory fits into our discussion on achieving Sustainable Development Goals
(SDG‟s) using the public-private participation approach to the development of electricity infrastructure which
will act as a catalyst for industrialisation and sustainable development.
VI. THE STATE OF ENERGY GENERATION IN NIGERIA
The total installed capacity of the government-owned plants in Nigeria is 6,978 MW, but available
capacity in 2010 stood at about 3,360 MW (AFDB, 2014 Report) which is equivalent to only about 48 percent
of installed capacity. The total installed capacity for Indonesia is 59,340MW with per capita consumption at
852kwh as at 2017 Nnaji, (2017). According to Amakom and Ekeocha (2017), Nigeria was better than Indonesia
in terms of electric power consumption in 1971 as the country stood at 28.57kwh per capita with Indonesia at
14.35kwh, but as at 2016, the World Development Indicator (WDI) showed that Indonesia‟s per capita is
801.95kwh while Nigeria stood at 144.4kwh.
The facilities currently owned by the Federal Government include three hydropower plants with an
installed capacity of 1,900 MW, one oil-fired plant with a capacity of 60 MW, one coal-fired plant with a
capacity of 30 MW, but which is no longer in operation, and seven gas-fired thermal plants with an installed
capacity of 4,988 MW (AFDB, 2014). The result is frequent and unpredictable load shedding, so much so that
those who can afford generators rely on them for most of their power supply. The country‟s installed capacity in
2011 was 64 megawatts per million people compared to 800 MW per million people in Africa‟s middle-income
group of countries.
Informal estimates of consumption from self-generation by industry and households using diesel and
petrol generators suggest that the capacity of these self-generation facilities could match or even exceed the
existing capacity of the public generation facilities (AFDB, 2014; Nnaji, 2017). The transmission network for
Nigeria consisted of the following facilities 5,524 km of 330 kV transmission line and 6,802 km of 132 kV lines
with thirty-two 330/132kV substations. The average technical losses associated with transmission were
estimated to be 8.5 percent. However, much of the transmission equipment is outdated, with many of the facili-
ties being 30-40 years old (AFDB, 2014). In terms of distribution facilities, the network consisted of 37,173 km
of 33kV lines, 29,055 km of 11kV lines and 70,799 km of 0.415 kV lines with one hundred and five
132/33/11kV substations. However, in South Africa, there is a total of 27 770 km of high voltage transmission
lines and 325 000 km of distribution lines, a formidable distance to inspect and maintain. Other factors also
contribute to the disruption of electricity in Nigeria. These include the vandalism of critical infrastructure,
human capital issues, sector liquidity and legacy debt overhang (Eboh, 2014). These challenges confront the
power sector and hamper the steady supply of power.
VII. THE IMPACT OF LOW ELECTRICITY GENERATION ON NIGERIA ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES
Low electricity in Nigeria has resulted to constant instability of power, load shedding and power
outages. According to the Nigerian Investment Climate Assessment (ICA) survey report, the country is affected
by power outages more than 320 days in a year and 96% of firms experience 196 hours of power outage per
month. The findings from an empirical study of Nwankwo and Njogo (2013) indicate that the sluggish growth in
the Nigerian industrial sector is worsened by the electricity crisis like blackouts. High cost of production as a
result of inadequate electricity has frustrated many manufacturing industries and has also led to the closure of
many (Oyesola, Iba, Usim and Nwaoguji, 2016). The surviving companies had to bear so much loss as the
outages mostly occur when goods are in the middle of production. According to the Director General, Lagos
Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI), members of the Chambers, be it multi nationals or Medium, Small
or Micro Entrepreneurs (MSMEs) have all resorted to alternative source of energy, ranging from gas, diesel or
PMS, which negatively affect their cost of operation and overall effectiveness. Most companies, like Coca cola,
Wempco, Nigeria Flour Mills, etc self-generate their power and do not rely on the national grid.
According to a report from the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN), members companies in
the past three years spent N20.8 billion, monthly on power generation to run production process. Also Ugwoke,
Dike and Elekwa (2016) found out in their empirical study that excessive production cost due to low electricity
consumption in hinders industrial progress in Nigeria. According to Nextier Power (2015), the Good
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Governance Initiative (GGI) research report, stated that Nigerians spend N3.5 trillion on fuelling their gen-
erators annually and the unsteady power supply contributed to spending over N800billion yearly on generators
in the manufacturing sector. The report stated also that in the banking sector, over N4 million is spent on diesel
in a month.
No fewer than 1,500 workers had been sacked in the food and beverage sector as employers seek
ways of coping with strangulating operational costs (Oyesola, Iba, Usim and Nwaoguji, 2016). This placed over
three million jobs that are under threat. The Food, Beverage and Tobacco Senior Staff Association (FOBTOB)
also stated that between the 2012 and the first half of 2015, over 3,000 workers were sacked due to epileptic
power supply. This source added that the manufacturing industries have the potentials to operate well, expand
their capacities and employ more workers if power supply were adequate.
According to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), over 17 million SMEs in the country rely on generators to
run their businesses as the country continues to grapple with abysmal power generation. The Nigerian
Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA), stated that despite the
privatisation of the power sector, there is still epileptic power supply in the country. In the aviation sector,
running the various government airports on private power generators had doubled cost of maintaining the
airports and also stifled recent attempts to earn reasonable revenue as a business (Oyesola, Iba, Usim and
Nwaoguji (2016).
VIII. THE ALTERNATIVE: BUILD, OPERATE AND TRANSFER (BOT) INVESTMENT
MODEL
Globally, the PPP approach has proven to be successful in the realization of infrastructure
development both in developed and underdeveloped nations. Again, considering the failed interventions of the
government to ensure stable, qualitative and quantitative electricity supply and consumption in Nigeria,
engaging in alternative investment options would be most appropriate. A BOT contract is a model used to
finance large projects typically infrastructure projects developed through a public-private partnership. Under
such contract, the government grants a concession to private company or consortium to finance, build and
operate a project. The company usually operate the project for a period agreed under the concession contract
with the goal of recouping its investment, then transfers the control of the project to the government. BOT is an
outsourcing option of public projects to private sector to take charge of the design, finance, construction and
operation of the facility under a concession agreement (Kashef, 2011). According to Investopedia, BOT projects
are normally large scale, greenfield infrastructure projects that would otherwise be financed, built and operated
solely by the government.
In a BOT framework, the host government grants a right to a consortium of private investors or
companies to finance an infrastructure project. The investors build, construct and operate the project for an
agreed period of time (to cover the cost and make profit) and eventually transfer the ownership of the project to
the government without extra charges (Nourzad, 2009 and Kashef, 2011). In a BOT approach, “… a private
party or concessionaire retains a concession for a fixed period from a public party, called principal (client), for
the development and operation of a public facility (Menheere and Pollalis, 1996).
Other Forms of BOT
a. The build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT): The BOOT is a financing investment model in which a developer
designs, builds, owns and operates the facility as a business for a specified period after which, it transfers it
to the government or partner at a previously agreed market price. Under the BOOT arrangement, the
contractor owns the project during the project period. This contract arrangement is used for projects like
building an airport, high way, power plant, seaport, etc.
b. Build-Own-Operate (BOO): This is a variant of the BOT and the difference is that the ownership of the
newly built facility will rest with the private party here. The public sector partner agrees to „purchase‟ the
goods and services produced by the project on mutually agreed terms and conditions.
c. Build-Lease-Transfer (BLT) contracts: It is a public-private partnership (PPP) project model in which a
private organization designs, finances and builds a facility on leased public land. The private organization
operates the facility for the duration of the lease and then transfers ownership to the public organization.
Under the BLT, the contract is under the lease period as the government leases the land to the contractor
within the agreed time.
d. Design-Build-Operate-Transfer (DBOT): Under this arrangement, the contractor design as well as build the
project. It is unique because it provides clients with a flexible solution for delivery, operations and
optimization for a pre-defined period.
e. Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO): In this model, the private party assumes the entire
responsibility for the design, construction, finance, and operate the project for the period of concession.
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f. Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT): In this structure, the government entity enters into an
agreement with a private sector party under which it allocates to that party all of the project's duties. This
includes designing, constructing, financing, operating and maintaining the project. At the end of the period,
operating control is transferred back to the government entity.
g. Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Maintain-Transfer (DBFOMT): Under this partnership model, the private
sector owns the asset until the end of the contract when the ownership is transferred to the public sector.
h. Build-Operate-Lease-Transfer (BOLT): In this approach, the government gives a concession to a private
entity to build a facility (and possibly design it as well), own the facility, lease the facility to the public
sector and then at the end of the lease period transfer the ownership of the facility to the government.
i. Lease-Develop-Operate (LDO): Here, the government or the public sector entity retains ownership of the
newly created infrastructure facility and receives payments in terms of a lease agreement with the private
promoter. This approach is mostly followed in the development of airport facilities.
j. Rehabilitate-Operate-Transfer (ROT): Under this approach, the governments/local bodies allow private
promoters to rehabilitate and operate a facility during concession period. After the concession period, the
project is transferred back to governments/local bodies.
IX. SOME SUCCESSFUL BOT PROJECTS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
BOT Projects in India: Most of the BOT projects are in the transport sector. The Dhule bypass in
Maharashtra was the first BOT built in 1997 in India. The longest road in India (Madhya Pradesh of 203 km)
was constructed under a BOT model in 2003
BOT Projects in Philippine: The Ilijan Combined-Cycle Power Plant built in 2005 is located in Ilijan,
Batangas and it is the largest natural gas facility in the country comprising 1200 MW combined-cycle, dual-fuel
electricity generation facilities with a design life of 25 years.
BOT Projects in China: China has used the Build–Operate–Transfer (BOT) delivery method since the
early 1980s. The country has used this method to achieve increased development of economic infrastructure
projects. The Chinese electric power industry has adopted the BOT approach in a number of projects to alleviate
the pressure of sole state-owned investment. Also, the Chinese government has taken enormous efforts to create
an environment to facilitate the application of BOT approach in electric power projects. Examples are the power
(thermal and wind) and water projects respectively (Zhao, Zuo and Zillante, 2013; & Chen & Messner, 2007).
BOT Projects in Ghana: There are many PPP projects in Ghana including the 2018 proposed projects
in different sectors like the transport sector, housing sector, port, etc. The following are examples- the Eastern
Railway Line (2018), Accra-Tema Motorway (2018), Terminal in Takoradi (2017), Integrated Terminal at
Takoradi Port (2106), University of Ghana student housing (2015), etc.
BOT Projects in South Africa: Majority of the BOT projects in South Africa are seen in the transport
sector. Since 1994, the South African National Roads Agency implemented the four major BOT projects. These
are: N4 Maputo Corridor (440 km), N3 Heidelberg - Pietermaritzburg Toll Road (450 km), N4 Platinum Toll
Road (400 km) and N1/N2 Winelands Toll Highway (180km).Menheere, S. and Pollalis, S.(1996)
BOT Projects in Nigeria: Both the Federal and State governments in the country have declared their
openness to PPPs and have formed policies and laws to that effect. In fact Government intends to use PPP as a
tool for up to 40 percent of its infrastructure development (Venture Africa, 2013). However, there is need to
review the process followed in awarding the concessions and how they determined the outcome. Some BOT
projects in Nigeria are seen mostly in the transport sector and are very successful. Examples include the
rehabilitation of the Murtala Mohammed (MM2) road and the airport respectively (Deloitte, 2017). Others
include the rehabilitation and upgrade of Onitsha inland waterway port, rehabilitation and upgrade of Kiri-Kiri
Lighter Terminals 1 &11, Lagos-Ibadan express way and the Lekki expressway (Lekki Toll Plaza).
Deloitte(2017)
X. CONCLUSION
The state of electricity infrastructure in Nigeria calls for action due to the high social and economic
costs which industries and households experience. Optimu m electricity generation and consumption in Nigeria
may not happen except there is a huge investment in the power sector. The BOT financing alternative can
succeed in Nigeria especially because of the legal framework through the ICRC Act. This makes the terms of
operation for any type of BOT project is Nigeria easy. Besides, the long time contract will allow the investors
enough time to build, manage and recover their gain before transferring back to the government. More so, other
countries (Africa and advanced countries) have achieved infrastructure development with this model. Successful
BOT electricity project in Nigeria will reduce the noise and air pollution caused by constant use of generators.
In terms of the GDP, adequate and stable electricity supply has the potential to impact positively on the nation‟s
GDP. In fact, if electricity is produced and stable in Nigeria, South Africa and Egypt will not near Nigeria in
terms of the economic growth, that will help in actualise most of the Subtancible Development Goals (SDGs).
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