In several developing countries, the electricity crisis obstructs both socioeconomic and technological sustainable evolution. Also, it leads to reducing job availability due to shut down several industries or relocate to neighbouring countries to such an issue. A Najaf City is an important holy and tourist city in the middle of Iraq country. Indeed, waste management in An Najaf City needs to be reconsidered to be used as an energy source. In this article, we investigated and listed the waste quantity which produced recently (one year) respect to waste types and types of content. Data collected from the waste products for one year and are used as a key factor to study the feasibility of generating electrical energy from collected MSWs. The proposed model was simulated and tested respect to cost analysis factor of the suggested power plant by Homer pro simulation software. Results were very encouraging and competitive to the current energy production cost based on the production cost of the Kwh prospective among the conventional methods in Iraq. The proposed scenario provide proper and secure waste proposal technique with low-cost.
The Global Survey of the Electrical Energy Distribution System: A ReviewIJECEIAES
This paper gives a review of energy scenario in India and other countries. Today’s demand of the world is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, during the production of electricity. Henceforth over the world, the production of electrical power is changing by introducing abundantly available renewable energy sources like sun and wind. But, because of the intermittent nature of sustainable power sources, the electrical power network faces many problems, during the transmission and distribution of electricity. For resolving these issues, Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is acknowledged as supporting technology. This paper discusses about the world electrical energy scenario with top renowned developed countries in power generation and consumption. Contribution of traditional power sources changed after the introduction of renewable energy sources like sun and wind. Worldwide Agencies are formed like International Energy Agency (IEA), The Central Intelligence Agency, (CIS) etc. The main aim of these agencies is to provide reliable, affordable and clean energy. This paper will discuss about the regulatory authority and government policies/incentives taken by different countries. At the end of this paper, author focuses on obstacles in implementation, development and benefits of renewable energy.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Renewable energy employed an estimated 7.7 million people worldwide in 2014, an 18% increase over the previous year's estimate. Solar PV was the largest employer with 2.5 million jobs, led by China with 1.6 million solar PV jobs. Liquid biofuels employed nearly 1.8 million globally, while wind power employment crossed 1 million jobs for the first time. For the first time, IRENA also estimated large hydropower to support approximately 1.5 million direct jobs. China, Brazil, the United States, India and Germany remained the top countries for renewable energy employment.
Assessment of Impact of Outages in Selected Electricity Intensive Industries ...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of power outages on selected electricity-intensive industries in Nigeria in 2014. Some key findings of the study include:
- Nigerian industries spent N2,558,562,894,261.7 (equivalent to 2.26% of GDP) on costs associated with power outages in 2014.
- The average duration of power outages for most industries was over 8 hours. Many industries experienced outages 7 or more times per week.
- 84.8% of industries reported never receiving pre-notification of power outages. Unexpected outages increased costs.
- Output reduction due to outages ranged from over 30% for many industries
The 2012 Nigeria Alternative Energy Expo was hosted by the Ogun State Government from October 29-31. Over 25 corporate organizations and government departments from Nigeria and neighboring countries participated. The expo showcased innovations and solutions in solar, wind, clean technology, independent power production, bioenergy, waste-to-energy, and eco-awards. Governor Amosun opened the expo and emphasized the need for renewable energy to power Nigeria's economy. The expo provided networking opportunities between investors, developers, and government to discuss renewable energy projects and solutions.
Global renewable energy employment increased to 8.1 million jobs in 2015, up 5% from 2014. Solar PV was the largest employer with 2.8 million jobs, an 11% increase, followed by liquid biofuels at 1.7 million jobs (down 6% due to mechanization). Wind power employment rose 5% to reach 1.1 million jobs on record installations in China, the US, and Germany. Asia accounted for 60% of renewable energy jobs as markets and manufacturing continued shifting to the region, led by China as the largest employer across many technologies.
National electric energy supply and industrial productivity in nigeria from 1...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of electric energy supply on industrial productivity in Nigeria from 1970 to 2010. The study used secondary data from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin to conduct a multiple regression analysis. The results showed that national energy supply had no significant impact on industrial productivity in Nigeria. Tests indicated that variables were stationary at first difference and industrial output may converge to equilibrium in the future. The study recommends sustained funding and private partnerships in the power sector to enhance economic growth.
Alam Mondal, Alebachew Azezew Belete, Hua Xie, Dawit Mekonnen
WEBINAR
Capacity Building on Modeling the Ethiopian Energy System: Final Workshop
SEP 30, 2020 - 02:00 PM TO 04:00 PM EAT
The Global Survey of the Electrical Energy Distribution System: A ReviewIJECEIAES
This paper gives a review of energy scenario in India and other countries. Today’s demand of the world is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, during the production of electricity. Henceforth over the world, the production of electrical power is changing by introducing abundantly available renewable energy sources like sun and wind. But, because of the intermittent nature of sustainable power sources, the electrical power network faces many problems, during the transmission and distribution of electricity. For resolving these issues, Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is acknowledged as supporting technology. This paper discusses about the world electrical energy scenario with top renowned developed countries in power generation and consumption. Contribution of traditional power sources changed after the introduction of renewable energy sources like sun and wind. Worldwide Agencies are formed like International Energy Agency (IEA), The Central Intelligence Agency, (CIS) etc. The main aim of these agencies is to provide reliable, affordable and clean energy. This paper will discuss about the regulatory authority and government policies/incentives taken by different countries. At the end of this paper, author focuses on obstacles in implementation, development and benefits of renewable energy.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Renewable energy employed an estimated 7.7 million people worldwide in 2014, an 18% increase over the previous year's estimate. Solar PV was the largest employer with 2.5 million jobs, led by China with 1.6 million solar PV jobs. Liquid biofuels employed nearly 1.8 million globally, while wind power employment crossed 1 million jobs for the first time. For the first time, IRENA also estimated large hydropower to support approximately 1.5 million direct jobs. China, Brazil, the United States, India and Germany remained the top countries for renewable energy employment.
Assessment of Impact of Outages in Selected Electricity Intensive Industries ...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of power outages on selected electricity-intensive industries in Nigeria in 2014. Some key findings of the study include:
- Nigerian industries spent N2,558,562,894,261.7 (equivalent to 2.26% of GDP) on costs associated with power outages in 2014.
- The average duration of power outages for most industries was over 8 hours. Many industries experienced outages 7 or more times per week.
- 84.8% of industries reported never receiving pre-notification of power outages. Unexpected outages increased costs.
- Output reduction due to outages ranged from over 30% for many industries
The 2012 Nigeria Alternative Energy Expo was hosted by the Ogun State Government from October 29-31. Over 25 corporate organizations and government departments from Nigeria and neighboring countries participated. The expo showcased innovations and solutions in solar, wind, clean technology, independent power production, bioenergy, waste-to-energy, and eco-awards. Governor Amosun opened the expo and emphasized the need for renewable energy to power Nigeria's economy. The expo provided networking opportunities between investors, developers, and government to discuss renewable energy projects and solutions.
Global renewable energy employment increased to 8.1 million jobs in 2015, up 5% from 2014. Solar PV was the largest employer with 2.8 million jobs, an 11% increase, followed by liquid biofuels at 1.7 million jobs (down 6% due to mechanization). Wind power employment rose 5% to reach 1.1 million jobs on record installations in China, the US, and Germany. Asia accounted for 60% of renewable energy jobs as markets and manufacturing continued shifting to the region, led by China as the largest employer across many technologies.
National electric energy supply and industrial productivity in nigeria from 1...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of electric energy supply on industrial productivity in Nigeria from 1970 to 2010. The study used secondary data from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin to conduct a multiple regression analysis. The results showed that national energy supply had no significant impact on industrial productivity in Nigeria. Tests indicated that variables were stationary at first difference and industrial output may converge to equilibrium in the future. The study recommends sustained funding and private partnerships in the power sector to enhance economic growth.
Alam Mondal, Alebachew Azezew Belete, Hua Xie, Dawit Mekonnen
WEBINAR
Capacity Building on Modeling the Ethiopian Energy System: Final Workshop
SEP 30, 2020 - 02:00 PM TO 04:00 PM EAT
Presentation by Dr. Chris Skinner, Director Product Platforms, Owens Corning, at CAMX on October 16, 2014.
Future market options for alternative energy – wind, geothermal, solar, ocean/tidal, flywheel technology, battery technology, and biofuels – are a growing area of interest for composites and advanced materials businesses. Knowing how to determine which source provides the most promise for composites applications, navigating the regulatory issues, and determining what design, materials, and manufacturing issues should be kept top of mind are discussed during this session.
Importance of Data Driven Decision Making in Enterprise Energy Management | D...Cairn India Limited
This document summarizes a presentation on the importance of data-driven decision making in enterprise energy management. It provides context on India's growing energy needs and challenges with access and reliability. It highlights the significant growth expected in India's building sector and commercial electricity use. The presentation outlines approaches to benchmarking building energy use and performance indicators. It provides benchmarking data for common building types in India such as offices, hospitals, hotels and shopping malls. The importance of data collection and benchmarking for evaluating energy efficiency opportunities and tracking performance over time is emphasized.
REN21’s Renewables Global Status Report (GSR) provides a comprehensive and timely overview of renewable energy market, industry, investment and policy developments worldwide. It enables policymakers, industry, investors and civil society to make informed decisions. The Renewables Global Status Report relies on up-to-date renewable energy data, provided by an international network of more than 500 contributors, researchers, and authors.
This report examines research and development (R&D) activities related to two renewable energy technologies: photovoltaics and wind energy. It finds that R&D is critical to fully realizing the potential of renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy security. While some technologies are mature enough for strong industry growth, continued R&D is still needed for improvements. R&D should focus on performance, efficiency, manufacturing techniques, materials reduction, integration, and socio-economic factors to support renewable energy deployment and competitiveness in both the short and long term. International cooperation on R&D will be important to accelerate progress globally.
Acceptance of Solar Energy Reduces CO2 Emissions An Evidence from Seraikela K...YogeshIJTSRD
As the world showing concern towards reducing CO2 emission and moving towards utilization of renewable energy, Solar Energy emerges as one of best replacement for non renewable energy resources. In this particular study, investigation is carried out on how the utilization of solar power in household activities reduces the impact of CO2 emission in Seraikela Kharsawa District, Jharkhand. Primary and Secondary data has been collected from authentic sources and statistical analysis was performed based on collected data to study the impact of using solar energy. Result showed that 17 of resident totally depend on solar energy, 48 were partially depend on solar power and 20 increase in the use of solar power systems from 2019 to 2021 showed that impact of CO2 emission reduction. The change in behaviour of residents for adopting renewable energy i.e. solar energy will reduce CO2 emission not ultimately but slowly. Neetu Singh | Binod Kumar Choudhary "Acceptance of Solar Energy Reduces CO2 Emissions: An Evidence from Seraikela Kharsawa District, Jharkhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43857.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/43857/acceptance-of-solar-energy-reduces-co2-emissions-an-evidence-from-seraikela-kharsawa-district-jharkhand/neetu-singh
The document discusses global energy use and energy services. It begins by explaining that an energy system delivers energy services to consumers like heating, lighting, transportation etc. through an energy chain from primary energy sources, to energy carriers and end use technologies. It then provides data on global primary energy use in 2001, with fossil fuels making up around 80% of the total. There are large disparities in per capita energy use between regions. The document highlights that improving access to energy services, not just supply, is important for human development.
Dynamic Linkages between Electricity Consumption, Urbanization and Economic G...AkashSharma618775
During the last decades, the relationship between electricity consumption, urbanization and economic
growth has been well documented in the energy economics literature. In term of our present case, limited research
had been conducted for GCC countries. This study is an addition to the existing literature by empirically
investigates the relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, and urbanization in the Gulf. A
standard growth models will be estimated using both fixed-effects and random effects models. In addition, panel
unit root and panel co-integration tests will be employed to check for the efficiency of the data. The long run
relationship is estimated using fully modified OLS and: Panel Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS) methods. Panel
Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is also utilized in this study.
The study found that there exists a long relationship between GDP per capita electricity consumption, Urban
population, inflation, and degree of openness. The degree of adjustment was found to be 0.43 percent, meaning
that any deviation for FDI from its long run path will be corrected by 0.43 percent each year.
The main policy implication for GCC to have reasonable level of growth depends on their ability to develop and
utilize the effective use of electricity power. The study suggests that to move away from oil which is fluctuate over
time to establishing a good base for industrialization by the shift of utilizing a strict balance between electricity
consumption and urbanization rate which it doesn’t affect in the long run the climate change.
Electricity crisis and manufacturing productivity in nigeria (1980 2008)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the impact of electricity crisis on manufacturing productivity in Nigeria from 1980-2008. The study found that:
1) Electricity generation during this period negatively impacted manufacturing productivity growth due to unnecessary government spending on non-productive sectors.
2) Capacity utilization had a positive relationship with manufacturing productivity, while government capital expenditure and electricity generation had negative relationships.
3) Inadequate and irregular electricity supply increased production costs and reduced manufacturing productivity in Nigeria.
The document describes Project Phoenix, a project to develop an integrated assessment model to analyze global warming impacts, mitigation, and adaptation. The model will be multi-region and multi-sector, and include an economic model integrated with an energy flow model. It will assess climate change impacts on areas like food and water resources. The project will develop scenarios using a cross-impact method to consistently incorporate key social and technological factors. Preliminary model simulations assess economic impacts of carbon emission policies under different scenarios.
Sustainable Infrastructural Development in Africa: The Build Operate and Tran...AJHSSR Journal
This document summarizes the state of electricity infrastructure in Nigeria and advocates for adopting a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) public-private partnership model to address issues in the power sector. It finds that Nigeria's electricity generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure is outdated, inadequate, and unable to meet the country's energy needs. Compared to other African nations, Nigeria has significantly lower electricity consumption and production. Adopting a BOT model, which has successfully developed infrastructure in other countries, could attract private investment to rehabilitate Nigeria's electricity system without placing additional fiscal burdens on the government. A comprehensive legal framework is needed to regulate public-private partnerships in infrastructure.
The document discusses solutions to power generation shortages in Nigeria using solar energy. It finds that providing reliable power for manufacturing activities through solar energy backup is much cheaper and safer than using generator backup. Specifically:
- The average cost per unit of power consumption is N59.29 for solar, N20.88 for grid electricity, and N83.50 for generators.
- Nigeria receives abundant sunlight and has potential to harness solar energy, yet has underutilized its renewable resources due to overreliance on fossil fuels and lack of infrastructure development.
- Reliably powering industries through solar could help solve Nigeria's power shortages more effectively than the current reliance on expensive, polluting generators.
IRJET- Forecasting and Order Preparation of Energy Consumption in IndiaIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses forecasting and order preparation of energy consumption in India. It analyzes past energy consumption data from 2012-2018 using the least squares method to forecast future consumption.
2. When preparing orders for the energy sector, factors like capacity, carbon taxes, available space, sources of energy, and their costs must be considered. Renewable sources like solar and wind are being emphasized but have limitations in reliability and land use.
3. Nuclear, hydroelectric, and renewable sources will likely be key in meeting India's growing energy needs in a sustainable manner while balancing environmental and economic factors. Thermal sources may be phased out over time.
The document provides a cost benefit analysis of the proposed Haripur Nuclear Power Plant in West Bengal, India. Key points:
- The plant was proposed in 2006 but faced public opposition and was suspended. It would have had a capacity of 10,000 MW generated from 6 reactors.
- The site at Haripur is a fertile agricultural and fishing area that supports many local livelihoods. Building the plant would have displaced over 80,000 people.
- The analysis identifies and quantifies the various costs and benefits of the proposed plant to determine if it would provide a net benefit to society. Factors like energy production, employment, and environmental impacts are considered.
- While the plant may have
Information and Communications Technology to Manage Climate Risks and EmissionsFGV Brazil
A look into some existing solutions in ICT being implemented in Brazil for reducing GHG emissions and managing climate risks.
The objective of this paper is to highlight the solutions in information and communication technology (ICT) being implemented in Brazil for reducing GHG emissions and managing climate risks, and identify trends and opportunities that can be explored in the coming years.
GVces - Center for Sustainability Studies
www.gvces.com.br
BUILDING MATERIALS ASSESSMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION BASED ON FIGURE OF...IAEME Publication
Sustainability assessment and Engineering design in buildings call for effective decision
making in respect of material selection and construction methodology. A good sustainable
solution involves choosing most suitable material and construction techniques that produce
optimum results in terms of sustainability. Due to several choices available in material
selection for construction, there is a need for a tool which can assist the designer in making the
right choice of materials. Figure of Merit (FoM), as a tool is proposed here to meet this
requirement. FoM is a unique dimensionless parameter derived by integrating two critical
properties from Engineering and Economics. Engineering properties are Modulus of Elasticity
and Density of materials. Economic factors are unit cost of material and construction cost per
unit area. Concept of FoM was applied and study carried out on commonly used building
materials and graphs drawn in comparison with embodied energy, embodied carbon and
material density values. Outcome of the study indicated, “Lower the Figure of Merit; better is
the suitability of building materials in sustainable construction.” As an illustration, FoM
concept was also applied to one of the subsystems of a building namely formwork and found to
be in consistency with the findings. Hence, it is suggested that Figure of Merit can be used as a
quantitative tool for selection of materials
Study on Implementation of LED Lights for Industrial Lighting to optimize pow...Rahmatul Alam Ivan
World requires optimization in every sectors of energy utilization to decrease natural resource consumption in an industrial sector and other end user sectors. For an efficient and optimized industrial power management system, optimized lighting power sector will be a key fact. This comprehensive and contemporary study shows a path towards optimization of lighting power utilizing LEDs and some optimized proposals for the industries. It will make an impact over traditional Lighting power consumption. It will help to compare the current lighting standards utilized in an industry.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Global environmental tendencies and energy sustainabilitypvsinbloom
The document summarizes the global and European renewable energy picture and the EU's 2020 strategy for promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency. It discusses how renewable energy accounted for an estimated 16% of global energy consumption in 2010 and how the EU aims to source 20% of its energy from renewables by 2020. It also outlines the opportunities for promoting the EU 2020 strategy in Central and Eastern European countries through increasing their use of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency, especially in buildings.
Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
Impact of the Financial Crisis on the Energy Sector
Dr. Fatih Birol
Chief Economist
International Energy Agency
World Energy Council
Rome, 19th March 2009
Investigating the residential electricity consumption-income nexus in Morocc...IJECEIAES
This study investigates the relationship between residential electricity consumption, economic growth, and urbanization in Morocco from 1990 to 2018 using the LMDI decomposition model and STIRPAT approach. The LMDI results show that economic activity and electricity intensity are the main drivers of residential electricity consumption in Morocco. The STIRPAT analysis reveals a U-shaped relationship between per capita GDP and residential electricity consumption. While increases in per capita GDP initially reduce consumption, beyond a turning point higher per capita GDP increases consumption. Urbanization is found to have no significant impact on residential electricity consumption in Morocco. Policy implications are provided based on these findings.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Presentation by Dr. Chris Skinner, Director Product Platforms, Owens Corning, at CAMX on October 16, 2014.
Future market options for alternative energy – wind, geothermal, solar, ocean/tidal, flywheel technology, battery technology, and biofuels – are a growing area of interest for composites and advanced materials businesses. Knowing how to determine which source provides the most promise for composites applications, navigating the regulatory issues, and determining what design, materials, and manufacturing issues should be kept top of mind are discussed during this session.
Importance of Data Driven Decision Making in Enterprise Energy Management | D...Cairn India Limited
This document summarizes a presentation on the importance of data-driven decision making in enterprise energy management. It provides context on India's growing energy needs and challenges with access and reliability. It highlights the significant growth expected in India's building sector and commercial electricity use. The presentation outlines approaches to benchmarking building energy use and performance indicators. It provides benchmarking data for common building types in India such as offices, hospitals, hotels and shopping malls. The importance of data collection and benchmarking for evaluating energy efficiency opportunities and tracking performance over time is emphasized.
REN21’s Renewables Global Status Report (GSR) provides a comprehensive and timely overview of renewable energy market, industry, investment and policy developments worldwide. It enables policymakers, industry, investors and civil society to make informed decisions. The Renewables Global Status Report relies on up-to-date renewable energy data, provided by an international network of more than 500 contributors, researchers, and authors.
This report examines research and development (R&D) activities related to two renewable energy technologies: photovoltaics and wind energy. It finds that R&D is critical to fully realizing the potential of renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy security. While some technologies are mature enough for strong industry growth, continued R&D is still needed for improvements. R&D should focus on performance, efficiency, manufacturing techniques, materials reduction, integration, and socio-economic factors to support renewable energy deployment and competitiveness in both the short and long term. International cooperation on R&D will be important to accelerate progress globally.
Acceptance of Solar Energy Reduces CO2 Emissions An Evidence from Seraikela K...YogeshIJTSRD
As the world showing concern towards reducing CO2 emission and moving towards utilization of renewable energy, Solar Energy emerges as one of best replacement for non renewable energy resources. In this particular study, investigation is carried out on how the utilization of solar power in household activities reduces the impact of CO2 emission in Seraikela Kharsawa District, Jharkhand. Primary and Secondary data has been collected from authentic sources and statistical analysis was performed based on collected data to study the impact of using solar energy. Result showed that 17 of resident totally depend on solar energy, 48 were partially depend on solar power and 20 increase in the use of solar power systems from 2019 to 2021 showed that impact of CO2 emission reduction. The change in behaviour of residents for adopting renewable energy i.e. solar energy will reduce CO2 emission not ultimately but slowly. Neetu Singh | Binod Kumar Choudhary "Acceptance of Solar Energy Reduces CO2 Emissions: An Evidence from Seraikela Kharsawa District, Jharkhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43857.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/43857/acceptance-of-solar-energy-reduces-co2-emissions-an-evidence-from-seraikela-kharsawa-district-jharkhand/neetu-singh
The document discusses global energy use and energy services. It begins by explaining that an energy system delivers energy services to consumers like heating, lighting, transportation etc. through an energy chain from primary energy sources, to energy carriers and end use technologies. It then provides data on global primary energy use in 2001, with fossil fuels making up around 80% of the total. There are large disparities in per capita energy use between regions. The document highlights that improving access to energy services, not just supply, is important for human development.
Dynamic Linkages between Electricity Consumption, Urbanization and Economic G...AkashSharma618775
During the last decades, the relationship between electricity consumption, urbanization and economic
growth has been well documented in the energy economics literature. In term of our present case, limited research
had been conducted for GCC countries. This study is an addition to the existing literature by empirically
investigates the relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, and urbanization in the Gulf. A
standard growth models will be estimated using both fixed-effects and random effects models. In addition, panel
unit root and panel co-integration tests will be employed to check for the efficiency of the data. The long run
relationship is estimated using fully modified OLS and: Panel Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS) methods. Panel
Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is also utilized in this study.
The study found that there exists a long relationship between GDP per capita electricity consumption, Urban
population, inflation, and degree of openness. The degree of adjustment was found to be 0.43 percent, meaning
that any deviation for FDI from its long run path will be corrected by 0.43 percent each year.
The main policy implication for GCC to have reasonable level of growth depends on their ability to develop and
utilize the effective use of electricity power. The study suggests that to move away from oil which is fluctuate over
time to establishing a good base for industrialization by the shift of utilizing a strict balance between electricity
consumption and urbanization rate which it doesn’t affect in the long run the climate change.
Electricity crisis and manufacturing productivity in nigeria (1980 2008)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the impact of electricity crisis on manufacturing productivity in Nigeria from 1980-2008. The study found that:
1) Electricity generation during this period negatively impacted manufacturing productivity growth due to unnecessary government spending on non-productive sectors.
2) Capacity utilization had a positive relationship with manufacturing productivity, while government capital expenditure and electricity generation had negative relationships.
3) Inadequate and irregular electricity supply increased production costs and reduced manufacturing productivity in Nigeria.
The document describes Project Phoenix, a project to develop an integrated assessment model to analyze global warming impacts, mitigation, and adaptation. The model will be multi-region and multi-sector, and include an economic model integrated with an energy flow model. It will assess climate change impacts on areas like food and water resources. The project will develop scenarios using a cross-impact method to consistently incorporate key social and technological factors. Preliminary model simulations assess economic impacts of carbon emission policies under different scenarios.
Sustainable Infrastructural Development in Africa: The Build Operate and Tran...AJHSSR Journal
This document summarizes the state of electricity infrastructure in Nigeria and advocates for adopting a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) public-private partnership model to address issues in the power sector. It finds that Nigeria's electricity generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure is outdated, inadequate, and unable to meet the country's energy needs. Compared to other African nations, Nigeria has significantly lower electricity consumption and production. Adopting a BOT model, which has successfully developed infrastructure in other countries, could attract private investment to rehabilitate Nigeria's electricity system without placing additional fiscal burdens on the government. A comprehensive legal framework is needed to regulate public-private partnerships in infrastructure.
The document discusses solutions to power generation shortages in Nigeria using solar energy. It finds that providing reliable power for manufacturing activities through solar energy backup is much cheaper and safer than using generator backup. Specifically:
- The average cost per unit of power consumption is N59.29 for solar, N20.88 for grid electricity, and N83.50 for generators.
- Nigeria receives abundant sunlight and has potential to harness solar energy, yet has underutilized its renewable resources due to overreliance on fossil fuels and lack of infrastructure development.
- Reliably powering industries through solar could help solve Nigeria's power shortages more effectively than the current reliance on expensive, polluting generators.
IRJET- Forecasting and Order Preparation of Energy Consumption in IndiaIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses forecasting and order preparation of energy consumption in India. It analyzes past energy consumption data from 2012-2018 using the least squares method to forecast future consumption.
2. When preparing orders for the energy sector, factors like capacity, carbon taxes, available space, sources of energy, and their costs must be considered. Renewable sources like solar and wind are being emphasized but have limitations in reliability and land use.
3. Nuclear, hydroelectric, and renewable sources will likely be key in meeting India's growing energy needs in a sustainable manner while balancing environmental and economic factors. Thermal sources may be phased out over time.
The document provides a cost benefit analysis of the proposed Haripur Nuclear Power Plant in West Bengal, India. Key points:
- The plant was proposed in 2006 but faced public opposition and was suspended. It would have had a capacity of 10,000 MW generated from 6 reactors.
- The site at Haripur is a fertile agricultural and fishing area that supports many local livelihoods. Building the plant would have displaced over 80,000 people.
- The analysis identifies and quantifies the various costs and benefits of the proposed plant to determine if it would provide a net benefit to society. Factors like energy production, employment, and environmental impacts are considered.
- While the plant may have
Information and Communications Technology to Manage Climate Risks and EmissionsFGV Brazil
A look into some existing solutions in ICT being implemented in Brazil for reducing GHG emissions and managing climate risks.
The objective of this paper is to highlight the solutions in information and communication technology (ICT) being implemented in Brazil for reducing GHG emissions and managing climate risks, and identify trends and opportunities that can be explored in the coming years.
GVces - Center for Sustainability Studies
www.gvces.com.br
BUILDING MATERIALS ASSESSMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION BASED ON FIGURE OF...IAEME Publication
Sustainability assessment and Engineering design in buildings call for effective decision
making in respect of material selection and construction methodology. A good sustainable
solution involves choosing most suitable material and construction techniques that produce
optimum results in terms of sustainability. Due to several choices available in material
selection for construction, there is a need for a tool which can assist the designer in making the
right choice of materials. Figure of Merit (FoM), as a tool is proposed here to meet this
requirement. FoM is a unique dimensionless parameter derived by integrating two critical
properties from Engineering and Economics. Engineering properties are Modulus of Elasticity
and Density of materials. Economic factors are unit cost of material and construction cost per
unit area. Concept of FoM was applied and study carried out on commonly used building
materials and graphs drawn in comparison with embodied energy, embodied carbon and
material density values. Outcome of the study indicated, “Lower the Figure of Merit; better is
the suitability of building materials in sustainable construction.” As an illustration, FoM
concept was also applied to one of the subsystems of a building namely formwork and found to
be in consistency with the findings. Hence, it is suggested that Figure of Merit can be used as a
quantitative tool for selection of materials
Study on Implementation of LED Lights for Industrial Lighting to optimize pow...Rahmatul Alam Ivan
World requires optimization in every sectors of energy utilization to decrease natural resource consumption in an industrial sector and other end user sectors. For an efficient and optimized industrial power management system, optimized lighting power sector will be a key fact. This comprehensive and contemporary study shows a path towards optimization of lighting power utilizing LEDs and some optimized proposals for the industries. It will make an impact over traditional Lighting power consumption. It will help to compare the current lighting standards utilized in an industry.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Global environmental tendencies and energy sustainabilitypvsinbloom
The document summarizes the global and European renewable energy picture and the EU's 2020 strategy for promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency. It discusses how renewable energy accounted for an estimated 16% of global energy consumption in 2010 and how the EU aims to source 20% of its energy from renewables by 2020. It also outlines the opportunities for promoting the EU 2020 strategy in Central and Eastern European countries through increasing their use of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency, especially in buildings.
Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
Impact of the Financial Crisis on the Energy Sector
Dr. Fatih Birol
Chief Economist
International Energy Agency
World Energy Council
Rome, 19th March 2009
Investigating the residential electricity consumption-income nexus in Morocc...IJECEIAES
This study investigates the relationship between residential electricity consumption, economic growth, and urbanization in Morocco from 1990 to 2018 using the LMDI decomposition model and STIRPAT approach. The LMDI results show that economic activity and electricity intensity are the main drivers of residential electricity consumption in Morocco. The STIRPAT analysis reveals a U-shaped relationship between per capita GDP and residential electricity consumption. While increases in per capita GDP initially reduce consumption, beyond a turning point higher per capita GDP increases consumption. Urbanization is found to have no significant impact on residential electricity consumption in Morocco. Policy implications are provided based on these findings.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Assessment of Energy Losses and Cost Implications in the Nigerian Distributio...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
Energy shortages is the major challenge facing the industrial sector in Nigeria. This paper assessed the energy shortages due to technical losses in the Nigerian distribution network and the cost implications. The study was carried out based on network data collected over the period 2011-2015 from three electricity distribution companies (DisCos) drawn from the three major industrial cities of Nigeria. These data were simulated on the Electrical Transient Analysis program (ETAP) Version 12.6. The calculated energy losses for these cities for the said period are 108,959.87 MWH, 149,256 MWH and 72,743.08 MWH respectively. The corresponding revenue losses are N2,434,164,012, N3,538,754,758.8 and N1,699,751,530.1 respectively. The paper suggested remedial measures to reduce energy losses, mitigate losses arising from unannounced electricity cuts as well as achieve a more efficient and reliable electricity distribution network. The outcome of this research provides a data bank for policy makers and future researchers in the areas of electricity generation, transmission and distribution.
Global Power Grid Interconnection for Sustainable Growth: Concept, Project an...Power System Operation
Environment friendly and low carbon RE has a great development and research potential for GEI. Acceleration in development of clean energy is required in future to improve the proportion in world's energy generation. Low-cost conversion and plug in play type high-efficiency generation are required to develop in energy bases, especially on North Pole and Equator regions. Clean energy topic is generally divided into generation bases, grid integration and large-scale energy storage system. Hydropower is the key source of clean energy against power grid fluctuations due to intermittent sources. It has capabilities such as fast response on dispatch command, easy to start/shutdown, large capacity and high efficiency as well as flexible on load adjustment. However, large hydro sources can be improved further for eco-friendly point of
view.
A Case Study of Reducing Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Specific F...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a case study on reducing electronic waste (e-waste) in Rewa and Satna, India. It begins with an abstract that introduces the growing problem of e-waste and the importance of effective recycling to reduce waste, recover valuable materials, and support the economy. The introduction provides background on the rapid increase in e-waste production globally and in India. It then discusses the motivation and objectives of studying e-waste management practices specifically in Rewa and Satna. Key challenges identified include the predominance of informal recycling sectors, lack of proper handling and treatment of e-waste, and health and environmental impacts. The document reviews literature on e-waste impacts and recycling methods and discusses the need for improved policies,
Comparison of the Various Waste to Energy Technologies and Selection of the T...rahulmonikasharma
The urbanization and growth of the state of Sikkim poses a grave environmental hazard to the state in the way of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The waste generated in the state of Sikkim today stands at 106 Tonnes per day which although is quite small compared to other states, but for the tiny state which has about 70% of land as protected or covered under forest or uninhabitable, finding lands for creating land fills is a big problem. This paper tries to find a solution to the problem by finding a suitable method for converting of the waste generated into energy by studying and comparing the various Waste to Energy (WTE) technologies.
Comparison of the Various Waste to Energy Technologies and Selection of the T...rahulmonikasharma
The urbanization and growth of the state of Sikkim poses a grave environmental hazard to the state in the way of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The waste generated in the state of Sikkim today stands at 106 Tonnes per day which although is quite small compared to other states, but for the tiny state which has about 70% of land as protected or covered under forest or uninhabitable, finding lands for creating land fills is a big problem. This paper tries to find a solution to the problem by finding a suitable method for converting of the waste generated into energy by studying and comparing the various Waste to Energy (WTE) technologies.
Zero Waste City Implementation using Waste To Energy Technology in Myanmarijtsrd
Waste management is a complex topic that is handled in different ways around the world based on available local resources, technologies, and intensity of community initiatives. So, Waste to Energy WTE is a renewable energy technology that has seen a major rise in the last decade as Myanmar has been looking for methods for handling its population boom and related rapid increase in waste generation rates. The conventional fuels required for production of electricity is decreasing day by day and it is very important to find out alternative sources which can be used as the fuel for the production of electricity especially for developing countries like Myanmar. In this paper, feasibility study of waste to energy WTE power conversion plant is presented to fulfil the main aim of zero waste city implementation, Mandalay, Myanmar. With the application of WTE plants, the electricity requirement can be fulfilled and also helpful for environmental condition. For case study, Mandalay Industrial Zone is selected since it has low reliability of power supply form national grid and is suitable for construction of a WTE power plant. The simulation for WTE power plant with a peak load of 30 MW is described using HOMER software. Average energy consumption of the industrial zone is estimated approximately 283 MWh day and WTE has consumed almost 118,935 tonne per year of municipal solid waste MSW . The proposed system is designed to provide approximately 100 of energy from the municipal solid waste for the proposed area. Phyu Phyu Win | Thida Win | Zin Mar "Zero-Waste City Implementation using Waste-To-Energy Technology in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28012.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/28012/zero-waste-city-implementation-using-waste-to-energy-technology-in-myanmar/phyu-phyu-win
Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Dev...IJRES Journal
Telecom towers, technically known as BTS (Base Transceiver Stations) are the most energy intensive part of cellular network architecture and contribute up to 60 to 80% of total cellular power consumption and varies in response to the real traffic demand throughout the day and night. But, thelack of grid availability highlightsa potential barrier to telecom industry growth in Nepal. Nepal has approximately 5,222 telecom towers of which about 22% do operate on diesel generators (DGs) while the remaining by grid electricity with some shares of renewable energy technologies (RETs: solar and/or wind). Despite the large carbon imprint, the uncertainty in power availability has compelled telecom operators to use DGs to ensure continuous supply of power for the better network availability, which translates huge operating costs along with adverse environmental impact. So, it becomes an imperative solution for telecom operators to evaluate all alternatives in order to increase network reliability with reduced energy cost. This study report intentionally focus on current energy consumptionof such telecom towers and forecast thefuture energydemand with reference to growing subscriber trend up to 2025 using LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternative Planning System)withBusiness As Usual (BAU) scenario. A clean energy technology (CET) scenario with possible RET options is also developed and compared with base case scenario through some policy mechanics on behalf of environmental benefits and sustainable cellular communication. Furthermore, this study concludes a potential energy cum cost saving with RET adoption with basic cost economics analysis.
Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Dev...IJRES Journal
Telecom towers, technically known as BTS (Base Transceiver Stations) are the most energy intensive part of cellular network architecture and contribute up to 60 to 80% of total cellular power consumption and varies in response to the real traffic demand throughout the day and night. But, thelack of grid availability highlightsa potential barrier to telecom industry growth in Nepal. Nepal has approximately 5,222 telecom towers of which about 22% do operate on diesel generators (DGs) while the remaining by grid electricity with some shares of renewable energy technologies (RETs: solar and/or wind). Despite the large carbon imprint, the uncertainty in power availability has compelled telecom operators to use DGs to ensure continuous supply of power for the better network availability, which translates huge operating costs along with adverse environmental impact. So, it becomes an imperative solution for telecom operators to evaluate all alternatives in order to increase network reliability with reduced energy cost. This study report intentionally focus on current energy consumptionof such telecom towers and forecast thefuture energydemand with reference to growing subscriber trend up to 2025 using LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternative Planning System)withBusiness As Usual (BAU) scenario. A clean energy technology (CET) scenario with possible RET options is also developed and compared with base case scenario through some policy mechanics on behalf of environmental benefits and sustainable cellular communication. Furthermore, this study concludes a potential energy cum cost saving with RET adoption with basic cost economics analysis.
Promoting Massive Renewable Energy (RE) Projects
towards achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Taiwo Benjamin
Carleton University, Canada
Presented at #naee2015
RETOOLING NIGERIAS ELECTRICITY GENERATION SUB – SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE GRID O...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
ABSTRACT
Experts are varied in estimating the amount of power needed for national development. One expert
estimated 297,900 MW by the year 2030 using a 13 percent Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The Power
Sector Road Map’s aspiration is 40,000 MW by the year 2020 while the preferred Vision 20:2020 target is
40GW (40,000 MW) available capacity. Vision 20:2020 further proposed that hydro sources contribute 10%
of this value; thermal, 80%; coal, 6% and renewables, 4%. However, as at December 2017, Nigeria’s total
installed generating capacity was 12,324.40 MW. In order to assess the fundamentals and proffer solutions
for the improvement of power generation to meet popular expectations, this work analyses the installed
capacities of the nation from 1986 – 1995, on the one hand and from 2007 – 2016, on the other hand using
graphical illustrations and tables. The gap between the two time phases was deliberate to create some effect.
The results show that over the years, there has been an apparent, non – challance towards systematic
development of Nigeria’s power sector. To put a check to this deteriorating condition / trend, useful
suggestions have been made
Jochem 2002 Steps towards a 2000 Watt-Society Ex Summmorosini1952
Jochem E. et al (2002) Steps towards a 2000 Watt-Society. Developing a White Paper on Research & Development of Energy-Efficient Technologies - Executive Summary - 19 p.
Executive summary
In the coming decades, the threat and consequences of
climate change and of the re-concentration of crude oil
production in the Near East will compel industrialised nations
to make much more efficient use of energy. R&D that helps
realise energy efficiency potentials is likely to be regarded as
important in scientific, entrepreneurial, and political realms.
Demand for highly energy-efficient technologies will rise
steeply, and firms that can provide them will prosper. The
identification of energy-efficient technologies and related
energy conservation potentials undertaken in this pre-study is
a first step toward designing a R&D strategy that is consistent
with the need to evolve towards a 2000 Watt per capita society.
Reaching this level by 2050 implies reducing primary energy
use from 1200 to 460 PJ per year, despite a projected 65%
economic expansion.
Jochem, Eberhard; Favrat, Daniel; Hungerbühler, Konrad; Spreng, Daniel; von Rohr, Philippe-Rudolf; Wokaun, Alexander; Zimmermann, Mark
Analysis of the electricity consumption in the south east geopolitical regi...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes electricity consumption patterns in Nigeria's South-East geopolitical region. It examines how socio-economic and physical factors influence consumption across the region's five states. The study reveals varying consumption rates between states. A key finding is that consumption in the region is significantly related to socio-economic and physical characteristics. The study formulates a model to predict consumption based on twelve determinants. It recommends adopting this model to guide sustainable planning in the region.
A Case Study Of An Educational Building Transformation To Renewable EnergyJoe Osborn
This document summarizes a case study analyzing the feasibility of transitioning the energy usage of Kabul University's Engineering School from conventional sources to renewable energy. It finds that installing a solar photovoltaic system with a total initial cost of 14,237,771 AFN and annual operation and maintenance costs of 341,862 AFN would pay for itself in under 4.5 years. Based on energy demand calculations and the renewable energy potential of solar power in Kabul, the study concludes such a transition would be both economically and technically viable.
Abstract: Energy efficiency in all the aspects of human life has become a major concern, due to significant environment impact as well as it economic importance. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) estimated 2-10% of the global consumption but is also expected to enable global energy efficiency through new technologies tightly dependent on networks. Specially, a network model based on G-network quening theory is built, which can incorporate all the important parameters of power consumption together with traditional performance metric and routing control capability. Our goal is to control both power configuration of pipeline and way to distribute traffic flow among them. Optimization policy having best tradeoff between power consumption and packet latency times. The achieved results demonstrate how the proposed model can effectively represent energy and network-aware performance indexes.
Impacts of COVID-19 lockdown period on the Algerian power grid demandIJECEIAES
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) spread out at the end of 2019 has sadly caused millions of human losses and hundreds of millions of cases and stressful health situations. As a result, governments forced the worldwide population to stay confined and change their social activities and working behaviors. Under such conditions all economic sectors have been impacted, therefore global electricity consumption pattern has changed consequently. The object of this study is to calculate energy drop for such circumstances to make strategies to face such events in the future. The study we conducted during the period of confinement aims to identify the effects of the Corona epidemic on electricity consumption in Algeria by emphasizing four months (March, April, May, and June) for four years (2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021) by comparing monthly load curves and calculating load deviation for each month.
Building Energy Efficiency Into Energy EquationIJERDJOURNAL
The document discusses building energy efficiency into the energy production process. It notes that most energy is lost during conversion from raw materials to final energy use. Improving efficiency at all stages of energy production from generation to transmission to end use can significantly reduce energy losses and environmental impacts. Specific strategies discussed include improving generator efficiency, reducing transmission and distribution losses through higher voltage lines and equipment upgrades, and increasing industrial motor and building efficiency through technologies like variable speed drives. The benefits of improved efficiency are lower energy costs, reduced carbon emissions, and increased sustainability and energy security.
A Review on Revolution of Wind Energy Conversion System and Comparisons of Va...PADMANATHAN K
The research and development carried out on wind
energy has been reviewed in different perspective. This paper is
aimed at exchanging evidence from numerous literatures based
on results and expertise review article surveyed pertaining to
wind generator development between academic communities,
industries, manufacturers, non-governmental organizations of
sustainable development, researchers, engineers, economists and
several wind energy associations. The substance contains wellinformed
new developments in the wind energy arena of
specialization thereby hurling light on the state of art research
observations and results in the field of Wind Energy Conversion
System (WECS). The study comprises of wind turbines, generator
and components. The review offers holistic approach on several
scientific and engineering factors concerned with the
advancement of wind power capture, conversion, different
generator schemes, integration methods and utilization of
technologies. Furthermore, discussion about an ancient and
forecast study of Wind Energy across the globe is presented.
How JICA mobilizes private sector finance and investments for affordable and ...OECD Environment
BIAC-OECD Virtual Roundtable on mobilising private sector finance and investments for affordable and clean energy in developing countries, 26 October 2021
Similar to A feasibility study of electrical energy generation from municipal solid waste in Iraq: Najaf case study (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
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a small scale cost-effective and can be produced by using organic materials like several wastes [26]. In Iraq,
although significant additions to the generation energy have been made recently and with available capacity
expanding by 8 gigawatts (GW) (or 90%) between 2012 and 2018). However, this has not been matched
by improvements in the condition of the power grid or reductions of losses (technical and non-technical).
Several challenges such as Iraq damage wrought by ISIS war against and constrained budgets that lead to not
producing enough electricity to satisfy demand. Besides, Iraq’s population is growing at a rate of over
1 million per year. Hence, electricity demand is set to double, reaching about 150 terawatt hours (TWh)
(17.5 gigawatts [GW] average throughout the year). Thus, Iraq faces a profound need to develop its domestic
energy infrastructure, in particular in the electricity sector to avoid these issues.
Several studies have been attempt in previous five years to study and analysis the possibilities for
electrical energy production by using municipal solid waste via diverse aspects. In [27], presents the potential
of electrical energy production by using municipal solid waste disposed in biggest Brazil cities such as São
Paulo from landfill gas. The study includes two scenarios could replace 27% and 13.5% of the residential
electrical energy consumption in the city. Another study in Brazilian municipalities is presented in [28],
the study aims to analyse the techno-economic feasibility of municipal solid waste gasification to generate
the electricity possibilities. The results of the proposed scenarios several pros such as increase the economic
feasibility, providing a positive scale up gains that leads to lower installation and high benefits and lower
costs as well. On another side, different researchers via several developing nations tried to study and analyse
the potential of electrical power generation from MSW.
In [29], proposed an assessment study to generate electrical power from MSW in Rajshahi City
Corporation Bangladesh. The study had the ability to generate electrical energy from MSW in RCC city
is 5.336 MW and 10.568 MW during the years 2012 and 2025 respectively. In [30], two phases are aimed
to examine waste-to-energy development and evaluate its success factors respect to modified Sweden’s
waste-to-energy model in Nigeria for WTE capacity enhancement purpose. The study results were
the proposed model able to generate around 2.0 TWh of electricity from about 5.7 million tonnes of waste in
its WTE plants in 2014. In Iraq, the study in [31] was conducted to product electrical power from MSW in
Basrah Governorate which positon in in the south of Iraq. The study was able to generation electricity which
will translate into approximately US$ 69 million in revenues per year from the WTE plant. As well,
it provide the maximum capacity for power generation is projected to be around 270 MW in 2036 with
discount rate of 12% of the WTE.
The key aim of this article is to examine, investigate and appraise the possibility of generating
the electrical power from municipal solid waste in An Najaf City in the middle of Iraq. The waste is
classified into population subgroups that used as a key factor to study the feasibility of generating electrical
energy from collected MSWs. Homer pro simulation software is used to simulate and testing respect to cost
analysis factor of the suggested power plant.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Waste in Al Najaf City
Waste accumulation, collection and liquidation, and burning waste in the environment resulted in
several diseases like serious skin infections or exposure to tetanus and other health risks in addition to
it caused environmental risks such as Foul odours emitted from waste and distortion of the landscape of
the city [32]. Waste management and treating in different countries done by classifying waste subgroups
according to their type as a beginning (paper, cardboard, materials glass, such as glass flasks, metal materials,
plastic materials, etc.). Thus, it requires a manpower effort for initial screening by workers and the second
stage is to sort and classifying MSW to subgroups [33].
Al Najaf City is one of the Iraqi central provinces and is divided into multi-sections and each
department concerned with the collection and transportation of waste in its area. Najaf Municipality
Department is responsible for the collection and transportation of waste as well as the municipality of Kufa,
Al Hayderiah, etc. Data listed below are specific to the Municipality of Najaf department. Where the city
divides into six sections as shown in Figure 1. Waste in the aforementioned areas are collected and
transported by Iraqi machines and workers in two kinds depends on the investment:
2.1.1. Najaf Municipality Department workers and machines
The total of 466 regular workers and 218 machines that include tractor and garbage trucks,
in addition to 158 drivers were deployed. Table 1 lists the number of workers and machines of the Najaf
Municipality.
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Figure 1. Six sections represent Najaf City sections
Table 1. Workers and machines in the Al Najaf Municipality Department
TruckGarbage truckNumber of workerArea section
7134First municipal section (Q1)
101914Second municipal section (Q2)
101524Third municipal section (Q3)
101916Fourth municipal section (Q4)
112728Fifth municipal section (Q5)
111514Sixth municipal section (Q6)
180228General Parks
400Direct implementation
300Landfill & terminals
776Mechanics & workshops
12064Raising dust
10Traffic engineering
2.1.2. Najaf Governorate Council workers and machines
The total of 620 workers and 49 garbage trucks are deployed to collect MSW as shown in Table 2.
The cost which paid from Najaf governorate council to the workers and machines per month will be around
355,000,000 three hundred fifty-five million Iraqi dinars (IQD). Based on results in Tables 1 and 2, the total
workers and machines in these areas will be: 620 Najaf governorate council workers, 408 Najaf Municipality
Department workers, 114 Garbage truck, 152 truck, 45 observers, and 238 divers respectively.
The residential and commercial waste amount for each section (Q1 to Q6) per day and year is shown in
Table 3, in addition to the 2016 population.
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Table 2 Workers and machined numbers in the Al Najaf Governorate
Area No. of workers Number of observers Number of tractors
Q1 130 4
Q2 90 4 2
Q3 94 4 13
Q4 90 6 10
Q5 134 10 14
Q6 72 4 10
Additional observer 7
Station workers 5
Agricultural engineer 1
maintenance observer 5
control observer 1
Drivers 80
Table 3. The residential and commercial waste amount and 2016 population
Area No. of Housing
units
Population
2016
Residential
units waste
Commercial
units waste
Waste
(ton/day)
Waste
(ton/year)
Q1 3058 21406 21 150 171 62415
Q2 20850 145950 146 30 176 64240
Q3 16793 117551 118 24 142 51830
Q4 21912 153384 154 30 184 67160
Q5 30303 212121 212 43 255 93075
Q6 28410 198870 199 0 199 72635
Total 121326 849282 850 277 1127 411355
A total number of inhabitants in these districts in 2016 is around 880 K (eight hundred eighty
thousand people) and the total waste per day for these areas is 1127 tons (one thousand and one hundred
twenty-seven tons). By dividing these amount of waste among the number of people to get the percentage of
waste per each one, 1.28 kg per person. Directorate collects and transport wastes from the sections above to
central areas in the neighbourhoods of Abu Talib and Alquds and then to the landfill area behind the Al-Nida
neighbourhood.
Quantity of the waste for one year will be more than 400 k (four hundred thousand) tons annually.
This process is not beneficial to municipal departments and is consumable for them. These wastes continue to
exist because there is no fixed time for waste disposal by citizens, as lifting process takes place normally in
morning and evening. Waste in the city is almost consisting of paper and cardboard, glass, such as glass
flasks, metal materials, plastic materials, etc. [34]. Table 4 lists the ratio of waste management regarding
several materials and components.
Table 4. Waste components
Components Percentage % Components Percentage %
Food waste 68.17 % Textiles 5.09 %
Paper and cardboard 9.6 % Baby diapers 1.9 %
Glass 2.3 % Residues of gardens 0.93 %
Plastic and nylon 5.29 % Wood 0.85 %
Food packaging 1.42 % Rubber 1.0 %
Aluminum cans 1.4 % Leather materials 0.48 %
Metals 0.98 % Another 0.59 %
Quick steps to solve the waste problem in a timely manner are possible by providing certain types of
equipment and some requirements such as:
Select a specific area for the collection of waste in special containers.
Distribution of waste collection bags.
Agreement to lift containers or empty them with the contractor or by the municipality.
Above steps are mostly the choices of municipal departments in the province for waste management and it's
clear that they are insufficient.
2.2. Waste management
There is requiring to increase the citizen's awareness to reduce, isolate, and classify waste to several
types (paper, glass, plastic, etc.) to reuse it again and be more helpful for recycling [33]. Recycling refers to
the process of compiling materials and sorted them by its types to be more suitable for manufacturing
and reusable materials [35]. This process has many significant such as reduce pollution of the environment,
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create new job opportunities, preserving the sources of natural materials, and reduce reliance on raw
materials. Thus, increased the environmental awareness of the citizen will lead to making people follow rules
to avoid waste issues and benefit from their waste. Also, the distribution of different bags colours can be
a classified type of waste contained (blue colour of waste plastic and green for waste food, etc.) or can divide
it into simple sections by citizen (such as paper waste, plastic waste, glass waste, etc.). Based on
the distribution result strategy, waste can be utilized by selling it to collection centres in the neighbourhoods
(selecting a specific area for collection of waste in private containers for each neighbourhood) and waste
assessed by its type and placing these amounts in the waste owner's account using prepaid card systems.
Hence, this mechanism will motivate to make people high benefit from their waste disposal.
2.2. Waste to energy (WTE)
Several technologies have been used to disposal waste to reuse and convert waste to electricity
power such [31]. These technologies such as incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, combined pyrolysis,
gasification, combined gasification-combustion, and plasma gasification/verification [36]. Gasification
method is selected in this study due to low capital investment, simple, and available waste disposal
techniques in An Najaf City and can be a suitable technique to be deployed.
2.4. Gasification
Gasification is one of the methods used to treat, reuse, and convert waste via digging a hole in
the ground and put the waste inside and cover it with soil afterward [37-39]. Then, the soil will absorb large
amounts of waste without the need for advanced technology in addition to low cost. However, decomposition
of waste leads to leakage of toxins to groundwater or surface water sources with soil pollution, which affects
the agriculture and food cycle in addition to pollution of drinking water and thus increasing the dangers to
the lives of citizens. In addition, it also transmitting air-polluting gases, leading to many risks to all living
creatures, as it affects breathing air as well as the emission of unpleasant odours, but all disadvantages can be
solved by selecting the suitable place to minimize any undesirable effects. Thus, waste should be covered
with a layer of soil for maximum benefits from these gases by using biogas technology.
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1. Case study and simulation scenario and evaluation metrics
In this study, the collected wastes in An Najaf City for one year are used to generate electrical
power and study the feasibility by simulating the case study with Homer Pro software [40, 41]. A scenario
which is assumed with biogas gasifier (generator) is simulated with Homer Pro and fed with the available
data of the collected waste from the six sectors of the city and with the parameters shown in the Figure 2 for
one year as a timeline. Information from Table 3 is fed to the biomass source of the generator as shown in
Figure 3. Information from Table 4 is used to model the biogas fuel parameters as shown in Figures 4 and 5.
Average monthly temperature effect also was included in the simulation. As shown in Figure 6.
The temperature data is taken from climate and weather averages in Baghdad, Iraq.
Figure 2. Homer pro micro grid analysis tool
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Figure 3. Biomass resource
Figure 4. Fuel flow diagram (using data given in
Table 3)
Figure 5. Fuel efficiency diagram (using data given in
Table 4)
Figure 6. Temperature data average in Baghdad, Iraq
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3.2. Simulation results
In the feasibility study which introduced in this work (Section 3.1), the start parameter was the total
amount of the collected waste per year, in Najaf City which was costed 411355 ton/year. This amount of
waste costs a lot of money and efforts to properly landfill, so this amount was assumed as a fuel input for
a gasification power plant simulated with Homer pro evaluation copy software. The simulation results shown
in Figure 7 shows that a power plant with the given amount of waste as an input can produce around
42.7 Mega Watt and about 187 million KWh/year. The cost analysis results shown in Table 5 are very
encouraging to adapt to this scenario in real settings.
The total operating cost is around 11240 Billion IQD per year which includes besides the plant's
operation and maintenance cost the waste collecting cost (labors and machinery costs). Currently, the Kwh
average cost produced from the conventional power plants in Iraq according to the ministry of electricity
report [42] is 106 IQD. A rapid calculation can show that the average cost of kWh produced from
the assumed plant is 60.1 IQD, and the cost difference is very noticeable. The capital cost for such a plant
is around 500 USD (US Dollar) = 600000 IQD for Kw [43], so the total initial capital cost for the assumed
plant is around 25.62 Billion IQD. From the difference in the average cost of the kWh, it's clear that
the refund of the capital cost will be done in three years only.
Figure 7. Homer pro simulation results
Table 5. Homer pro case study simulation results
Cost of Energy IQD 256.832 IQD Net Present Cost IQD 145.375 IQDB
Operating Cost (IQD/Yr) 11.240 IQDB Initial Capital IQD 25.62 IQDB
Total Fuel (L/Yr) 411.316.288 Hours 8757
Production (kWh) 186.961.952 Operation & Maintenance Cost (IQD/Yr) 1.12E.+013
Fuel Cost (IQD/Yr) 6.480.288.256
4. CONCLUSION
In this study, the produced waste from An Najaf City is discussed and a few remarks to manage
the collection process of the waste is suggested. Currently, the waste disposal method in the city is random
and cause a lot of health risks, so a feasibility study is made to find out the financial feasibility for using
the waste to generate electric energy by gasification method. The total waste produced in one year is fed to
a simulated gasifier with Homer pro software to calculate the produced power and the cost breakdown of it.
The results have shown that the produced energy costs less than the average cost of the Kwh produced
by Ministry of Electricity (MOE) Iraq with the conventional method by (42.5 %). The produced waste from
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An Najaf City can generate around 187000 Mwh/year with a 42.7 Mw plant. The initial capital cost can be
refunded within three years which make the project feasible from the environmental, financial, and health
point of views. The study if applied also will solve the problem of the budget of the current waste collection
procedure in the city since this budget is included in the production cost of the kWh in the feasibility study.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors of this work would like to show there deep gratitude for the people working in the Najaf
Municipality and Dr. Hussain Musa Al-Shimmary, for their help and support in accomplishing this paper.
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