Energy is a key component in the overall growth of every nation. Insufficient energy delivery hinders political growth, restricts social growth, limits economic growth, and negatively affects the standard of living of citizens, bothin urban and rural areas. Sufficient energy delivery increases food production, improves the standards of living of citizens, improves healthcare and enhancements in other human services, enhances industrial output, provides effective and efficient transportation not forgetting adequate shelter to the citizens of the nation. Currently, there is a significant level of deficiency in Nigeria’s energy sector. This study seeks to address this issue by analysing cost implications of conventional energy source and solar energy source. This study brings to focus the payback period of a solar powered home and the return on investment that might accrue during this time to the residential home owners. Furthermore, the best cost-effective load sharing option for residential owners considering two energy sources is also obtained.
Modelling and analysis of a PV/wind/diesel hybrid standalone microgrid for ru...journalBEEI
The scarce electricity supply in Nigeria is a key factor to the low industrial development in a country well-known for having the least electrification in Africa per capita. Presently, Nigeria employs four different kinds of energy such as coal, natural gas, hydro, and oil. Three of the four resources mentioned above used for the production of energy in Nigeria is connected with increasing emissions of greenhouse gas: natural gas, oil, and coal, with coal releasing the worst. This paper presents a model and analysis of PV/Wind/Diesel hybrid system for rural electrification in Kaduna state, northern Nigeria. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) software tool was used for optimization and modeling of this work. Simulation results show that the PV/Wind/Diesel system with Battery storage is the most cost-effective system since it recorded considerable cost of energy and reduces CO2 emissions significantly.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
As A Result Of The Successful Third Edition Of One Of Africa’s Biggest Energy Forum; Nigeria Alternative Energy Exhibition (NAEE 2013) The Access-To-Power Rural Electrification Implementation Road Map Has Been Launched by the Nigerian Ministry of Power
Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 0.5 KW SOLAR TREE FOR POWERING FARM SETTLEMENTSIAEME Publication
Nigeria is a country faced with great challenges in the power sector. This is as a
result of inadequate administrative and technical efforts in handling issues in this
sector. Aforetime, the country has solely depended on grid electricity generation
which has proven to be unstable for several decades. These and others, has made it
imperative to introduce the use of renewable energy in addressing some of the
electricity challenges facing the country. The sources of renewable energy which
could serve as an alternative source of power include wind, solar, and biogas. These
can also be combined together as an entity to form a hybrid renewable energy source.
In this paper, a solar tree was designed and constructed to provide an alternative
supply of electricity to farm settlements in Nigeria. This is achieved by generating
electricity from a single or multiple number of solar panels connected with a charge
controller, a battery bank for storage and an inverter circuit to supply electrical
power. Depending on the electrical load demand and the applications coverage area,
the solar tree rating and specification can be a single-phase or three-phase AC output
Modelling and analysis of a PV/wind/diesel hybrid standalone microgrid for ru...journalBEEI
The scarce electricity supply in Nigeria is a key factor to the low industrial development in a country well-known for having the least electrification in Africa per capita. Presently, Nigeria employs four different kinds of energy such as coal, natural gas, hydro, and oil. Three of the four resources mentioned above used for the production of energy in Nigeria is connected with increasing emissions of greenhouse gas: natural gas, oil, and coal, with coal releasing the worst. This paper presents a model and analysis of PV/Wind/Diesel hybrid system for rural electrification in Kaduna state, northern Nigeria. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) software tool was used for optimization and modeling of this work. Simulation results show that the PV/Wind/Diesel system with Battery storage is the most cost-effective system since it recorded considerable cost of energy and reduces CO2 emissions significantly.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
As A Result Of The Successful Third Edition Of One Of Africa’s Biggest Energy Forum; Nigeria Alternative Energy Exhibition (NAEE 2013) The Access-To-Power Rural Electrification Implementation Road Map Has Been Launched by the Nigerian Ministry of Power
Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 0.5 KW SOLAR TREE FOR POWERING FARM SETTLEMENTSIAEME Publication
Nigeria is a country faced with great challenges in the power sector. This is as a
result of inadequate administrative and technical efforts in handling issues in this
sector. Aforetime, the country has solely depended on grid electricity generation
which has proven to be unstable for several decades. These and others, has made it
imperative to introduce the use of renewable energy in addressing some of the
electricity challenges facing the country. The sources of renewable energy which
could serve as an alternative source of power include wind, solar, and biogas. These
can also be combined together as an entity to form a hybrid renewable energy source.
In this paper, a solar tree was designed and constructed to provide an alternative
supply of electricity to farm settlements in Nigeria. This is achieved by generating
electricity from a single or multiple number of solar panels connected with a charge
controller, a battery bank for storage and an inverter circuit to supply electrical
power. Depending on the electrical load demand and the applications coverage area,
the solar tree rating and specification can be a single-phase or three-phase AC output
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
What is the plan of your country to have a 100% green energy supply and is th...Dimas Naufal Al Ghifari
Analysis of Indonesia's current energy shape and its mix proportions. An overview of current energy state and the gap to meet its ambitious 23% RE mix goals are presented. Furthermore, alternative recommendations for govermental policy to boost and sustain its renewable energy mix are presented
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY
EFFICIENCY POLICY (NREEEP)
FOR THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR
Energy supply in Nigeria can be classified into two main categories, (a) urban and (b) rural.
Urban areas are essentially on the grid while rural areas are largely off the grid. Improved
energy supply to urban residents is being addressed mainly by the Roadmap for Power
Sector Reforms, which was launched by President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, GCFR, in
August 2012. The roadmap essentially focuses on the development of grid-based
electricity. However, the on-going power sector reforms will only enable the extension of
the national grid to large rural areas which are close to main urban areas.
Rural areas that are remote and have a low demand density will have to depend on off-grid
energy solutions as the economies of on-grid deployment do not favour rural
electrification. Off-grid areas will have to depend on alternative solutions. The implication
of this strategy for improved energy supply across Nigeria will entail the utilization of
renewable energy sources at our disposal, both on-grid and off-grid. Consequently, it is
essential that a coordinated, coherent and comprehensive renewable energy policy (REP)
be put in place to drive hydropower, biomass, solar and wind as energy sources. In this
respect, like existing sources of electricity, renewable energy can become a source of
energy that may be traded and procured by the power industry as they would procure
fossil or non-renewable energy sources. It is intended that the renewable energy policy
advanced in this document will serve as a blue print for the sustainable development,
supply and utilization of renewable energy resources within the economy for both on-grid
and off-grid energy solutions.
China Clean Energy Industry Report, 2009 2010ResearchInChina
Clean energy refers to the energy that doesn’t discharge pollutants, mainly including nuclear energy, hydropower, wind power, solar power, bio-energy (biogas), and tidal energy. At present, China's energy consumption structure is still dominated by thermal power, and the structure won’t change in the near future. But in the long run, clean energy will account for an increasingly larger proportion in electricity generating capacity. The figure below shows that the proportion of nuclear power, hydropower and other power sources increased from 19.7% in 2007 to 23.0% in March 2010, up 3.3 percentage points. As China launches more preferential policies for nuclear power, wind power and solar energy industry, the proportion of clean energy power generation will increase substantially.
In the present generation energy plays a vital role in our world and for human life it´s very important factor. There is a methodical meeting taking place regarding the conservation of energy and every time there is a review in the agenda. Energy demand and supply were endeavored by these countries. To rectify these problems, there should be more research in the generation of energy with the greater efficiency and try to use energy in more efficient manner. Solar energy remains as the most prominent source of energy as it is cost effective and environmentally friendly. Reviews convey that solar energy systems will play a major role in the power generations. As per present scenario there is a great importance to the solar energy using photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic systems exhibit an important role for solar energy production.
S. Korea’s Recent Renewable Energy StatusDawson Hun
With S. Korea's recent regime change renewable energy sector is having greater change than ever. Heavy reliance and nuclear and fossil fuel will be lifted soon and renewable energy is coming back. Here's snapshot of what can be done in S. Korea's renewable energy development.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Impact of distributed generation on the Nigerian power networknooriasukmaningtyas
Distributed generations (DG) are being installed at increasing rates, both in
developed and developing countries. The increasing number of DG
connected to the distribution system could have a significant impact on the
power system operation. This paper presents a case study investigating the
impact of grid-connected DG on the Nigerian power network in terms of bus
voltages and network losses. The results showed that without DG, some of
the bus voltage magnitudes of the test system were outside the permissible
voltage limit of 0.95pu≤Vi≤1.05p.u. However, with DG connected, the
voltage magnitudes were improved to allowable values. The network active
power loss was reduced by 12.03% from 85.60MW to 75.30MW. In this
way, the power system becomes more efficient and secured.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
What is the plan of your country to have a 100% green energy supply and is th...Dimas Naufal Al Ghifari
Analysis of Indonesia's current energy shape and its mix proportions. An overview of current energy state and the gap to meet its ambitious 23% RE mix goals are presented. Furthermore, alternative recommendations for govermental policy to boost and sustain its renewable energy mix are presented
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY
EFFICIENCY POLICY (NREEEP)
FOR THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR
Energy supply in Nigeria can be classified into two main categories, (a) urban and (b) rural.
Urban areas are essentially on the grid while rural areas are largely off the grid. Improved
energy supply to urban residents is being addressed mainly by the Roadmap for Power
Sector Reforms, which was launched by President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, GCFR, in
August 2012. The roadmap essentially focuses on the development of grid-based
electricity. However, the on-going power sector reforms will only enable the extension of
the national grid to large rural areas which are close to main urban areas.
Rural areas that are remote and have a low demand density will have to depend on off-grid
energy solutions as the economies of on-grid deployment do not favour rural
electrification. Off-grid areas will have to depend on alternative solutions. The implication
of this strategy for improved energy supply across Nigeria will entail the utilization of
renewable energy sources at our disposal, both on-grid and off-grid. Consequently, it is
essential that a coordinated, coherent and comprehensive renewable energy policy (REP)
be put in place to drive hydropower, biomass, solar and wind as energy sources. In this
respect, like existing sources of electricity, renewable energy can become a source of
energy that may be traded and procured by the power industry as they would procure
fossil or non-renewable energy sources. It is intended that the renewable energy policy
advanced in this document will serve as a blue print for the sustainable development,
supply and utilization of renewable energy resources within the economy for both on-grid
and off-grid energy solutions.
China Clean Energy Industry Report, 2009 2010ResearchInChina
Clean energy refers to the energy that doesn’t discharge pollutants, mainly including nuclear energy, hydropower, wind power, solar power, bio-energy (biogas), and tidal energy. At present, China's energy consumption structure is still dominated by thermal power, and the structure won’t change in the near future. But in the long run, clean energy will account for an increasingly larger proportion in electricity generating capacity. The figure below shows that the proportion of nuclear power, hydropower and other power sources increased from 19.7% in 2007 to 23.0% in March 2010, up 3.3 percentage points. As China launches more preferential policies for nuclear power, wind power and solar energy industry, the proportion of clean energy power generation will increase substantially.
In the present generation energy plays a vital role in our world and for human life it´s very important factor. There is a methodical meeting taking place regarding the conservation of energy and every time there is a review in the agenda. Energy demand and supply were endeavored by these countries. To rectify these problems, there should be more research in the generation of energy with the greater efficiency and try to use energy in more efficient manner. Solar energy remains as the most prominent source of energy as it is cost effective and environmentally friendly. Reviews convey that solar energy systems will play a major role in the power generations. As per present scenario there is a great importance to the solar energy using photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic systems exhibit an important role for solar energy production.
S. Korea’s Recent Renewable Energy StatusDawson Hun
With S. Korea's recent regime change renewable energy sector is having greater change than ever. Heavy reliance and nuclear and fossil fuel will be lifted soon and renewable energy is coming back. Here's snapshot of what can be done in S. Korea's renewable energy development.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Impact of distributed generation on the Nigerian power networknooriasukmaningtyas
Distributed generations (DG) are being installed at increasing rates, both in
developed and developing countries. The increasing number of DG
connected to the distribution system could have a significant impact on the
power system operation. This paper presents a case study investigating the
impact of grid-connected DG on the Nigerian power network in terms of bus
voltages and network losses. The results showed that without DG, some of
the bus voltage magnitudes of the test system were outside the permissible
voltage limit of 0.95pu≤Vi≤1.05p.u. However, with DG connected, the
voltage magnitudes were improved to allowable values. The network active
power loss was reduced by 12.03% from 85.60MW to 75.30MW. In this
way, the power system becomes more efficient and secured.
Assessment of Energy Losses and Cost Implications in the Nigerian Distributio...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
Energy shortages is the major challenge facing the industrial sector in Nigeria. This paper assessed the energy shortages due to technical losses in the Nigerian distribution network and the cost implications. The study was carried out based on network data collected over the period 2011-2015 from three electricity distribution companies (DisCos) drawn from the three major industrial cities of Nigeria. These data were simulated on the Electrical Transient Analysis program (ETAP) Version 12.6. The calculated energy losses for these cities for the said period are 108,959.87 MWH, 149,256 MWH and 72,743.08 MWH respectively. The corresponding revenue losses are N2,434,164,012, N3,538,754,758.8 and N1,699,751,530.1 respectively. The paper suggested remedial measures to reduce energy losses, mitigate losses arising from unannounced electricity cuts as well as achieve a more efficient and reliable electricity distribution network. The outcome of this research provides a data bank for policy makers and future researchers in the areas of electricity generation, transmission and distribution.
Impacts of COVID-19 lockdown period on the Algerian power grid demandIJECEIAES
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) spread out at the end of 2019 has sadly caused millions of human losses and hundreds of millions of cases and stressful health situations. As a result, governments forced the worldwide population to stay confined and change their social activities and working behaviors. Under such conditions all economic sectors have been impacted, therefore global electricity consumption pattern has changed consequently. The object of this study is to calculate energy drop for such circumstances to make strategies to face such events in the future. The study we conducted during the period of confinement aims to identify the effects of the Corona epidemic on electricity consumption in Algeria by emphasizing four months (March, April, May, and June) for four years (2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021) by comparing monthly load curves and calculating load deviation for each month.
CO2 Reduction Measures in the Electricity Supply Chain in LibyaHusen E . Bader
The electricity supply chain consists of three components; electricity generation, transmission and distribution (T&D) system, and the end-user stage. CO2 emissions from electricity generation are caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Unjustified end-users and electricity losses in the T&D system increase electricity production, which of course indirectly contributes to further emissions. Consequently, this study presents the state of the electricity supply chain in Libya and measures taken to reduce emissions. The analysis shows that efforts are currently being made to diversify the energy mix and to exploit the potential of solar and wind energy. Low carbon fuels and combined cycle technologies remain key sources of electricity generation. In the T&D system, Libya has built a strong transmission system and strict design criteria have been applied. Libya is working on the establishment of Energy Demand Management (EDM), where some power plants have installed EDM-related equipment. Further efforts are needed to reduce technical and non-technical losses. In the end-user stage, per capita electricity consumption corresponds to 3.73MWh, which is considered to be the largest energy consumer in Africa. There is no time-differentiated price that would encourage consumers to switch from peak hours. Libya is currently preparing a national energy efficiency action plan.
The energy efficient load is considered as an important tool for efficient management of available
electrical energy in Nigeria because it allows electricity utility to meet the power demand of many consumers
with little or no increase in power supply generation. This paper discusses the technical and economic benefit of
using energy efficient load for electrical services design considering a four-bedroom apartment in Nigeria as a
case study. Load analysis and evaluation were carried out using both conventional load and energy efficient load
for electrical services. The technical benefits were determined by calculating the total energy demand, apparent
power and current drawn by the four-bedroom apartment. Apparent power and current are important tools to
determine Transformer capacity, Cable capacity and Generator capacity for the apartment. The economic
benefits were determined by calculating the daily energy consumption by the four-bedroom apartment and this
is a great tool in computing the daily cost of electricity by the apartment. The result shows that 41.26% of total
energy demand is saved and 32.96% of daily energy consumption is saved if the energy efficient loads were
used as an alternative to conventional load for that four-bedroom apartment.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Analysis of grid connected independent power plant capabilities on electricit...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
At the core of any meaningful economic activity is electric power. Absence or inadequacy of it in a nation
stalls development in that nation. In Nigeria, there is a wide gap between forecast power and actual
power generation needed for productive endeavours. For instance in July 2017, the generation peak load
forecast was 14190MW while the actual generation peak load was 4567MW. In July 2018 it was again
14190MW (forecast) but 5110MW (actual). This paper uses descriptive statistics to analyse Independent
Power Plant (IPP) capabilities spread across ten years (2009-2018). The results show that there is need
to encourage more private investors to build additional IPPs in order to increase adequate power
generation in Nigeria – especially in post-COVID-19 socio-economic crisis. Consequently, it is expected
that the wide gap between generation peak load peak load forecast and actual peak load would be
narrowed.
Solar energy as a potential contributor to help bridge the gap between electr...IJAAS Team
The pivotal role of electricity is as an enabler for every other sector in any economy. Adequate electricity supply is a vital input for the economic growth and in a range of key industries. Unfortunately, the electricity sector in Iraq has been an unsustainable fiscal burden on successive Iraqi governments yet it has not been able to meet the growing demand. Iraq’s electricity sector and government’s decision makers should look for a longterm solutions and strategies to meet the current and future demand, by taking important steps towards fostering a reliable, affordable, and sustainable electricity system in the years and decades to come. Also, Iraqi government and ministry of electricity in particular should understand that electricity is basic service and right of Iraqis, and many nations have overcome this kind of problem decades ago. Overcoming this problem will help refueling Iraqi economy and enable it to stand on its feet again. Renewable energy resources, and solar in particular could be part of the solution. This paper aims to highlight the importance of solar energy in Iraq as a potential contributor to help bridge the gap between electricity supply and growing demand. Also, it discusses the solar energy opportunities with challenges facing other renewable energy sources in Iraq.
A feasibility study of electrical energy generation from municipal solid wast...IJECEIAES
In several developing countries, the electricity crisis obstructs both socioeconomic and technological sustainable evolution. Also, it leads to reducing job availability due to shut down several industries or relocate to neighbouring countries to such an issue. A Najaf City is an important holy and tourist city in the middle of Iraq country. Indeed, waste management in An Najaf City needs to be reconsidered to be used as an energy source. In this article, we investigated and listed the waste quantity which produced recently (one year) respect to waste types and types of content. Data collected from the waste products for one year and are used as a key factor to study the feasibility of generating electrical energy from collected MSWs. The proposed model was simulated and tested respect to cost analysis factor of the suggested power plant by Homer pro simulation software. Results were very encouraging and competitive to the current energy production cost based on the production cost of the Kwh prospective among the conventional methods in Iraq. The proposed scenario provide proper and secure waste proposal technique with low-cost.
Feasibility analysis of an off-grid photovoltaic-battery energy system for a...IJECEIAES
Renewable energy plays a very important role in the improvement and promotion of environmental sustainability in agricultural-related activities. This paper evaluates the techno-economic and environmental benefits of deploying photovoltaic (PV)- battery systems in a livestock farmhouse. For the energy requirements of the farm to be determined, a walkthrough energy audit is conducted on the farmhouse. The farm selected for this study is located in southern Nigeria. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Hybrid Optimization Modeling for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software was adapted for the purpose of the techno-economic analysis. It is found that a standalone PV/battery-powered system in farmhouse applications has higher economic viability when compared to its diesel-powered counterparts in terms of total net present cost (TNPC). A saving of 48% is achievable over the TNPC and Cost of Energy with zero emissions. The results obtained show the numerous benefits of replacing diesel generators with renewable energy sources such as PV-battery systems in farming applications.
The absence of electricity in rural areas is one of the major challenges faced by many developing countries like Algeria. This work has been devoted to the design of an off-grid renewable hybrid power system for a rural village in the region of Tindouf located in south Algeria. The main objective of this study is to determine the optimum size of the hybrid power system able to fulfill the requirements of 709 kWh/day primary load with 66 kW peak load for a remote area of 230 households. This study is based on simulation and optimization of a (PV-Diesel) and (PV-GPL) hybrid system with a technical-economic analysis. Simulation results showed that electrifying using a PV/GPL generator hybrid system is more advantageous when compared to the PV/diesel generator hybrid system as it has lower operating costs and emissions. The comparison is based on per unit cost of electrical energy production, operating cost of conventional fossil fuel-based energy sources and pollutants gases reduction.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cost implications analysis of grid supplied electricity and solar source of electricity in Nigeria
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 6, December 2020, pp. 3258~3265
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i6.13558 3258
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
Cost implications analysis of grid supplied electricity and solar
source of electricity in Nigeria
Tobiloba Somefun, Claudius Awosope, Ademola Abdulkareem, Joseph Ojo, Elizabeth Amuta,
Timilehin Sanni
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Covenant University, Nigeria
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 10, 2019
Revised Feb 8, 2020
Accepted Jul 9, 2020
Energy is a key component in the overall growth of every nation. Insufficient
energy delivery hinders political growth, restricts social growth, limits
economic growth, and negatively affects the standard of living of citizens, both
in urban and rural areas. Sufficient energy delivery increases food production,
improves the standards of living of citizens, improves healthcare and
enhancements in other human services, enhances industrial output, provides
effective and efficient transportation not forgetting adequate shelter to the
citizens of the nation. Currently, there is a significant level of deficiency in
Nigeria’s energy sector. This study seeks to address this issue by analysing
cost implications of conventional energy source and solar energy source. This
study brings to focus the payback period of a solar powered home and the
return on investment that might accrue during this time to the residential
homeowners. Furthermore, the best cost-effective load sharing option for
residential owners considering two energy sources is also obtained.
Keywords:
Cost implication
Energy
Power holding company of
nigeria
Solar system
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Tobiloba Somefun,
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering,
Covenant University,
Canaan land, KM 10, Idiroko, Road, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Email: tobi.shomefun@covenantuniversity.edu.ng
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is a key component in the overall growth of every nation [1]. However, most of the developing
nations are yet to combat the plague of inadequate supply of electricity. Nigeria with her population of about
200 million people making her the most populous nation in the Sub-Saharan region of Africa and positioned
seventh in the world population rankings is still suffering from epileptic supply of electricity [2-4]. Yet, she
has prospect of reaching over 300 million people by the year 2035 [2]. Currently, there is a significant level of
deficiency in Nigeria’s energy sector. This is because only 40% of the nation’s total population have access to
electricity[5]. This makes Nigeria the third largest country without access to electricity according to
International Energy Agency (IEA). Nigeria is behind in this regard when compared with other developing
countries of similar GDPs and load demands. Presently, she generates about 5,500 MW power of which only
about 3,500 megawatt (MW) is transmittable [2, 6]. The nation has the ability to generate about 11,000 MW
and more with its existing energy infrastructure but various factors ranging from weak transmission lines to
inefficient government policies make the country to transmit only 3,500 MW [2, 5, 7]. Nigeria has abundant
energy resources to tap from in order to meet her load demands. She is blessed with both renewable and
non-renewable energy sources. Table 1 gives the comprehensive list of all the energy sources available in
Nigeria which can be explored.
2. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Cost implications analysis of grid supplied electricity and solar source of ... (Tobiloba Somefun)
3259
Table 1. Energy sources in Nigeria [4, 5, 7-9]
S/N Renewable source Non-renewable source
1 Hydro Natural gas
2 Biomass Crude oil
3 Solar Coal
4 Wind Tar sands
5 Wave and Tidal
From the list of available energy sources for power generation in Nigeria, the crude oil contributes
significantly while the hydro power generation ranks second [2]. From Table 1, non-renewable energy sources
generate about 80% of the total power generated in Nigeria but contribute immensely to various environmental
hazards [5, 10]. This calls for the need of power generation from clean energy sources. The Nigerian population
has about 25% urban dwellers that are connected to the national grid. The challenges experienced by the urban
dwellers are epileptic power supply, power unreliability, and poor power infrastructure among others [11-16].
The rural dwellers which represent majority of the Nigerian population live in darkness since they are not
connected to the grid. From relevant literature works, it was gathered that energy generation level is directly
proportional to the development of any nation [17-20]. This gives way for renewable energy to compensate
and augment the conventional energy source (i.e. non-renewable energy) [21]. Solutions to energy deficiencies
will increase the earnings and the standard of living of residents in rural regions. This will reduce
the overwhelming number of rural urban migrants [21]. It is important to know that the demand for electricity
is on the increase in every sector [22-27] including residential buildings which dominate energy consumption
in Nigeria, thus putting stress on the national grid [4, 28]. If a portable clean energy can be generated from
renewable energy sources to power most of the loads in the residential buildings, this will go a long way to
relieve the national grid and also reduce the cost of electricity per day [29]. Hence, in this study, cost
implication of generating electricity from solar powered system to argument the conventional power generation
shall be considered and analysed in order to come up with a logical solution. The solution will aid proper
planning as stated in reference [7].
2. RESEARCH METHOD
This study considers energy usage from Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) and or solar
energy source for an average Nigerian to power his/her load. Figure 1 gives the relevant block diagram of
the interconnection of PHCN and solar sources. Two case studies (self-contained apartment and 3-bedroom
flat) are considered in this study for a typical average Nigerian with respect to three different energy sources
scenarios (PHCN, solar and hybrid of PHCN and solar). All necessary data required for the case study were
collected through physical load assessment over a period of six months and the average results are presented
in Tables 2 and 3. For each case, three scenarios were considered as shown below.
Solar Panel
Charge
Controller
Battery
PHCN
Supply
Prepaid
meter
Inverter
Electrical
loads
Figure 1. Block diagram
2.1. CASE 1: Self-contained apartment
2.1.1. Scenario 1
The first case study describes a self-contained apartment of an average Nigerian citizen. The electrical
loads used for this case study are similar to the ones used by a self-contained home user in Nigeria. The electrical
loads contained in the self-contained building are described in the Table 2. The total energy consumed in this
building in a day is 1701.42 Whr and the energy tariff for residential users (R2) in Nigeria is 25 Naira/kWh as
determined by National Energy Regulatory Council (NERC) for EKO distribution company users [28]. The unit
cost of electricity for this building is calculated using (1) as follows:
3. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 6, December 2020: 3258 - 3265
3260
The total cost of daily consumption = Total daily consumption (kWhr) × Tariff (1)
=
1701.42 x 25
1000
= 1.7 × 25 = 42.5 𝑁𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑎
Table 2. Load demand and energy usage of a typical consumer of electricity in a self-contained
S/N Electrical/
Electronic Devices
Qty Watt
(W)
Total watt
(W)
Operational hours Energy
use/week (Whr)
Energy
use/day (Whr)
weekdays weekends weekly
1 LED TV 1 35 35 15 16 31 1,085 155
2 Ceiling fan 1 65 65 20 8 28 1,820 260
3 DVD player 1 15 15 2 5 7 105 15
4 Go tv 1 25 25 13 11 24 600 85.71
5 Led bulb (type 1) 5 13 65 30 12 42 2,730 390
6 Laptop 1 65 65 15 6 21 1,950 278.57
7 Phone charger 2 10 20 15 6 21 420 60
8 Blender 1 300 300 1 1 2 600 85.71
9 Fridge 1 150 150 6 8 14 2,100 300
10 Washing machine 1 500 500 − 1 1 500 71.43
1,240 11,910 1,701.42
Table 3. Load demand and energy usage of a typical consumer of electricity in a 3-bedroom flat
S/N Electrical/
Electronic Devices
Qty Watt
(W)
Total watt
(W)
Operational
hours
Energy
use/week (Whr)
Energy use/day
(Whr)
Bedroom weekdays weekends weekly
1 Ceiling fan 3 65 195 25 10 35 6,825 975
2 Led bulb (type 1) 3 13 39 21 14 35 1,365 195
Sitting room
3 Led tv 1 35 35 40 16 56 1,960 280
4 Dvd player 1 15 15 5 6 11 165 23.57
5 Satellite dish 1 25 25 35 10 45 1,125 160.71
6 Led bulb (type 2) 4 10 40 10 4 14 560 80
7 Ceiling fan 2 65 130 25 10 35 4,550 650
8 Laptop 2 65 130 15 6 21 2,730 390
9 Phone charger 2 10 20 12.5 5 17.5 350 50
Kitchen
10 Blender 1 350 350 0 1 1 350 50
11 Led bulb (type 1) 1 13 13 10 4 14 182 26
12 Refrigerator 1 500 500 15 6 21 10,500 1,500
13 Freezer 1 250 250 15 6 21 5,250 750
Other areas
14 Led bulb (type 1) 6 13 78 10 4 14 1,092 156
15 Washing machine 1 500 500 0 1 1 500 71.43
4,070 37,504 5,357.71
2.1.2. Scenario 2
The electrical loads contained in the self-contained building are described in the Table 2. The total
energy consumed in the building in a day is 1701.42Whr, if solar source were to be used as a means of power
supply, the components of a typical solar panel such as charge controller, battery and inverter have to be
designed. The required components of the solar system are specified as follows:
Solar power system components
Specifications-
Battery loss factor = 0.9
Depth of Discharge = 50% or 0.5
Nominal battery voltage = 24 V
K = 1.3 (factor used to multiply the total energy consumption of loads to cover for losses from the solar
modules) [28]. Panel generator factor = 3.41 (varying factor used to divide the energy consumption need from
the solar modules which depends upon the climate of the site location and the global geographic location) [28].
Total energy consumption (kWh) =
1701.42
1000
= 1.70 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑟/𝑑𝑎𝑦
Total wattage of load (kW) =
1240
1000
= 1.24 𝑘𝑊
Actual energy consumption needs from the PV modules = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑥1.3
= 1.7𝑥1.3
= 2.21 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑟/𝑑𝑎𝑦
4. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Cost implications analysis of grid supplied electricity and solar source of ... (Tobiloba Somefun)
3261
Total wattage of PV panel capacity needed =
Energy consumption need from the PV modules
Panel Generator Factor (NIGERIA)
=
2.21
3.41
kW
= 0.6481 𝑘𝑊 ≈ 648 𝑊
Therefore,
Number of PV panels =
Total wattage of PV panel capacity needed
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡) 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑉 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
=
648
325
= 1.99 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 ≈ 2 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
- Inverter Sizing
Total wattage of load = 1.24 kW
Inverter should be between 25 and 30% bigger than the total watt of appliances to accommodate any
slight increment in loading. Therefore,
Inverter size = 1.24 + (1.24 𝑥
25
100
)
= 1.24 + 0.31
= 1.55 𝑘𝑊
- Determining the ampacity of the battery bank
Battery Bank Capacity =
Energy consumption need from the PV modules x Days of Autonomy
𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑂𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑥 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Battery Bank Capacity =
2.21 x 1
0.9 𝑥 0.5 𝑥 24
= 204.6 Ah
- Determining the capacity of the charge controller
The solar charge controller rating per string = ISC × 1.3
ISC = Total short-circuit current of the PV array
Maximum power Pm = 325 W
Maximum power voltage Vm = 37.6 V (DC)
Maximum power current Im = 8.66 A
Open-circuit voltage Voc = 46.7 V
Short-circuit current Isc = 9.10 A
Minimum rating of the single solar charge controller = 9.10 × 1.3
= 11.83 𝐴
Note that any rating that is not available in the component data book will be substituted with the next
available one of higher rating. Available ratings of the components needed for electric power generation using
solar system design bill of engineering measurements and evaluation (for case 1 scenario 2) are given in
Tables 4 and 5.
Table 4. Solar system components and rating (case 1 scenario 2)
S/N Specifications Rating
1 Total Energy Consumption (kWhr/day) 1.70
2 Total Wattage of Load (kW) 1.24
3 Energy Consumption from the Solar Panel Modules per day 2.21 kWhr
4 Total Wattage of Solar Panel Capacity Needed 648 W
5 Number of Solar Panel Modules 2
6 Inverter Size 2.0 kW
7 Battery Bank Capacity 250 Ah
8 Minimum Rating of the Single Solar Charge Controller 30 A
9 Nominal Voltage of the Battery 24 V
Table 5. Bill of engineering measurements and evaluation (case 1 scenario 2)
S/N Component Specification Quantity Estimated rate (N) Amount
1 Battery 250 Ah, 24 V 1 80,000 80,000
2 Solar PV panel 325 W, 24 V 2 35,000 70,000
3 Charge controller 30 A, 24 V 1 18,000 18,000
4 Inverter 2,000W 1 90,000 90,000
5 Cables and accessories 1 7,000 7,000
TOTAL 265,000
2.1.3. Scenario 3
Scenarioes 1 and 2 under case 1 considered electric power supply for self-contained and 3-bedroom
flat from PHCN and solar source respectively. Under this section, both sources of electric power supply are
5. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 6, December 2020: 3258 - 3265
3262
combined to meet the required load demand based on different load sharing proportions as shown in Table 6.
The load-sharing amount of the combined sources for case 1 scenario 3 is shown in Table 7.
Table 6. How the loads are shared between the grid
and solar source
Table 7. Load sharing of hybrid energy sources
(case 1 scenario 3)
S/N
Combination
Grid to supply Solar to supply
1 All the load No load
2 ¾ of all the load ¼ of all the load
3 ½ of all the load ½ of all the load
4 ¼ of all the load ¾ of all the load
5 No load All the load
S/N
Combination
Total (kWhr)
Grid (kWhr) Solar (kWhr)
1 1.701 − 1.701
2 1.276 0.425 1.701
3 0.8505 0.8505 1.701
4 0.425 1.276 1.701
5 − 1.701 1.701
2.2. Case 2: Three-bedroom flat
2.2.1. Scenario 1
The electrical loads computed and energy usage in the three-bedroom flat are already described in
Table 3. The total energy consumed in the building in a day is 5,357.71 Whr. However, according to
the National Energy Regulatory Council (NERC) for EKO distribution company as at 2019, the energy tariff
for residential users (referred to as R2) in Nigeria is 25 Naira/kWhr. Hence, the unit cost of electricity paid by
residential user of this building will be N133.95 daily according to (1).
2.2.2. Scenario 2
Following the same approach employed in case 1 scenario 2 i.e. when electric power supply is solely
from solar source. The available ratings of the components needed for electric power generation using solar
system design for case 2 scenario 2 is given in Table 8. The bill of engineering measurements and evaluation
(BEME) for case 2 scenario 2 is given in Table 9.
2.2.3. Scenario 3
Under this section, both electric power supply from PHCN and Solar system are combined to meet
the required load demand. The sharing ratio for this scenario employs the same one given under case 1 scenario
3 as shown in Table 6. The load sharing amount for this hybrid scenario is shown in Table 10.
Table 8. Solar system components and rating (case 2 scenario 2)
S/N Specifications Rating
1 Total energy consumption (kwhr/day) 5.358 kWhr
2 Total wattage of load (kw) 2.320 kW
3 Energy consumption from the solar panel modules per day 6.965 kWhr
4 Total wattage of solar panel capacity needed 2.043 kW
5 Number of solar panel modules 7
6 Inverter size 2.9 kW
7 Battery bank capacity 700 Ah
8 Minimum rating of the single solar charge controller 50 A
9 Nominal voltage of the battery 24 V
Table 9. Bill of engineering measurements and evaluation (case 2 scenario 2)
S/N Component Specification Quantity Estimated rate Amount
1 Battery 350 Ah, 24 V 2 150,000 300,000
2 Solar PV panel 325 W, 24 V 7 35,000 245,000
3 Charge controller 100A, 24 V 2 25,000 50,000
4 Inverter 1500W 2 100,000 200,000
5 Cables and accessories 4 7,000 28,000
823,000
Table 10. Load sharing of hybrid energy sources (case 2 scenario 3)
S/N
Combination
Total (kWhr)
Grid (kWhr) Solar (kWhr)
1 5.358 − 5.358
2 4.0185 1.3395 5.358
3 2.679 2.679 5.358
4 1.3395 4.0185 5.358
5 − 5.358 5.358
6. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Cost implications analysis of grid supplied electricity and solar source of ... (Tobiloba Somefun)
3263
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
From the design, it is obvious that it is quite expensive for an individual to generate electricity for
his/her consumption because it requires huge capital. However, since some of the major components required
to setup solar system can last for a period of 25 years or more, the cost of the solar system can therefore be
compared with the cost of energy usage from PHCN over a period of 25 years. Taking 5 years interval,
the analysis is carried out for case 1 scenario 1 as follows:
- For 5 years
There is one leap year in 5 years.
The number of days = (4𝑥365) + (1𝑥366)
= 1,460 + 366
= 1,826 days
The total cost of energy consumption for 1826 days is 1,826 𝑥 42.5 = 𝑁77,605
- For 10 years
There are 2 leap years in 10 years.
The number of days = (8𝑥365) + (2𝑥366)
= (2,920 + 732)
= 3,652 days
The total cost of energy consumption for 3652 days is 3,652𝑥42.5 = 𝑁 155,210
- For 15 years
There are 3 leap years in 15 years.
The number of days = (12𝑥365) + (3𝑥366)
= (4,380 + 1,098)
= 5,478 days
The total cost of energy consumption for 5,478 days is 5,478𝑥42.5 = 𝑁 232,815
- For 20 years
There are 5 leap years in 20 years.
The number of days = (15𝑥365) + (5𝑥366)
= (5,475 + 1,830)
= 7,305 days
The total cost of energy consumption for 7305 days is 7,305𝑥42.5 = 𝑁 310,462.5
- For 25 years
For 25 years, we have 6 leap years in 25 years.
The number of days = (19𝑥365) + (6𝑥366)
= 6,935 + 2,196
= 9,131 days
The total cost of energy consumption for 9,131 days is 9,131 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑥 42.5 = 𝑁 388,067.5
The same analysis is carried out for case 2 scenario 1 and the result is tabulated as shown in Table 11.
From Table 11, it is clear that return on investment (ROI) will not be possible before 15 years of investment in
both cases. This is not economical at all for an average citizen. This is why another approach (hybridisation of
both scenarios 1 and 2) is considered. The comparative load sharing process for the two energy sources is done
based on the cost of electricity from PHCN and solar system over a period of 10 years. This is because most
companies give 10 years warranty on most of their solar products. The battery is assumed to last for 10 years
or replaced under warranty if it gets spoilt under 10 years. Hybridisation of both scenarios 1 and 2 gives rise to
scenario 3 in case 1 and case 2. Hence, Tables 12 and 13 give a tabular representation for cost of energy over
a period of 10 years based on load sharings in Table 6 for cases 1 and 2 respectively. From Tables 12 and 13,
it can be deduced that 100% supply from PHCN without considering installation of solar system is the most
cost-effective approach at the moment followed by 75 to 25% in that order of proportion. However, it is
important to note that in a developing country like Nigeria where PHCN supply of electricity is epileptic, 75%
to 25% hybrid combination can be adopted to cater for indispensable loads that must always be powered or
any other hybrid combination based on financial strength of the individual.
Table 11. Cost of electricity over a period of 25 years
Year Case 1 scenario 1 (₦) Case 1 Scenario 2 (₦) Case 2 scenario 1 (₦) Case 2 Scenario 2 (₦)
5 77,605 265,000 244,592.7 823,000
10 155,210 265,000 489,185.4 823,000
15 232,815 265,000 733,778.1 823,000
20 310,462.5 265,000 978,504.75 823,000
25 388,067.5 265,000 1,223,097.45 823,000
7. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 6, December 2020: 3258 - 3265
3264
Table 12. Cost of power consumption from the energy sources (case 1 scenario 3)
S/N
Hybrid
Total cost (₦)
PHCN (₦) Solar (₦)
1 155,210 No load 155,210
2 116,407.5 66,250 182,657.5
3 77,605 132,500 210,105
4 38,802.5 198,750 237,552.5
5 No load 265,000 265,000
Table 13. Cost of power consumption from the energy sources (case 2 scenario 3)
S/N
Hybrid
Total cost (₦)
PHCN (₦) Solar (₦)
1 489,185.4 No load 489,185.4
2 366,889.05 205,750 572,639.05
3 244,592.7 411,500 656,092.7
4 122,296.35 617,250 739,546.35
5 No load 823,000 823,000
4. CONCLUSION
In this study, two case studies were looked into: the self-contained apartment and three-bedroom flat.
These two case studies were further explored individually with three different scenarios namely; electricity
supply from only PHCN, electricity supply from only solar system and electricity supply from the combination
of PHCN and solar system. Based on the results of data analysis, the following conclusions were drawn:
The supply of electricity from PHCN is still the most cost-effective means of energy usage. This is due to
the high cost of setting up solar system, The best cost-effective way for having access to constant supply of
electricity in a country like Nigeria at the moment is to adopt the load sharing combination PHCN and the solar
system based on individual financial strength, and With the load sharing approach, the payback period for solar
system is within 10 years range
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express special thanks and gratitude to Covenant University for her
finanicial support.
REFERENCES
[1] Y. Mohammed, M. Mustafa, N. Bashir, and A. Mokhtar, "Renewable energy resources for distributed power generation in
Nigeria: a review of the potential," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 22, pp. 257-268, 2013.
[2] F. O. Igbinovia, "An Overview of renewable energy potentials in nigeria: prospects challenges and the way forward,"
Energetika Journal, pp. 570-579, November 2014.
[3] W. Arowolo, "Designing reverse auctions for solar power as a potential energy access solution for the Nigeria power
sector," The Electricity Journal, vol. 32, no. 8, October 2019.
[4] C. Osueke and C. Ezugwu, "Study of Nigeria energy resources and its consumption," International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 121-130, December 2011.
[5] A. S. Aliyu, A. T. Ramli, and M. A. Saleh, "Nigeria electricity crisis: Power generation capacity expansion and
environmental ramifications," Energy, vol. 61, pp. 354-367, November 2013.
[6] W. Mufutau, R. Jokojeje, O. Idowu, and M. Sodunke, "Technical power losses determination: abeokuta, Ogun State,
Nigeria distribution network as a case study," IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE),
vol. 10, pp. 1-10, December 2015.
[7] E. Elusakin Julius, A. O. Olufemi, and D. J. Chuks, "Challenges of sustaining off-grid power generation in Nigeria
rural communities," The Journal of Engineering Research, vol. 2, pp. 51-57, 2014.
[8] A. Iwayemi, "Nigeria’s dual energy problems: policy issues and challenges," International Association for Energy
Economics, vol. 53, pp. 17-21, 2008.
[9] M. O. Oseni, "Households’ access to electricity and energy consumption pattern in Nigeria," Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 990-995, January 2012.
[10] O. Famuyide, S. Anamayi, and J. Usman, "Energy resources' pricing policy and its implications on forestry
and environmental policy implementation in Nigeria," Continental J Sustainable Development, vol. 2, pp. 1-7,
January 2011.
[11] A. Agbetuyi, A. A. Adewale, J. O. Ogunluyi, and D. S. Ogunleye, "Design and construction of an automatic transfer
switch for a single phase power generator," International Journal of Engineering Science, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1-7,
January 2011.
8. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Cost implications analysis of grid supplied electricity and solar source of ... (Tobiloba Somefun)
3265
[12] A. Olukoju, " ‘Never Expect Power Always’: Electricity consumers' response to monopoly, corruption and inefficient
services in Nigeria," African Affairs, vol. 103, no. 410, pp. 51-71, 2004.
[13] C. O. Awosope, "Nigeria electricity industry: issues, challenges and solutions," Covenant University 38th Public
Lecture, 2015.
[14] M. O. Oseni, "Improving households’ access to electricity and energy consumption pattern in Nigeria: Renewable
energy alternative," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, no.6, pp. 3967-3974, August 2012.
[15] M. O. Oseni, "An analysis of the power sector performance in Nigeria," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 4765–4774., December 2011.
[16] I. A. Samuel, J. Katende, C. O. A. Awosope, and A. A. Awelewa, "Prediction of voltage collapse in electrical power
system networks using a new voltage stability index," International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,
vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 190-199, January 2017.
[17] J. Byrne, K. Hughes, W. Rickerson, and L. Kurdgelashvili, "American policy conflict in the greenhouse: Divergent
trends in federal, regional, state, and local green energy and climate change policy," Energy Policy, vol. 35, no. 9,
pp. 4555-4573, 2007.
[18] J. M. Pearce, "Expanding photovoltaic penetration with residential distributed generation from hybrid solar
photovoltaic and combined heat and power systems," Energy, vol. 34, no.11, pp. 1947-1954, November 2009.
[19] L. Olatomiwa, S. Mekhilef, A. Huda, and O. S. Ohunakin, "Economic evaluation of hybrid energy systems for rural
electrification in six geo-political zones of Nigeria," Renewable Energy, vol. 83, pp. 435-446, November 2015.
[20] G. Sorda, M. Banse, and C. Kemfert, "An overview of biofuel policies across the world," Energy policy, vol. 38,
no.11, pp. 6977-6988, November 2010.
[21] K. O. Lawal, "Hydro-based, renewable hybrid energy sytem for rural/remote electrification in Nigeria," in 2015
Clemson University Power Systems Conference (PSC), pp. 1-6, March 2015.
[22] M. Santamouris, C. Cartalis, A. Synnefa, and D. Kolokotsa, "On the impact of urban heat island and global warming
on the power demand and electricity consumption of buildings—A review," Energy and Buildings, vol. 98, no. 1,
pp. 119-124, July 2015.
[23] T. Shomefun, A. Ademola, C. Awosope, and A. I. Adekitan, "Critical Review of Different Methods for
Siting and Sizing Distributed-generators," Telecommunication, computing, electronics and control , vol. 16, no. 5,
pp. 2395-2405, September 2018.
[24] P. A. Steenhof, "Decomposition of electricity demand in China's industrial sector," Energy Economics, vol. 28,
no. 3, pp. 370-384, May 2006.
[25] Z. Atakhanova and P. Howie, "Electricity demand in Kazakhstan," Energy Policy, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 3729-3743,
July 2007.
[26] P. Holtedahl and F. L. Joutz, "Residential electricity demand in Taiwan," Energy economics, vol. 26, no. 2,
pp. 201-224, March 2004.
[27] F. I. Ibitoye and A. Adenikinju, "Future demand for electricity in Nigeria," Applied Energy, vol. 84, no. 5,
pp. 492-504, May 2007.
[28] A. A. Adewale, et al., "Energy audit and optimal power supply for a commercial building in Nigeria," Cogent
Engineering, vol. 5, November 2018.
[29] P. T. Dinardi, et al., "Analysing of energy efficiency in a school buildings: Case study," 2018 Simposio Brasileiro de
Sistemas Eletricos (SBSE), May 2018.