This document discusses power outages in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria. It finds that inadequate power generating capacity, shortage of gas supply, weak and dilapidated electrical transmission and distribution networks, inadequate power infrastructure, vandalism, and lack of maintenance are the primary causes of frequent power outages in the city. Port Harcourt currently receives only 200MW of electricity despite needing over 800MW. This forces many businesses and residents to rely on expensive private generators. The document recommends immediate upgrades to existing infrastructure, reviews of domestic gas supply policies, and stronger laws against vandalism to help stabilize the electricity supply in Port Harcourt.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Sustainable Infrastructural Development in Africa: The Build Operate and Tran...AJHSSR Journal
The build, operate and transfer (BOT) investment model can be advantageously adopted in Nigeria in
ensuring the rehabilitation of the decaying and obsolete electricity infrastructure in the country as low electricity
generation and consumption has serious negative implications on both the households and economic activities in
the economy. Thus, the objective of the paper is to interrogate the existing electricity infrastructure in Nigeria
and advocate for a form of private investment model. Using qualitative method and documentary evidence
predicted on the public-private partnership model, the study found that electricity infrastructure in Nigeria is
obsolete and inadequate. Power generation in Nigeria compared to other leading economies in Africa is
abysmally low due to lack of adequate investment in the sector. The BOT investment model has been used
successfully to build and maintain cost-intensive infrastructures like the power plants, highways, railways,
airports, etc in both developed and developing countries of the world; as seen in China, India, Pakistan,
Philippine, South Africa, Ghana, etc. Thus, the paper submits that the BOT alternative should be adopted to
address the power sector menace in the country.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Sustainable Infrastructural Development in Africa: The Build Operate and Tran...AJHSSR Journal
The build, operate and transfer (BOT) investment model can be advantageously adopted in Nigeria in
ensuring the rehabilitation of the decaying and obsolete electricity infrastructure in the country as low electricity
generation and consumption has serious negative implications on both the households and economic activities in
the economy. Thus, the objective of the paper is to interrogate the existing electricity infrastructure in Nigeria
and advocate for a form of private investment model. Using qualitative method and documentary evidence
predicted on the public-private partnership model, the study found that electricity infrastructure in Nigeria is
obsolete and inadequate. Power generation in Nigeria compared to other leading economies in Africa is
abysmally low due to lack of adequate investment in the sector. The BOT investment model has been used
successfully to build and maintain cost-intensive infrastructures like the power plants, highways, railways,
airports, etc in both developed and developing countries of the world; as seen in China, India, Pakistan,
Philippine, South Africa, Ghana, etc. Thus, the paper submits that the BOT alternative should be adopted to
address the power sector menace in the country.
Assessment of Energy Losses and Cost Implications in the Nigerian Distributio...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
Energy shortages is the major challenge facing the industrial sector in Nigeria. This paper assessed the energy shortages due to technical losses in the Nigerian distribution network and the cost implications. The study was carried out based on network data collected over the period 2011-2015 from three electricity distribution companies (DisCos) drawn from the three major industrial cities of Nigeria. These data were simulated on the Electrical Transient Analysis program (ETAP) Version 12.6. The calculated energy losses for these cities for the said period are 108,959.87 MWH, 149,256 MWH and 72,743.08 MWH respectively. The corresponding revenue losses are N2,434,164,012, N3,538,754,758.8 and N1,699,751,530.1 respectively. The paper suggested remedial measures to reduce energy losses, mitigate losses arising from unannounced electricity cuts as well as achieve a more efficient and reliable electricity distribution network. The outcome of this research provides a data bank for policy makers and future researchers in the areas of electricity generation, transmission and distribution.
The Nigeria Alternative Energy Expo is Nigeria’s leading Energy Expo. NAEE features line-up of local and international speakers, delegates and exhibitors, who will gather to debate a new energy future for Africa's most populous nation
An Examination of the Impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Serv...IJAAS Team
The main objective of this study is to empirically examine the impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Services Sector in Nigeria between 1999-2016. The study employed secondary annual time series data sourced from World Bank database (2016). The methodology adopted for the study was Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF); a test for long-run relationship using ARDL Bounds Testing approach with analysis of long-run and shortrun dynamics in the model. A striking revelation from the study is the inverse relationship that exists between manufacturing output and electricity consumption in Nigeria within the period referenced. This negative relationship is not unconnected with widespread allegation of misappropriation of budgeted funds for the Power Sector by successive administrations in Nigeria since 1999. It must be stated in clear terms that constant and consistent electricity generation, transmission and distribution is sine-qua-none for the growth of the national economy. Virtually all sectors of the economy depend on the supply of electricity to do business and so the lack of this vital ingredient of growth contributes in no small measure in stagnating economic growth and development. Efforts at reforming the power sector can only be fruitful when ALL stakeholders in the power sector including the political class put away their personal agendas and take the bull by the horn towards rescuing the nation from the looming danger of stagnant economic growth. Furthermore, there is the need for the Nigerian government to come up with new, better and alternative ways of improving energy generation and supply, as well as proper maintenance of electricity infrastructure in the country.
TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA, A...IAEME Publication
This research focus on a recent review of the techno economic study of coal fired power plant in south east Nigeria, its application, effects and suggestion in processing the coal and safeguard the atmosphere. Electricity crisis in Nigeria and power reform in the sector is analyzed to determine another source of electricity generation in the country. To recognize the fact that coal is one of the mostly available sources of energy than oil and natural gas. Furthermore, Coal production in different countries and environmental impacts enables us to forge ahead in generating electricity through coal processing. Finally, economic evaluation of the plant will boost coal fired power plant in south east Nigeria.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This is a presentation I have given for a group of students, which are joining for a study trip to Copenhagen and Malmo. The study trip is focussing on innovative ideas and cases with show cases in the two cities around the three core topics of this excursion: 1. Urban Metabolism 2. Urban Food 3. Urban Climate. My presentation was a contribution to the topic "Urban Metabolism" and includes some of the ideas of our research group.
The trip has been organized by RUW, a Wageningen foundation. RUW organizes activities about "green issues" These activities facilitate the exchange of knowledge and views between students, scientists, policymakers, industry and other relevant actors. By its activities, RUW contributes to a dynamic platform for everybody who wants to discuss, share and gain knowledge about green issues such as group discussions, lectures, debates and excursions.
Assessment of Energy Losses and Cost Implications in the Nigerian Distributio...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
Energy shortages is the major challenge facing the industrial sector in Nigeria. This paper assessed the energy shortages due to technical losses in the Nigerian distribution network and the cost implications. The study was carried out based on network data collected over the period 2011-2015 from three electricity distribution companies (DisCos) drawn from the three major industrial cities of Nigeria. These data were simulated on the Electrical Transient Analysis program (ETAP) Version 12.6. The calculated energy losses for these cities for the said period are 108,959.87 MWH, 149,256 MWH and 72,743.08 MWH respectively. The corresponding revenue losses are N2,434,164,012, N3,538,754,758.8 and N1,699,751,530.1 respectively. The paper suggested remedial measures to reduce energy losses, mitigate losses arising from unannounced electricity cuts as well as achieve a more efficient and reliable electricity distribution network. The outcome of this research provides a data bank for policy makers and future researchers in the areas of electricity generation, transmission and distribution.
The Nigeria Alternative Energy Expo is Nigeria’s leading Energy Expo. NAEE features line-up of local and international speakers, delegates and exhibitors, who will gather to debate a new energy future for Africa's most populous nation
An Examination of the Impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Serv...IJAAS Team
The main objective of this study is to empirically examine the impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Services Sector in Nigeria between 1999-2016. The study employed secondary annual time series data sourced from World Bank database (2016). The methodology adopted for the study was Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF); a test for long-run relationship using ARDL Bounds Testing approach with analysis of long-run and shortrun dynamics in the model. A striking revelation from the study is the inverse relationship that exists between manufacturing output and electricity consumption in Nigeria within the period referenced. This negative relationship is not unconnected with widespread allegation of misappropriation of budgeted funds for the Power Sector by successive administrations in Nigeria since 1999. It must be stated in clear terms that constant and consistent electricity generation, transmission and distribution is sine-qua-none for the growth of the national economy. Virtually all sectors of the economy depend on the supply of electricity to do business and so the lack of this vital ingredient of growth contributes in no small measure in stagnating economic growth and development. Efforts at reforming the power sector can only be fruitful when ALL stakeholders in the power sector including the political class put away their personal agendas and take the bull by the horn towards rescuing the nation from the looming danger of stagnant economic growth. Furthermore, there is the need for the Nigerian government to come up with new, better and alternative ways of improving energy generation and supply, as well as proper maintenance of electricity infrastructure in the country.
TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA, A...IAEME Publication
This research focus on a recent review of the techno economic study of coal fired power plant in south east Nigeria, its application, effects and suggestion in processing the coal and safeguard the atmosphere. Electricity crisis in Nigeria and power reform in the sector is analyzed to determine another source of electricity generation in the country. To recognize the fact that coal is one of the mostly available sources of energy than oil and natural gas. Furthermore, Coal production in different countries and environmental impacts enables us to forge ahead in generating electricity through coal processing. Finally, economic evaluation of the plant will boost coal fired power plant in south east Nigeria.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This is a presentation I have given for a group of students, which are joining for a study trip to Copenhagen and Malmo. The study trip is focussing on innovative ideas and cases with show cases in the two cities around the three core topics of this excursion: 1. Urban Metabolism 2. Urban Food 3. Urban Climate. My presentation was a contribution to the topic "Urban Metabolism" and includes some of the ideas of our research group.
The trip has been organized by RUW, a Wageningen foundation. RUW organizes activities about "green issues" These activities facilitate the exchange of knowledge and views between students, scientists, policymakers, industry and other relevant actors. By its activities, RUW contributes to a dynamic platform for everybody who wants to discuss, share and gain knowledge about green issues such as group discussions, lectures, debates and excursions.
Motor Burnout and Under voltage protection Soumik Bakshi
This Under-voltage protection circuit is a reliable and low cost circuit for providing protection for under-voltage condition of power supply. As the project name suggest, its primary objective is protection of motors. Although this circuit is completely operational to protect other kinds of equipment from under-voltage condition. The other part, motor burnout protection requires several types of protection, like protection from overloads, single phasing etc. As we are only concerned with protection of single phase motors, we are providing overcurrent protection so that the motor would not burnout due to excessive heat. If either voltage drops below a certain limit or the current exceeds a certain limit or both of these conditions occurs together, the circuit trips and disconnects the motor from supply.
Wireless Sensor Design for Hospital Managements and Applications; By AMINU Lo...The Titivators Hub
A research work conducted on the improvement otf the use of Wireless Sensors in Hospital Management and Applications.
It suggests a new design model, for the management of health information system and improves on some existing models.
project report on REMOTE SENSING THERMOMETERdreamervikas
Ever since the invention of thermometer, various techniques have been developed and used to measure temperature of solid, liquid and gaseous matters. But none of these techniques could measure the temperature from a remote place, which sometimes becomes a necessity particularly when the object under testis in a dangerous or inaccessible area. Presented here is a remote sensing thermometer to measure the temperature from a remote place.
The temperature of the object under test is sensed by a temperature sensor convert the sensed voltage into equivalent frequency by using a voltage-to frequency (V-F) converter and send the same to the remote end through a transmitter. At the remote end, a frequency-to-voltage (F-V) converter is used to retrieve the original signal from the received frequency-encoded signal for display or control process.
It can measure from -55°C to 150°C. In a properly calibrated system, meter reading should increase or decrease@ 10mV/°C. Therefore a 0.250V reading on the mV meter indicates 25°C temperature.
This is a very quick look at some great use of GIS for local Cities and Towns. What is the problem, the solution and the ROI and are all covered for a number of different projects.
Nigeria recently deregulated its power sector to pave way for private sector investors. The government owned corporation, Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) that was responsible for all electricity supply was unbundled, partly privatised and there are many ongoing reforms to reposition the power sector. However, the authorities must get the policies right and seek the support of international partners to attract private investments into the sector. Opportunities in the energy sector are highlighted for private sector participants to consider and take decisions. The citizens (consumers) must support government by agreeing with the new policies for a successful transformation. All hands must be on deck for success to be achieved.
Analysis of grid connected independent power plant capabilities on electricit...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
At the core of any meaningful economic activity is electric power. Absence or inadequacy of it in a nation
stalls development in that nation. In Nigeria, there is a wide gap between forecast power and actual
power generation needed for productive endeavours. For instance in July 2017, the generation peak load
forecast was 14190MW while the actual generation peak load was 4567MW. In July 2018 it was again
14190MW (forecast) but 5110MW (actual). This paper uses descriptive statistics to analyse Independent
Power Plant (IPP) capabilities spread across ten years (2009-2018). The results show that there is need
to encourage more private investors to build additional IPPs in order to increase adequate power
generation in Nigeria – especially in post-COVID-19 socio-economic crisis. Consequently, it is expected
that the wide gap between generation peak load peak load forecast and actual peak load would be
narrowed.
Nepal Development conference 4
Trade and Investment
Embassy of Nepal
&
Britain Nepal Chamber of Commerce (BNCC) on 13th November 2018
At Nepal Embassy London, W8 4QU
A Markov model of generator performance at the Kainji hydro-power station in...IJECEIAES
The Kainji hydropower station is a seven turbo-alternator station that for many years served as the base load supply for the Nigerian power grid. Over 200,000 pieces of data about the performance of the machines were used to estimate values of the failure and repair rates for each machine and a Markov steady-state model of the plant was constructed to determine the probability output of the turbines. This result showed that Kaplan turbine (KT) 12 is prone to failure compared to any other KT unit in the hydropower plant. Also, the clusters of probability that define the system state due to the different output capacities of the units show that the hydropower plant has not performed to its maximum capacity, further evaluation shows that 60% of the KT machine units are operating which is consistent with the observed robustness of the output. The model not only conforms to observations but reasonably provide a means of studying the effects of different actions that may be taken to improve the performance of hydropower plant.
Performance investigation of electricial power supply to owerri for higher pr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This research was carried out to investigate the performance of electrical power supply to Owerri, Imo State Capital. The Enugu Electrical Distribution Company (EEDC), Owerri was the case study and sample of 10 respondents representing each unit were used. Structured questionnaire and observations techniques were administered during this research. The data presentation tools were tables and charts. It was found out that the major hindrances to Customer satisfaction in Power supply were: inadequate megawatts of power availability, obsolete network and equipment that require upgrade, overload networks, poor funding, lack of routine maintenance culture, inadequately trained manpower, logistics (vehicle, personal and material problems), psychological and physiological problems. Although the privatization policy is believed to be a progressive step to these challenges. based on the aforementioned, it was therefore recommended that management’s proactiveness to manage faults and equipment upgrade, government and private sectors should actively involve positive and effective management, as well as smart metering to ensure consumers meet up with charges, Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) play major to ensure substandard materials and products are not delivered, form rural cooperative society to create awareness on how to use light and serve as interface between the company and community.
Keywords: Performance, Electric Power, Investigation, Supply, Productivity.
Iraq\'s power crisis, and the need to re-engage the private sector (smartly) to address the problem. Oped piece published in Middle East Economic Survey February 2012.
Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 0.5 KW SOLAR TREE FOR POWERING FARM SETTLEMENTSIAEME Publication
Nigeria is a country faced with great challenges in the power sector. This is as a
result of inadequate administrative and technical efforts in handling issues in this
sector. Aforetime, the country has solely depended on grid electricity generation
which has proven to be unstable for several decades. These and others, has made it
imperative to introduce the use of renewable energy in addressing some of the
electricity challenges facing the country. The sources of renewable energy which
could serve as an alternative source of power include wind, solar, and biogas. These
can also be combined together as an entity to form a hybrid renewable energy source.
In this paper, a solar tree was designed and constructed to provide an alternative
supply of electricity to farm settlements in Nigeria. This is achieved by generating
electricity from a single or multiple number of solar panels connected with a charge
controller, a battery bank for storage and an inverter circuit to supply electrical
power. Depending on the electrical load demand and the applications coverage area,
the solar tree rating and specification can be a single-phase or three-phase AC output
Similar to Power Outages in Port Harcourt City: Problems and Solutions (20)
Analysis of Transformer Loadings and Failure Rate in Onitsha Electricity Dist...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
This study investigated transformer loadings and failure rate in the Onitsha Electricity Distribution Network by using the Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP) software 12.6 and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software 16.0. Data collected over the period 2011-2015 on the distribution network were simulated on ETAP software using the Newton-Raphson (N-R) technique to determine the transformer loadings while responses to 350 copies of questionnaire distributed among the technical staff were statistically analysed on the SPSS software to ascertain the failure rate among transformers in the network. The findings of the study show that during the 5 years period covered by the study, the sampled substations recorded transformer average failure rate of 11.7 %. It was further revealed that besides insulation issues which accounted for 24.2% of all the failures, overload (22.5%) was the next major cause of transformer breakdowns in the distribution network. The study recommends installation of more transformer units, use of high quality transformers, balanced loading of the transformers and proactive inspection and maintenance program of transformers units within the network. The outcome of this work would help electricity utilities provide more reliable and cost effective services to customers.
Evaluation of losses in distribution networks of selected industrial cities i...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
Distribution losses contribute to energy shortages and therefore power outages in Nigeria’s industries. This work evaluated the technical losses in the distribution networks of selected industrial cities in Nigeria. Power flow simulation of network data collected over the period 2011-2015 from three distribution companies (DisCos) domiciled in these cities was done by Newton-Raphson (N-R)
technique using the Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software version 12.6.
Results of the power flow simulation showed that between 2011 and 2015 covered by the study, the cities of Lagos, Kano and Port Harcourt recorded a total power loss of 15.8 MW, 36.2 MW and 6.04 MW respectively. The findings also revealed that overloaded power transformers is part of the reasons for high losses in the distribution networks of some of the cities. The outcome of the study provides a guide for system planners and utility companies in providing for prioritization and system
upgrade to ensure improved efficiency of their distribution networks.
Assessment of Impact of Outages in Selected Electricity Intensive Industries ...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
The typical Nigerian firm incurs huge costs arising from frequent cuts in electricity supply. This paper investigated the impact of power outages in Nigeria’s industries for the year 2014 through the simulation of statistical data collected from two hundred and fifty (250) electricity intensive industries drawn from the nation’s three major industrial cities using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0. This study found that in 2014 alone, Nigeria’s industries spent a whooping N2,558,562,894,261.7 equivalent to 2.26 % of the nation’s GDP for that year or 56.9% of the budget for 2015 as a result of power outages. The results further showed that Nigeria’s industries suffer low capacity utilization, significant reduction in productivity, low marginal profit and lack of competitiveness in the international market due to perennial shortages in energy supply resulting from high distribution losses. The paper suggested remedial measures to mitigate losses arising from unannounced electricity cuts as well as achieve more efficient power supply to the nation’s industrial sector. The findings of this research provide a data bank for industry operators, future researchers in the areas of electricity distribution and power sector stakeholders.
The Effects of Technical and Non-Technical Losses on Power Outages in NigeriaDr. Hachimenum Amadi
Adequate and reliable electricity supply is widely accepted as a sine qua non for the rapid socio-economic development of any nation. Researchers, over the years, have attributed electricity supply failures mostly to dilapidated electrical equipment, poor maintenance culture etc. Only a few considered the contributions of transmission and distribution losses to frequent power outages. This paper fills the gap by focusing on the effects of technical and non-technical losses on power outages in Nigeria. This study emphasizes the need for more radical measures than are currently being applied to reduce system losses and make the nation’s electric power system holistically more efficient.
The direct assessment and captive costs methods for estimating the economic c...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
ABSTRACT: Due to frequent power outages, the typical Nigerian firm incurs huge costs arising from damaged equipment, lost output, spoiled materials, idle workers and restart costs. This paper developed mathematical models for the computation of the economic costs due to power outages in selected electricity intensive industries from the major industrial areas of Nigeria. This became necessary to optimize investment and operating decisions for adequate power outage mitigation measures.
Effective Earthing System in the Corrosive Soil of Niger DeltaDr. Hachimenum Amadi
Abstract - In order to perform its basic function of safeguarding life and property, every power system needs an earthing profile that is effective and efficient. Recent studies carried out in the Niger Delta show that its soil is corrosive and frequently attacks the earthing system thereby rendering same ineffective thus posing a great danger to human life and property. This paper reviewed several scholarly literature related to the study for possible causes of earthing system failures and found that corrosive soils, poor workmanship, wrong choice of earthing materials, lack of maintenance etc. were dominant factors hindering effective and sustainable earthing system in the Niger Delta. The paper, therefore, recommends the regular use of experienced workmen, choice of quality earthing materials, periodic testing, inspection and maintenance as strategies to improve the earthing condition in the area.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Power Outages in Port Harcourt City: Problems and Solutions
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 2 Ver. III (Mar – Apr. 2015), PP 59-66
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10235966 www.iosrjournals.org 59 | Page
Power Outages inPort Harcourt City: Problems and Solutions
Hachimenum Nyebuchi Amadi
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering,
Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
Abstract:Frequent power outages arising from poor state of electricity infrastructure is hindering Nigeria’s
socio-economic growth. Port Harcourt is one of the foremost cities in Nigeria where business and social
activities are becoming rapidly more dependent on electricity. Any power outage, even of the shortest duration,
in Port Harcourt City has severe socio-economic impacts and there is no likelihood that the phenomenon would
abate even in the nearest future. This research investigated the causes of incessant power outages in Port
Harcourt City and suggested remedial measures to reverse the trend. The researcher relied on datacollected
from primary sources through personal observations, interviews and discussions with residents of the City and
from secondary sources such as the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the Manufacturers Association of
Nigeria (MAN) and current scholarly literature relating to this research, over a period of twelve months. The
study used a descriptive and the non-parametric simple percentages technique in analysing the data so collected
and in drawing conclusions. It was found that inadequate power generating capacity, shortage of gas, weak and
dilapidated electrical transmission and distribution network, inadequate power infrastructure facilities, etc. are
the chief causes of incessant power outages in the Port Harcourt metropolis. The paper recommends, among
others, immediate upgrade of existing power infrastructure facilities, review of government policy on domestic
gas supply and stiff statutory legislation on vandalism as measures to stabilise electricity supply in the Port
Harcourt city.
Keywords:Power outages, economy, economic growth, Nigeria, investment
I. Introduction
Power outage is a recurrent phenomenon in most sub-Saharan African countries and describes a state of
complete absence of electricity at the consumer‟s end [1]. Despite the billions of dollars invested in the
Nigeria‟s power sector, electricity supply situation in the country keeps worsening, day by day[2] to the extent
that about 95% of Nigerians cannot boast of 16 hoursof electricity availability daily [3] while many urban cities
and towns across the country hardly enjoy three to four hours of uninterrupted power supply each day due to the
ever-widening gap between demand and supply, especially in the urban areas. Port Harcourt seems to be the
worst hit. This is despite the fact that it is the largest city in the South-South of Nigeria and economically the
fastest growing city in the country. Statistics shows that morethan 70% of all foreign investments in the Niger
Delta region is concentrated within Port Harcourt which is why it is rightly nick-named, „The Treasures Base‟ of
the nation, being the centre of the Oil and Gas industry - the mainstay of Nigeria‟s economy.
Statement of the Problem
Port Harcourt, unlike many other parts of Nigeria suffers from acute shortage of electricity supply due
to insufficient megawatts the Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution (PHED) Company receives from the national
grid daily. Most times, only a small fraction of the actual energy needed for the city is available causing
thecompanyto resort to unplanned load-shedding to ensure the limited supply goes round. At other times, power
outages occur due to loss of distribution transformers and 132kv transmission lines to vandals[4] who at other
times, freelycartaway copper cables even when already buried in the ground.
The unreliable state of public electricity supply in Port Harcourt has forced many large business
ventures and prominent residents to acquire and depend largely on private electricity generating plants in order
to remain in business and live comfortable life. Thishas greatly increased business running costs,the costs of
production of goods and services and the consumers paying more to access basic goods and services.The poor
residents and the small-scale businesses who can hardly afford own electricity supply are the most adversely
affected. For this category of individuals and business operators, owning and maintaining private electricity
generating plants coupled with the associatedcosts is a herculean task [5]. Most of these have either moved away
from the city or closed down their businesses – a trend which if not reversed in good time might cost Port
Harcourt Cityits status as one of the socio-economic nerve-centres in Nigeria.
The Study Area
Port Harcourt is the capital city of Rivers State of Nigeria. It is situated on the coast of the Atlantic
Ocean‟s Gulf of Guinea and approximately 20km inland on the Bonny River (See Fig.1). From a small
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population of 235,098 in 1963, its current population stands at 1.5 million [5]. Port Harcourt is one of Nigeria‟s
major Port cities and boasts of two commercial harbours and several private harbours. The city, situated in the
south-south political region of Nigeria is the fourth largest city in the country after Lagos, Kano and Ibadan and
is home to many industries being the largest oil and gas producing area in Nigeria as well as the country‟s
second largest economy, next only to Lagos state.
Port Harcourt is an international hub for business activities and holds great potentials not only for
growth and expansion but possesses a resource base not common in the entire West African region. It is in this
light that efforts must be geared up to salvage it from insufficient and decaying infrastructure especially the
present state of epileptic electricity supply. The Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company, one of the 11
distribution companies (DISCOs) that recently took over the assets of the defunct Power Holding Company of
Nigeria (PHCN) is located in Port Harcourt.
Many households and most of the large industries in Port Harcourt generate their own electricity
confirming the World Bank‟s estimates that only 41% of Nigeria is electrified [6]. Although the area has a
transmission network at 132kV, actual distribution of electricity is through 33kV networks and 33/11kV
injection substations, 11kV distribution networks and low voltage networks that supply electricity to the end
users.
There are acute power generation, transmission and distribution shortfalls in Port Harcourt. The city
currently receives a paltry 200MW out of an estimated actual electricity demand of 803MW [6] and due to this
gross shortfall in energy supply, the city experiences frequent power outages forcing many industries and
businesses to acquire and operate their own generators to meet their daily demands for uninterrupted electricity
supply.
The Port Harcourt International Airport,for instance, relies 100 per cent on generators for the running
of the airport and uses about 132,000 litres of diesel monthly to power its private generating plants [7].
Fig. 1: Map of Port Harcourt
At another firm, the Port Harcourt Refinery Company (PHRC), frequent power outageshas damaged
many processing plants and reduced production at the firm to near zero level. According to [8], the
companyoperated for only 82 days in the entire 2013 due to pipeline vandalism, another social menace
commonplace in the modern-day Nigeria.
A recent statistics on the use of generating sets in the country showed that about 60 million Nigerians
spend N1.6 trillion on generators annually [9]. This is besides more than 93% of Nigerian firms that depend on
their own private generators for electricity supply [10]. In fact, the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria
(MAN) and the National Association of Small Scale Industries (NASSI) say their members spend an average of
about N2billion (about $12 million) weekly to generate their own electricity [9,11].
Experts have projected that the electricity demand by Port Harcourt city alone by 2020 may be as high
as 1.93GW, an indication of a possible, very severe and escalating energy shortfall in the nearest future
[6].Presently, some businesses, especially the small-scale ones have closed shop and many others are on the
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verge of doing so while social activities no longer boom as usual. There is the need, therefore, to take urge
proactive actions now to forestall an impending severe energy deficit among business operators and the collapse
of social life in this Nigeria‟s rapidly growing city.
II. Literature Review
Adequate and reliable power supply is fundamental to the rapid and sustainable socio-economic
development of a people or nation [12].Good infrastructural services, especially electricity, is a prerequisite to
the rapid and sustainable socio-economic growth of any country. But inadequate and unreliable access to
electricity services have been a regular feature in the Nigerian power sector [13,14,15]. Any power outage, even
of the shortest duration, in Port Harcourt City has severe economic impact. Business and social activities in the
area are becoming rapidly more dependent on electricity and there is no likelihood that the potential impacts of
power outages on industries would abate in the nearest future.
The high cost of power outages has inspired a lot of studies into the power sector of the economy over
the years. Various researchers [10,16,17,18,19,20,21] have investigated the different aspects of the cost of
power outage to the economy. In particular, [18] established a variationin the outagecosts ofelectricity among
consumers and noted that th ough the residentialoutagecostsarelowerthanthoseofcommercial and industrial
consumers, the difference between industrial outage costs and the commercial costs is not very significant.
As noted in [22], besides causing prolonged blackouts, power outages result in factoryclosure, health
problems,lossoflifeandpropertiesand eruptionofviolence with the subsequenthampering
ofeconomicdevelopment.According to [23],theerratic electricitysupplyinNigeria can hinder industrial growth
unlessthesectorisreactivatedby means ofsome radical public-private sector participationstrategies.
Fig. 2: Installed and Available electricity capacity in Nigeria (Source: Nigerian Bureau of Public Enterprises,
2011)
Nigeria is currently faced with acute shortage of electricitydespite the availability of vast natural
resources in the country [24]. The country has 14 generating plants, which supply electric energy to the national
grid. Three of these plants are hydro locatedat Kainji, Jebba and Shiroroand 11 are thermal (gas/steam) situated
at Afam, Sapele, Ogorode (Delta), Egbin, etc. (Ezechukwu, 2013).The total installed capacity of the generating
plants is above 5,000 MW, but the available capacity is less than 4,000MW. Presently, seven of the fourteen
power stations are over 20 years old causing the average daily power generation output come far belowthe
demand and forcing the nation to experience massive load shedding always[25]. Though some of these plants
are either being renovated or upgraded, there are still other technical issues e.g. overloaded transformers, weak
cables etc. along the transmission and distribution networks which continue to make the enjoyment of regular
electricity supply difficult for the consumers [26].
Nigeria‟s transmission network is very weak and has maximum electricity wheeling capacity of only
4,000 MW[25]. The distribution network too is riddled with technical problems coupled with high technical and
commercial losses which make it difficult for the distribution companies (DisCos) to recoup returns on their
investments. Fig.2shows the installed and available electrical power as contributed by both the Federal
Government and the Independent Power Projects (IPPs) in Nigeria.
III. Methodology
Data for this study was collected through both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were
collected through personal observations, face-to-face interviews and discussions held with residents of the city
over a twelve month period. Current and recent scholarly literature related to this research were also consulted.
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The study population comprised the entire Port Harcourt City. To facilitate the distribution and retrieval of the
questionnaire, the entire city was segmented into four zones; north, south, east and west according to geographic
locations and to each zone was assigned a survey helper who assisted in the distribution and retrievalof copies of
the questionnaire. For purposes of this research, asample population of 300 was purposively selected from the
total population of 1.5 million people in the ratio 1:1:1 in order to have representative samples of the residents,
industrialists and commercial business people who have either lived or operated their businesses within the area
for at least 30 years. A total of 300 copies of the questionnairewere distributed therefore to the respondents.Only
280 copieswere however successfully retrieved and used for this research. The remaining 20 copies were either
misplaced or destroyed by the supposed respondents and could therefore not be accounted for. Through the
questionnaire,the respondents were made to provide answers to probing questions such as: “What factors do you
think are responsible for frequent power outages in Port Harcourt?” and “Kindly rank the factors that you have
stated as being responsible for power outages in Port Harcourt in the order of their severity.”The study
employed descriptive and non-parametric percentages technique of data analysis and presentation. This article
made its recommendations based on information extracted from returned copies of the questionnaire and the
secondary sources herein referenced.
IV. Findings and Discussion
Problems facing adequate and reliable Electricity Supply in Port Harcourt City
Weak and broken transmission and distribution networks: Weak and dilapidated electrical networkssuch as
shown in Fig.3is among the major causes of frequent power outages in Nigeria and in Port Harcourt
particularly.Power system networks nowadays operate very close to their stability limits due to increasing
load demand, industrialization, environmental and economic factor which makes the construction of
newtransmission lines and generating stations somewhat difficult. Consequently, many of the networks
have become weak, heavily loaded and prone to voltage instability [27]. Currently, Nigeria‟s transmission
system network has a maximum wheeling capacity of about 4,000 MW due to its technical weakness and
high responsiveness to major system disturbances. Some sections of it are also outdated and are yet to be
upgraded to meet the present load demand [25].
Inadequate power generating capacity: The total installed capacity of the generating plants is above 5,000
MW, but the available capacity is about 4,000MW and coupled with the fact that significant number of
these power plants are over 20 years old, the average daily power generation is below 2,700MW. The result
is that present power demand in Nigeria is far above the available generating capacity thus power outages
occur frequently [10,12,28].
Lack of good maintenance culture: Nigeria has poor record of maintenance programme of existing electrical
facilities. Most of the transmission lines, distribution transformers and equipment are very weak having
outlived their usefulness. Still, these are neither discarded, upgraded nor maintained in spite of being in
much deplorable condition due to poor maintenance culture. Lack of maintenance makes equipment to
perform below optimal levels and contribute to incessant power outages [9,28].
Fig. 3: Broken infrastructure potential cause of power outage. Source: (Omoju, 2014)
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Climatic condition, storms and lightning strikes: Power supply situation in Port Harcourt worsens during
the period of April to July due to rainfall, resulting in outages arising from system failures. System failures,
sometimes, last for over two weeks caused by very huge tree falling and sometimes destroying to the very
foundation transmission towers. Oftentimes, several areas aresimultaneously thrown into darkness due to a
big storm that knock out three transmission towers[12].
Inadequate infrastructural facilities: The last transmission line in Nigeria was constructed over twenty years
ago. Many of the distribution facilities too have become undersized and can no longer carry the available
loads since these are above their originally designed capacities[29]. The number of available generating
plants are also not enough to provide adequate electricity to meet the ever growing demand for its
supply[30]
Vandalism: There have been several reported cases of vandalism of electricity infrastructures across
Nigeria. Though these occur mostly in rural areas like Port Harcourt, the phenomenon poses great danger to
the efforts of government and the power industry to achieve efficient electricity supply to the populace [12,
28].There also have been reported casesof some of these vandals electrocuted while engaged in their
nefarious acts. See Fig.4.
Wasteful use of electricity. Most Nigerian are ignorant of the need for energy conservation. In spite of the
shortage in electrical energy, most consumers leave their electrical appliances e.g. Television sets, room and
security lights, etc. switched on for long hours even while away from homes during the daytime. Some
leave air conditioners, refrigerators and other energy-consuming fittings on in the offices and shops over the
weekends. This leads to wastage of scarce electrical energy and hinders those in dire need of the energy
from accessing it [12,28].
Corruption: Sometimes, utility staff deliberately discourage electricity consumers from settling bills
officially, preferring rather to adjust energy meter readings in favour of such customers in exchange for
some fees usually far less than what the consumer would have otherwise paid officially as bill to the utility.
Such dubious acts impact negatively on the finances of the electricity distribution company (DisCo) and
makes it more difficult for the company to meet its statutory obligation of efficient service delivery due to
shortage of funds [12].
Fig. 4: A Vandal electrocuted in a distribution transformer (Source: Usman, 2014)
High transmission and distribution losses: The Nigeria 330 KV transmission grid is characterized by high
power losses due to its very long transmission lines. Power losses result in lower power availability to the
consumers, leading to brownout or inadequate power to operate appliances; a situation synonymous with
power shortage [30]. The aggregate transmission and distribution loss in Nigeria averages 40% of electric
energy generated and is also among the world‟s highest [31,32].Energy losses make it difficult for
electricity distribution companies (DisCos) to breakeven and reinvest into their business.
Unpruned trees under transmission lines: Sometimes trees are allowed to grow under transmission lines
which if left unpruned grow to the height of the transmission lines and short circuit two or more current
carrying conductors which leads eventually to sudden power outages [12].
Shortage of skilled manpower: Lack of technically skilled staff is among the challenges facing the power
industry in Nigeria. Presently, there is great scarcity of technical specialists who are able to apply modern
sophisticated technologies in a production activity in the power sector. Specialists are a great asset to the
power sector because they help enhance efficiency and productivity in the power industry. The absence of
this grade of personnel is oftenamong the major causes of delay in restoring normalcy to power system
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grids in most developing countries including Nigeria. Investment in electricity infrastructure alone will not
promote efficiency, unless there is a corresponding investment in human resources and research
development [33].
Overloading of transformers and electrical equipment: Most distribution networks are overloaded due to
limitation in transformer capacities. This results in failure of the distribution transformers or the melting of
protective devices. At other times, the consequence is a low voltage that cannot serve any useful purpose to
the consumer. Such is usually the case in most urban areas with high population densities like Port Harcourt
[12].
Shortage of Gas: Nigeria is rich with natural gas reserves ranging into several trillions of standard cubic
feet, still the country is in dire need of gas to fire its power stations [29]. This is partly due to persistent
destruction of the gas pipelines by vandals, inadequate infrastructure needed for gas gathering, processing
and transportation of the gas to required destinations [9] and the preference of the gas producing companies
to sell to other customers rather than supply government at low prices [12,29]. For instance, some of the
newlycommissioned power plants like Geregu and Omotosho plants in South Western Nigeria do not have
the needed gas supply infrastructure [34]. Added to this is the problem of flagrant gas flaring. Nigeria
currently flares about 2 billion standard cubic feet of gas thus making itself responsible for over 75 per cent
of the gas flared in the entire Africa [35].
Bush Burning: During dry seasons, farmers and cattle ranchers ignorantly burn bushes under and near
transmission lines causingflashovers between towers and phase conductors of the 330KV transmission lines
whichhappening disrupts normal electricity supply[12].
Illegal connections: Many electricity consumers use the energy illegally by hooking their residential houses
and business premises on to the grid through illegal connections thus forcing the Utility to lose funds which
should have been reinvested to offer more efficient statutory services to the customers. Besides, illegal
consumption of electricity makes load forecasting and planning rather cumbersome. Worse still, mostof
these illegal connections which are usually hurriedly and loosely madewith undersized cables and at night
when nobody can see them later result into occasional sparking and sometimes very serious damages to
both the distribution lines and transformers[12].
Table 1:Ranking of the Problems affecting Adequate and Regular Electricity Supply in Port Harcourt City in
their order of severity (The higher the percentage, the more severe)
Problem Severity
expressed in
terms of number
of respondents
Percentage of
severity expressed
as percentage of
total number of
respondents)
Weak Transmission and Distribution Network 30 10.71%
Inadequate Power Generating Capacity 50 17.86%
Lack of Good Maintenance Culture 15 5.36%
Climatic Conditions 10 3.57%
Inadequate Infrastructural facilities 30 10.71%
Vandalism 25 8.93%
Wasteful Use of Electricity 10 3.57%
High Transmission and Distribution Losses 10 3.57%
Shortage of Skilled Manpower 15 5.36%
Shortage of Gas 35 12.50%
Corruption 10 3.57%
Illegal Electrical Connections 10 3.57%
Bush Burning 10 3.57%
Unpruned Trees Under High-Tension Transmission Lines 5 1.79%
Overloading of transformers and electrical equipment 15 5.36%
Total 280 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2015
V. Conclusion and recommendations
This study affirms that power outage is a great hindrance to the sustainable socio-economic growth of
Port Harcourt and that certain factors are majorly responsible for the persistence of thephenomenon. The most
severe of these as reflected in Table 1 are: Inadequate power generating capacity, shortage of Gas, weak
transmission and distribution network, inadequate infrastructural facilities, vandalism, wasteful use of electricity
etc. This researcher, therefore, makes the following recommendations towards the improvement of electricity
supply to the area:
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1. There should be frequent inspection and planned maintenance programme for all electrical installations and
facilities. The high voltage transmission lines should be closely monitored and regularly inspected to avoid trees
growing under and bridging the high tension (H.T.) lines.
2. There should be an immediate upgrade of the power transmission and distribution infrastructures beginning
with those at the distribution sub-sector to ensure that they can efficiently distribute the amount of electrical
power being generated currently and in the foreseeable future. The number of power generating stations should
be increased also to meet the ever increasing demand for electricity. It is both important and necessary to avoid
overloading of transmission lines and distribution transformers. In the same vein, the daily energy allocation to
Port Harcourt should be increased in view of the City‟s current high level demand for electricity.
3. There should be an immediate and comprehensive power generation planning programme that would
determine the country‟s maximum load demand when the suppressed loads are added to the national grid.
4. The on-going deregulation of the power sector should be fully implemented and the new distribution
companies (DisCos) should be adequately funded to enable them overcome some of the inherent teething
problems and also guarantee their smooth take-off.
5. Government should legislate against people who vandalise electrical installations and those pride in making
illegal connections to electrical infrastructures. Persons who connive with distribution companies (DisCos) staff
to avert/circumvent payment of electricity bills should equally be made to suffer stiff penalties for such offence
(s).
6. Nigeria should emulate Ghana and Niger republic and legislate an energy conservation and efficiency policy
that would encourage consumers to useelectric gadgets and devices that do not consume much current. For
instance incandescent bulbs should be outlawed to give way for LED bulbs in order to save some energy.
7. Nigeria should consider entering into an agreement with neighbouring African countries for a power pool
programme that would enable them share electrical energy sources commonly among themselves.
8. Distributed generation should be encouraged so that more and more power plants can be installed especially
at locations were fuel such as gas and coal are available. This would help determine the maximum energy
demand not only for Port Harcourt but forNigeria as a whole.
9. Alternative sources of energy must be fully explored and used in order to reduce the nation‟s over-
dependence on gas. Government must review its current policy on domestic gas supply and ensure increased
investment in gas infrastructures so that gas can be readily available for local use.
10. Efforts should be expedited to make pre-paid meters available to every electricity consumers. This would
help checkmate power wastages and exploitation of unsuspecting customers by dubious staff of electricity
distribution companies (DisCos).
11. There should be programmes to enlighten the public and especially electricityusers on how to use the
energy economically and efficiently and on the need to safeguard electrical installations and equipment in their
domains frombeing vandalised. The populace should also be taught the danger of burning bushes near electrical
infrastructures and under high tension transmission lines. In the same vein, they must be told of the legal
implications of illegal use of electricity.
12. There should be regular and proper policing of electrical installations, equipment and gas pipelines by the
relevant security agencies. Government should as matter of urgent national interest make vandalism an illegal
business by ensuring that suspected vandals are promptly prosecuted. Proper street lighting of areas where these
installations are located too will reduce the activities of the vandals. The relevant agencies of government should
liaise with community leaders to sensitive their people and help in policing electrical installations in their areas.
13. Utility companies workforce should be overhauled from time to time to ensure that only qualified and
technically competent persons drive the new efficient and sustainable electric power system.There should be in
place also, regular on-the-job training and retraining of staff of the electricity supply companies to keep them
abreast of latest developments in the power system world.
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