Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, which includes an inflatable cuff, pressure gauge, and stethoscope. The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated until the artery is compressed. As the cuff deflates slowly, sounds known as Korotkoff sounds can be heard through the stethoscope. The first sound indicates systolic pressure when the heart contracts, and the disappearance of sounds indicates diastolic pressure when the heart relaxes. Blood pressure provides important health information and is used to diagnose and monitor conditions like hypertension.
This presentation is an overview of the description of the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle (atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole) as well as explaining the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
This presentation is an overview of the description of the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle (atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole) as well as explaining the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance Get This Book!.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
Get This Book!
Page by: OpenStax
Summary
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
· Distinguish between systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure
· Describe the clinical measurement of pulse and blood pressure
· Identify and discuss five variables affecting arterial blood flow and blood pressure
· Discuss several factors affecting blood flow in the venous system
Blood flow refers to the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ, and is usually expressed in terms of volume of blood per unit of time. It is initiated by the contraction of the ventricles of the heart. Ventricular contraction ejects blood into the major arteries, resulting in flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure, as blood encounters smaller arteries and arterioles, then capillaries, then the venules and veins of the venous system. This section discusses a number of critical variables that contribute to blood flow throughout the body. It also discusses the factors that impede or slow blood flow, a phenomenon known as resistance.
As noted earlier, hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by a fluid due to gravitational pull, usually against the wall of the container in which it is located. One form of hydrostatic pressure is blood pressure, the force exerted by blood upon the walls of the blood vessels or the chambers of the heart. Blood pressure may be measured in capillaries and veins, as well as the vessels of the pulmonary circulation; however, the term blood pressure without any specific descriptors typically refers to systemic arterial blood pressure—that is, the pressure of blood flowing in the arteries of the systemic circulation. In clinical practice, this pressure is measured in mm Hg and is usually obtained using the brachial artery of the arm.
Components of Arterial Blood Pressure
Arterial blood pressure in the larger vessels consists of several distinct components (Figure): systolic and diastolic pressures, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure.
Systolic and Diastolic Pressures
When systemic arterial blood pressure is measured, it is recorded as a ratio of two numbers (e.g., 120/80 is a normal adult blood pressure), expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure is the higher value (typically around 120 mm Hg) and reflects the arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction, or systole. The diastolic pressure is the lower value (usually about 80 mm Hg) and represents the arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation, or diastole.
Systemic Blood Pressure
The graph shows the components of blood pressure throughout the blood vessels, including systolic, diastolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressures.
Pulse Pressure
As shown in Figure, the difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure is the pulse pressure. For example, an indivi ...
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance Get This Book!.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
Get This Book!
Page by: OpenStax
Summary
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
· Distinguish between systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure
· Describe the clinical measurement of pulse and blood pressure
· Identify and discuss five variables affecting arterial blood flow and blood pressure
· Discuss several factors affecting blood flow in the venous system
Blood flow refers to the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ, and is usually expressed in terms of volume of blood per unit of time. It is initiated by the contraction of the ventricles of the heart. Ventricular contraction ejects blood into the major arteries, resulting in flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure, as blood encounters smaller arteries and arterioles, then capillaries, then the venules and veins of the venous system. This section discusses a number of critical variables that contribute to blood flow throughout the body. It also discusses the factors that impede or slow blood flow, a phenomenon known as resistance.
As noted earlier, hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by a fluid due to gravitational pull, usually against the wall of the container in which it is located. One form of hydrostatic pressure is blood pressure, the force exerted by blood upon the walls of the blood vessels or the chambers of the heart. Blood pressure may be measured in capillaries and veins, as well as the vessels of the pulmonary circulation; however, the term blood pressure without any specific descriptors typically refers to systemic arterial blood pressure—that is, the pressure of blood flowing in the arteries of the systemic circulation. In clinical practice, this pressure is measured in mm Hg and is usually obtained using the brachial artery of the arm.
Components of Arterial Blood Pressure
Arterial blood pressure in the larger vessels consists of several distinct components (Figure): systolic and diastolic pressures, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure.
Systolic and Diastolic Pressures
When systemic arterial blood pressure is measured, it is recorded as a ratio of two numbers (e.g., 120/80 is a normal adult blood pressure), expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure is the higher value (typically around 120 mm Hg) and reflects the arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction, or systole. The diastolic pressure is the lower value (usually about 80 mm Hg) and represents the arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation, or diastole.
Systemic Blood Pressure
The graph shows the components of blood pressure throughout the blood vessels, including systolic, diastolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressures.
Pulse Pressure
As shown in Figure, the difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure is the pulse pressure. For example, an indivi ...
Arterial pulse (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
It is the pressure wave which travel along the walls of Arteries when blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta
Aorta expands to accommodate the ejected blood volume, when it expands it has got elastic recoil, so it shortens back. This causes pressure wave which leads to expansion of arterial wall which can be palpated as arterial pulse.
Normally arterial pulse ends at arterioles.
So normally there is no capillary pulsations
FACTORS
The velocity of blood flow
The velocity of transmission of pressure wave
this is a detailed study on blood pressure measurement on clinical watching , methods , equipment's , common problems ,and all major aspects of blood pressure measurement is mentioned in detail .
please comment
thank you
Blood pressure is one of the important vital signs. This ppt is for the First year General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) students to understand the topic with simple language and pictures
Hey, these are the slides me n my friends made... Use them if u want to... for viewing the videos used click on the links given ahead.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzOti_MtmBk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9MARqmqSf4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yokcKhqq48c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJZVFRJmc9M
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood
against the walls of blood vessels. Most of this
pressure results from the heart pumping blood
through the circulatory system.
Sphygmomanometer has three parts: a cuff that can
be inflated with air, a pressure meter (manometer)
for measuring air pressure in the cuff, and. a
stethoscope for listening to the sound
the blood makes as it flows through the brachial
artery (the major artery found in your upper arm).
3. The blood pressure is recorded for a number
of reasons
To acquire a baseline
To monitor for fluctuation in blood pressure;
To aid in diagnosis of disease
To aid in assessment of the cardiovascular
system
To monitor medication e.g. anti-
hypertensive drugs.
4. Systolic pressure is the pressure of the blood in the
arteries when the heart pumps. It is the higher of
two blood pressure measurements; for example, if
the blood pressure is 120/80, then 120 is the systolic
pressure.
Diastolic pressure is the pressure of the blood in the
arteries when the heart is filling. It is the lower of
two blood pressure measurements; for example, if
the blood pressure is 120/80, then 80 is the diastolic
pressure.
5. Physiology of arterial blood pressure
Blood pressure reflect the interrelationships of cardiac
output. peripheral vascular resistance, blood volume,
blood viscosity, and artery elasticity.
6. The amount of blood the heart pumps through the
circulatory system in a minute. The amount of blood
put out by the left ventricle of the heart in one
contraction is called the stroke volume.
The stroke volume and the heart rate determine the
cardiac output. A normal adult has a cardiac output of
4.7 liters (5 quarts) of blood per minute.
7. Peripheral Resistance is defined and measured in
terms of the force required to maintain blood flow
from the root of the aorta to the venous exit into
the
Blood volume refers to the total amount of fluid
circulating within the arteries, capillaries, veins,
venues, and chambers of the heart at any time.
The components that add volume to blood include
red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells
(leukocytes), platelets, and plasma.
8.
9. Viscosity, resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a
change in shape, or movement of neighboring
portions relative to one another. Friction
The hematocrit, also known by several other names,
is the volume percentage of red blood cells in blood,
measured as part of a blood test. The measurement
depends on the number and size of red blood cells. It
is normally 40.7%–50.3% for males and 36.1%–
44.3% for females
10. Elasticity is the ability to recoil or bounce back to the
muscle's original length after being stretched.
11. AGE BLOOD PRESSURE [MM of Hg]
New born 40(mean)
1 month 85/54
1 year 95/65
6 year 105/65
10 to 13 years 110/65
14to 17 years 119/75
18 years and older <120/<80
12. Advice to patient sits on a chair with the lower arm
supported as before. The blood pressure cuff is placed
on the patient right arm, allowing 1 inch between the
bottom of the cuff and the crease of the elbow.
The brachial pulse is palpated just above the angle of the
elbow (the "antecubital fossa"). then place on a
stethoscope, with the earpieces on the headpiece angled
forward.
The recording end of the stethoscope is twisted, so that
the diaphragm and not the bell is activated. This can be
tested by tapping lightly on the diaphragm.
13. The diaphragm is placed over the brachial artery in the
space between the bottom of the cuff and the crease of
the elbow. At this point no sounds should be heard.
The cuff pressure is inflated quickly to a pressure about
30 mm Hg higher than the systolic pressure determined
by the method of palpation.
Then the air is let out of the cuff at a rate such that cuff
pressure falls at a rate of about 5 mm Hg/sec.
At some point the person listening with the stethoscope
will begin to hear sounds with each heartbeat.
This point marks the systolic pressure.
14.
15. The sounds are called Korotkoff sounds.
As the pressure is lowered further, the character of the
Korotkoff sounds should change. At some point, the
sounds will disappear.
The pressure reading at this point gives the diastolic
pressure.
The patient should now lie on his or her back for five
minutes. The systolic pressure and diastolic
17. Hemoreceptors are sensitive to arterial levels
of oxygen, carbon dioxide (CO2), and pH, and
are located in the same region as the arterial
Baroreceptors, in the carotid and aortic
bodies and travel to the CNS via the same
nerve bundles as the arterial baroreceptors.
18.
19.
20. what are the hormones that regulate blood pressure?
Epinephrine and nor epinephrine, hormones secreted
by the adrenal medulla, raise blood pressure by
increasing heart rate and the contractility of the heart
muscles and by causing vasoconstriction of arteries
and veins.
21. What is the most powerful hormonal regulator of
blood pressure?
Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor, greatly
increasing blood pressure. It also stimulates the
release of ADH and aldosterone, a hormone produced
by the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone increases the
reabsorption of sodium into the blood by the kidneys.
22. Smoking.
Being overweight or obese.
Lack of physical activity.
Too much salt in the diet.
Too much alcohol consumption (more than 1 to 2
drinks per day)
Stress.
Older age.
Genetics.
23. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above
140/90, and is considered severe if the pressure is
above 180/120.
High blood pressure often has no symptoms. Over
time, if untreated, it can cause health conditions, such
as heart disease and stroke.
Eating a healthier diet with less salt, exercising
regularly and taking medication can help lower blood
pressure.
24. Hypotension is low blood pressure. Your blood
pushes against your arteries with each heartbeat.
And the pushing of the blood against the artery walls
is called blood pressure.
Having a lower blood pressure is good in most cases
(less than 120/80).
But low blood pressure can sometimes make you
feel tired or dizzy.
25. It is also referred to as postural hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension is a sudden drop in blood
pressure when you stand from a seated or prone
(lying down) position. You may feel dizzy or even
faint. Orthostatic means an upright posture.
The systolic or diastolic pressure is drop( 20mmof hg)
26.
27. If Possible, the patient should be in a prone position.
The bladder of the cuff should be about 40% of the
circumference of the thigh, and the length should be
about 75% to 80% of this circumference. Normally, the
systolic blood pressure in the legs is usually 10% to
20% higher than the brachial artery pressure
The cuff should be placed 2.5 cm(1inch)above the
popliteal surface.
28.
29. Explain to the patient what you are about to do - even
if the patient is unconscious.
Ensure that the patient is comfortable, as relaxed as
possible and not distressed.
Note if the patient has had any medication that may
alter the blood pressure.
Any tight or restrictive clothing should be removed
from the patient’s arm.
The position of the patient is not as important as the
position of the arm; this should be supported and
should be level with the heart
30. Apply the cuff (inside the cuff is the bladder), make
sure that the cuff is empty of air before applying;
ensure the correct size cuff is used on the patients
arm.
The width of cuff should cover at least 40% of the arm
circumference and the length should cover at least
two-thirds of the arm (The centre of the cuff should
cover the brachial artery.
Make sure that you can see the sphygmomanometer
and that it is in line with the heart.
Palpate the brachial pulse and inflate the cuff until the
pulse can no longer be felt. This will give an estimate of
the systolic pressure. Deflate the cuff and re-inflate to
30mmHg higher than estimated
31. Position the stethoscope over the brachial artery and
slowly deflate the cuff at 2-3mmHg per second.
The first beating sound should be recorded; this is the
systolic pressure.
Continue to deflate the cuff; the last sound to be
heard is the diastolic pressure.
Record the blood pressure on the observation chart.
Any abnormalities or irregularities should be
documented and reported to the medical team.
Before leaving the patient make sure any clothing
removed is replaced and that the patient is
comfortable.
Electronic sphygmomanometer - the same procedure
is carried out as above without the use of the
stethoscope. Manufacturer’s guidelines should be
followed and appropriate training completed.
