The document discusses the nursing care of a patient who suffered a cerebrovascular accident (CVA or stroke). The patient has hemiplegia, altered mental status, and restlessness. The goals of care are to improve cerebral tissue perfusion as evidenced by improving vital signs and increasing the patient's level of consciousness over time. Nurses will monitor the patient's condition closely, administer medications and oxygen as needed, keep the head of the bed elevated, and maintain a quiet environment to promote recovery.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two main networks - the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. Oxygen-depleted blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated, then back to the heart and into the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to tissues throughout the body before returning to the heart again to restart the cycle. The document provides detailed information on assessing the heart, arteries, veins, and peripheral vascular system.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division prepares the body for fight or flight while the parasympathetic division controls functions during rest. Autonomic disorders can cause a variety of symptoms like dizziness, sweating issues, digestive problems, and urinary/defecation issues. Diagnosis involves tests like tilt table testing and sweat testing. Fainting occurs when blood flow to the brain is reduced, often due to standing up, and more than 1/3 of people who faint may faint again within 3 years. Upright posture shifts blood to the lower body, so the body has mechanisms to maintain blood pressure and flow to the brain
BibliographyHall, J. E. (2015). Guyton and Hall textbook of medic.pdfakkhan101
Bibliography:
Hall, J. E. (2015). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences.
De Luca Jr, L. A., Menani, J. V., & Johnson, A. K. (2014). Circumventricular Organs:
Integrators of Circulating Signals Controlling Hydration, Energy Balance, and Immune
Function--Neurobiology of Body Fluid Homeostasis: Transduction and Integration.
Sherwood, L. (2015). Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage learning.
Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System | Anatomy and Physiology II. (2016).
Courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 25 November 2016, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap2/chapter/homeostatic-regulation-of-the-vascular-system
De Luca Jr, L. A., Menani, J. V., & Johnson, A. K. (2014). Preoptic–Periventricular Integrative
Mechanisms Involved in Behavior, Fluid–Electrolyte Balance, and Pressor Responses--
Neurobiology of Body Fluid Homeostasis: Transduction and Integration.
Keeping in mind the end goal to keep up homeostasis in the cardiovascular framework and give
sufficient blood to the tissues, blood stream must be diverted constantly to the tissues as they
turn out to be more dynamic. Undeniably, the cardiovascular framework takes part in asset
assignment, in light of the fact that there is insufficient blood stream to disseminate blood
similarly to all tissues at the same time. For instance, when an individual is working out, more
blood will be coordinated to skeletal muscles, the heart, and the lungs. Taking after a dinner,
more blood is coordinated to the stomach related framework. Just the mind gets a pretty much
steady supply of blood whether you are dynamic, resting, considering, or occupied with some
other activity.The sensory system assumes a basic part in the direction of vascular homeostasis.
The essential administrative destinations incorporate the cardiovascular focuses in the mind that
control both heart and vascular capacities. Also, more summed up neural reactions from the
limbic framework and the autonomic sensory system are variables.
The Cardiovascular Centers in the Brain
Neurological control of circulatory strain and stream relies on upon the cardiovascular focuses
situated in the medulla oblongata. This group of neurons reacts to changes in pulse and in
addition blood convergences of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen particles. The
cardiovascular focus contains three particular combined segments:
The cardioaccelerator focuses empower cardiovascular capacity by controlling heart rate and
stroke volume by means of thoughtful incitement from the cardiovascular quickening agent
nerve.
The cardioinhibitor focuses moderate cardiovascular capacity by diminishing heart rate and
stroke volume through parasympathetic incitement from the vagus nerve.
The vasomotor focuses control vessel tone or withdrawal of the smooth muscle in the tunica
media. Changes in width influence fringe resistance, weight, and stream, which influence
cardiovascular yield. The lion\'s share of these neurons demonst.
The document summarizes the relationship between stress and heart disease. It states that research has shown stress increases health risks related to heart disease. Stress causes inflammation and activates the sympathetic nervous system, releasing hormones that influence immune responses. People's behaviors in response to stress, like alcohol consumption or sleep changes, can further impact the immune system in ways that link to stress and heart disease.
This document provides information on cardiac failure or congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF occurs when the heart muscle is too weak or stiff to pump blood efficiently. As a result, blood moves through the heart and body more slowly and pressure in the heart increases. The heart cannot pump enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's needs. Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, and sleep disorders. Diagnosis involves physical exam, blood tests, chest x-ray, echocardiogram, and other cardiac tests. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through lifestyle changes, medications like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and devices or procedures for severe cases. Nursing care addresses
This document discusses vital signs and provides detailed information about assessing and interpreting blood pressure. It defines blood pressure and its components, describes the equipment used for measurement including sphygmomanometers and stethoscopes, identifies assessment sites on the body, explains Korotkoff sounds heard during measurement, outlines the procedure for taking a reading, and reviews factors that can affect blood pressure values. Abnormal readings and variations like auscultatory gaps are also addressed.
Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the circulatory system fails, depriving vital organs like the heart and brain of oxygen. This can happen through various mechanisms that reduce oxygen delivery or the heart's ability to pump blood. Symptoms progress from rapid pulse and pale skin to organ damage and death. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause while improving oxygen levels and blood volume through fluids, oxygen, and medications. Outcomes depend on the severity and swiftness of treatment.
The heart is located in the lower chest cavity and protected by the pericardium. It has four chambers - the left and right atria on top which receive blood, and the left and right ventricles on bottom which pump blood out. A septum divides the atria and ventricles. The heart continuously pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two main networks - the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. Oxygen-depleted blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated, then back to the heart and into the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to tissues throughout the body before returning to the heart again to restart the cycle. The document provides detailed information on assessing the heart, arteries, veins, and peripheral vascular system.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division prepares the body for fight or flight while the parasympathetic division controls functions during rest. Autonomic disorders can cause a variety of symptoms like dizziness, sweating issues, digestive problems, and urinary/defecation issues. Diagnosis involves tests like tilt table testing and sweat testing. Fainting occurs when blood flow to the brain is reduced, often due to standing up, and more than 1/3 of people who faint may faint again within 3 years. Upright posture shifts blood to the lower body, so the body has mechanisms to maintain blood pressure and flow to the brain
BibliographyHall, J. E. (2015). Guyton and Hall textbook of medic.pdfakkhan101
Bibliography:
Hall, J. E. (2015). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences.
De Luca Jr, L. A., Menani, J. V., & Johnson, A. K. (2014). Circumventricular Organs:
Integrators of Circulating Signals Controlling Hydration, Energy Balance, and Immune
Function--Neurobiology of Body Fluid Homeostasis: Transduction and Integration.
Sherwood, L. (2015). Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage learning.
Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System | Anatomy and Physiology II. (2016).
Courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 25 November 2016, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap2/chapter/homeostatic-regulation-of-the-vascular-system
De Luca Jr, L. A., Menani, J. V., & Johnson, A. K. (2014). Preoptic–Periventricular Integrative
Mechanisms Involved in Behavior, Fluid–Electrolyte Balance, and Pressor Responses--
Neurobiology of Body Fluid Homeostasis: Transduction and Integration.
Keeping in mind the end goal to keep up homeostasis in the cardiovascular framework and give
sufficient blood to the tissues, blood stream must be diverted constantly to the tissues as they
turn out to be more dynamic. Undeniably, the cardiovascular framework takes part in asset
assignment, in light of the fact that there is insufficient blood stream to disseminate blood
similarly to all tissues at the same time. For instance, when an individual is working out, more
blood will be coordinated to skeletal muscles, the heart, and the lungs. Taking after a dinner,
more blood is coordinated to the stomach related framework. Just the mind gets a pretty much
steady supply of blood whether you are dynamic, resting, considering, or occupied with some
other activity.The sensory system assumes a basic part in the direction of vascular homeostasis.
The essential administrative destinations incorporate the cardiovascular focuses in the mind that
control both heart and vascular capacities. Also, more summed up neural reactions from the
limbic framework and the autonomic sensory system are variables.
The Cardiovascular Centers in the Brain
Neurological control of circulatory strain and stream relies on upon the cardiovascular focuses
situated in the medulla oblongata. This group of neurons reacts to changes in pulse and in
addition blood convergences of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen particles. The
cardiovascular focus contains three particular combined segments:
The cardioaccelerator focuses empower cardiovascular capacity by controlling heart rate and
stroke volume by means of thoughtful incitement from the cardiovascular quickening agent
nerve.
The cardioinhibitor focuses moderate cardiovascular capacity by diminishing heart rate and
stroke volume through parasympathetic incitement from the vagus nerve.
The vasomotor focuses control vessel tone or withdrawal of the smooth muscle in the tunica
media. Changes in width influence fringe resistance, weight, and stream, which influence
cardiovascular yield. The lion\'s share of these neurons demonst.
The document summarizes the relationship between stress and heart disease. It states that research has shown stress increases health risks related to heart disease. Stress causes inflammation and activates the sympathetic nervous system, releasing hormones that influence immune responses. People's behaviors in response to stress, like alcohol consumption or sleep changes, can further impact the immune system in ways that link to stress and heart disease.
This document provides information on cardiac failure or congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF occurs when the heart muscle is too weak or stiff to pump blood efficiently. As a result, blood moves through the heart and body more slowly and pressure in the heart increases. The heart cannot pump enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's needs. Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, and sleep disorders. Diagnosis involves physical exam, blood tests, chest x-ray, echocardiogram, and other cardiac tests. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through lifestyle changes, medications like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and devices or procedures for severe cases. Nursing care addresses
This document discusses vital signs and provides detailed information about assessing and interpreting blood pressure. It defines blood pressure and its components, describes the equipment used for measurement including sphygmomanometers and stethoscopes, identifies assessment sites on the body, explains Korotkoff sounds heard during measurement, outlines the procedure for taking a reading, and reviews factors that can affect blood pressure values. Abnormal readings and variations like auscultatory gaps are also addressed.
Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the circulatory system fails, depriving vital organs like the heart and brain of oxygen. This can happen through various mechanisms that reduce oxygen delivery or the heart's ability to pump blood. Symptoms progress from rapid pulse and pale skin to organ damage and death. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause while improving oxygen levels and blood volume through fluids, oxygen, and medications. Outcomes depend on the severity and swiftness of treatment.
The heart is located in the lower chest cavity and protected by the pericardium. It has four chambers - the left and right atria on top which receive blood, and the left and right ventricles on bottom which pump blood out. A septum divides the atria and ventricles. The heart continuously pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.
Blue babies are born with a congenital heart defect that causes cyanosis (bluish skin color) from
deoxygenated blood mixing with oxygenated blood. This occurs when the pulmonary artery is too narrow,
preventing sufficient blood from reaching the lungs for oxygenation. Surgical correction is usually required
and successful. The lymphatic system collects and transports tissue fluid back to veins, absorbing and
transporting fats and filtering pathogens and debris from lymph before it reenters blood circulation via
lymph nodes and vessels that drain into subclavian veins.
This document provides an overview of a demonstration on cardiovascular assessment. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart, conducting system of the heart, assessment through history taking, inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Abnormal heart sounds, laboratory tests, and the conclusion of integrating cardiovascular health history and physical exam are also summarized.
Physical examination of cardiovascular diseases and differetn technique used ...DrAbhishek Hota
This document discusses techniques for examining the cardiovascular system and diagnosing cardiovascular disease in veterinary patients, including inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion. Inspection involves observing the patient's breathing rate, effort, and mucous membrane color. Palpation feels for jugular distension and the location and strength of the apex beat. Auscultation identifies heart sounds, murmurs, and arrhythmias by listening to different areas of the chest. Physical examination is an important diagnostic tool alongside other techniques like electrocardiography.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and heart rate. It explains that the heart is located behind the breastbone and pumps blood through the circulatory system. The right atrium receives blood from veins and pumps it to the right ventricle, then to the lungs to be oxygenated. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle to be distributed throughout the body. A pulse is the beating of the heart felt through arteries. The document then discusses heart rate during exercise and provides a chart showing target heart rates for different age groups based on maximum heart rate.
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance Get This Book!.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
Get This Book!
Page by: OpenStax
Summary
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
· Distinguish between systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure
· Describe the clinical measurement of pulse and blood pressure
· Identify and discuss five variables affecting arterial blood flow and blood pressure
· Discuss several factors affecting blood flow in the venous system
Blood flow refers to the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ, and is usually expressed in terms of volume of blood per unit of time. It is initiated by the contraction of the ventricles of the heart. Ventricular contraction ejects blood into the major arteries, resulting in flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure, as blood encounters smaller arteries and arterioles, then capillaries, then the venules and veins of the venous system. This section discusses a number of critical variables that contribute to blood flow throughout the body. It also discusses the factors that impede or slow blood flow, a phenomenon known as resistance.
As noted earlier, hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by a fluid due to gravitational pull, usually against the wall of the container in which it is located. One form of hydrostatic pressure is blood pressure, the force exerted by blood upon the walls of the blood vessels or the chambers of the heart. Blood pressure may be measured in capillaries and veins, as well as the vessels of the pulmonary circulation; however, the term blood pressure without any specific descriptors typically refers to systemic arterial blood pressure—that is, the pressure of blood flowing in the arteries of the systemic circulation. In clinical practice, this pressure is measured in mm Hg and is usually obtained using the brachial artery of the arm.
Components of Arterial Blood Pressure
Arterial blood pressure in the larger vessels consists of several distinct components (Figure): systolic and diastolic pressures, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure.
Systolic and Diastolic Pressures
When systemic arterial blood pressure is measured, it is recorded as a ratio of two numbers (e.g., 120/80 is a normal adult blood pressure), expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure is the higher value (typically around 120 mm Hg) and reflects the arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction, or systole. The diastolic pressure is the lower value (usually about 80 mm Hg) and represents the arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation, or diastole.
Systemic Blood Pressure
The graph shows the components of blood pressure throughout the blood vessels, including systolic, diastolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressures.
Pulse Pressure
As shown in Figure, the difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure is the pulse pressure. For example, an indivi ...
Here are the key points about the different types of blood vessels:
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues and organs. They have an outer
tunica externa layer of connective tissue, a middle tunica media layer of smooth muscle, and an
inner tunica intima layer of endothelium. Larger elastic arteries near the heart have more elastic
tissue.
- Capillaries are the microscopic vessels that connect arterioles and venules. They allow for the
exchange of water, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide and waste between blood and
tissues. Capillaries have a single layer of endothelial cells and connective tissue.
-
The document contains summaries of learning outcomes related to human anatomy and physiology. It covers topics like cells and homeostasis, the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system, and the skeletal system. Key concepts discussed include thermoregulation, the cardiac cycle, structures that protect the central nervous system like meninges, and bone cell types.
Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, which includes an inflatable cuff, pressure gauge, and stethoscope. The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated until the artery is compressed. As the cuff deflates slowly, sounds known as Korotkoff sounds can be heard through the stethoscope. The first sound indicates systolic pressure when the heart contracts, and the disappearance of sounds indicates diastolic pressure when the heart relaxes. Blood pressure provides important health information and is used to diagnose and monitor conditions like hypertension.
The document provides information on assessing the cardiovascular system. It includes objectives of the assessment, anatomy and physiology of the heart, conduction system, blood flow, heart sounds, ECG, and vascular system. It also outlines components of cardiovascular history taking using Gordon's functional health patterns and physical assessment techniques for inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the heart and peripheral vasculature.
This document provides an overview of vital signs, with a focus on pulse and blood pressure. It discusses the importance of vital signs in health assessment and outlines learning objectives related to discussing factors that affect pulse and blood pressure, identifying variations across age groups, and explaining appropriate nursing care for alterations. Key topics covered include the anatomy and physiology of pulse and blood pressure, factors that influence each vital sign, sites used for assessment, methods for measuring pulse and blood pressure, normal and abnormal ranges, and nursing considerations for assessment and patient education.
Transportation in animals and plants. Circulatory system in humans. Blood pressure and Heart attack. Excretory system in humans. Vascular tissue in plants.
This document discusses shock in children, defining it as impaired tissue perfusion resulting from an imbalance between oxygen demand and supply. Shock can be classified as hypovolemic, cardiogenic, or distributive based on the underlying cause. Signs of shock in children may be more subtle than in adults since children can maintain blood pressure through compensatory mechanisms even as tissue perfusion decreases. Early signs include tachycardia and signs of poor peripheral perfusion rather than hypotension. Management involves rapid fluid resuscitation and vasoactive drugs to support circulation as needed based on the type of shock present. The goal is to restore adequate organ perfusion and oxygen delivery.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Blue babies are born with a congenital heart defect that causes cyanosis (bluish skin color) from
deoxygenated blood mixing with oxygenated blood. This occurs when the pulmonary artery is too narrow,
preventing sufficient blood from reaching the lungs for oxygenation. Surgical correction is usually required
and successful. The lymphatic system collects and transports tissue fluid back to veins, absorbing and
transporting fats and filtering pathogens and debris from lymph before it reenters blood circulation via
lymph nodes and vessels that drain into subclavian veins.
This document provides an overview of a demonstration on cardiovascular assessment. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart, conducting system of the heart, assessment through history taking, inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Abnormal heart sounds, laboratory tests, and the conclusion of integrating cardiovascular health history and physical exam are also summarized.
Physical examination of cardiovascular diseases and differetn technique used ...DrAbhishek Hota
This document discusses techniques for examining the cardiovascular system and diagnosing cardiovascular disease in veterinary patients, including inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion. Inspection involves observing the patient's breathing rate, effort, and mucous membrane color. Palpation feels for jugular distension and the location and strength of the apex beat. Auscultation identifies heart sounds, murmurs, and arrhythmias by listening to different areas of the chest. Physical examination is an important diagnostic tool alongside other techniques like electrocardiography.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and heart rate. It explains that the heart is located behind the breastbone and pumps blood through the circulatory system. The right atrium receives blood from veins and pumps it to the right ventricle, then to the lungs to be oxygenated. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle to be distributed throughout the body. A pulse is the beating of the heart felt through arteries. The document then discusses heart rate during exercise and provides a chart showing target heart rates for different age groups based on maximum heart rate.
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance Get This Book!.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
Get This Book!
Page by: OpenStax
Summary
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
· Distinguish between systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure
· Describe the clinical measurement of pulse and blood pressure
· Identify and discuss five variables affecting arterial blood flow and blood pressure
· Discuss several factors affecting blood flow in the venous system
Blood flow refers to the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ, and is usually expressed in terms of volume of blood per unit of time. It is initiated by the contraction of the ventricles of the heart. Ventricular contraction ejects blood into the major arteries, resulting in flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure, as blood encounters smaller arteries and arterioles, then capillaries, then the venules and veins of the venous system. This section discusses a number of critical variables that contribute to blood flow throughout the body. It also discusses the factors that impede or slow blood flow, a phenomenon known as resistance.
As noted earlier, hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by a fluid due to gravitational pull, usually against the wall of the container in which it is located. One form of hydrostatic pressure is blood pressure, the force exerted by blood upon the walls of the blood vessels or the chambers of the heart. Blood pressure may be measured in capillaries and veins, as well as the vessels of the pulmonary circulation; however, the term blood pressure without any specific descriptors typically refers to systemic arterial blood pressure—that is, the pressure of blood flowing in the arteries of the systemic circulation. In clinical practice, this pressure is measured in mm Hg and is usually obtained using the brachial artery of the arm.
Components of Arterial Blood Pressure
Arterial blood pressure in the larger vessels consists of several distinct components (Figure): systolic and diastolic pressures, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure.
Systolic and Diastolic Pressures
When systemic arterial blood pressure is measured, it is recorded as a ratio of two numbers (e.g., 120/80 is a normal adult blood pressure), expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure is the higher value (typically around 120 mm Hg) and reflects the arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction, or systole. The diastolic pressure is the lower value (usually about 80 mm Hg) and represents the arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation, or diastole.
Systemic Blood Pressure
The graph shows the components of blood pressure throughout the blood vessels, including systolic, diastolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressures.
Pulse Pressure
As shown in Figure, the difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure is the pulse pressure. For example, an indivi ...
Here are the key points about the different types of blood vessels:
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues and organs. They have an outer
tunica externa layer of connective tissue, a middle tunica media layer of smooth muscle, and an
inner tunica intima layer of endothelium. Larger elastic arteries near the heart have more elastic
tissue.
- Capillaries are the microscopic vessels that connect arterioles and venules. They allow for the
exchange of water, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide and waste between blood and
tissues. Capillaries have a single layer of endothelial cells and connective tissue.
-
The document contains summaries of learning outcomes related to human anatomy and physiology. It covers topics like cells and homeostasis, the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system, and the skeletal system. Key concepts discussed include thermoregulation, the cardiac cycle, structures that protect the central nervous system like meninges, and bone cell types.
Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, which includes an inflatable cuff, pressure gauge, and stethoscope. The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated until the artery is compressed. As the cuff deflates slowly, sounds known as Korotkoff sounds can be heard through the stethoscope. The first sound indicates systolic pressure when the heart contracts, and the disappearance of sounds indicates diastolic pressure when the heart relaxes. Blood pressure provides important health information and is used to diagnose and monitor conditions like hypertension.
The document provides information on assessing the cardiovascular system. It includes objectives of the assessment, anatomy and physiology of the heart, conduction system, blood flow, heart sounds, ECG, and vascular system. It also outlines components of cardiovascular history taking using Gordon's functional health patterns and physical assessment techniques for inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the heart and peripheral vasculature.
This document provides an overview of vital signs, with a focus on pulse and blood pressure. It discusses the importance of vital signs in health assessment and outlines learning objectives related to discussing factors that affect pulse and blood pressure, identifying variations across age groups, and explaining appropriate nursing care for alterations. Key topics covered include the anatomy and physiology of pulse and blood pressure, factors that influence each vital sign, sites used for assessment, methods for measuring pulse and blood pressure, normal and abnormal ranges, and nursing considerations for assessment and patient education.
Transportation in animals and plants. Circulatory system in humans. Blood pressure and Heart attack. Excretory system in humans. Vascular tissue in plants.
This document discusses shock in children, defining it as impaired tissue perfusion resulting from an imbalance between oxygen demand and supply. Shock can be classified as hypovolemic, cardiogenic, or distributive based on the underlying cause. Signs of shock in children may be more subtle than in adults since children can maintain blood pressure through compensatory mechanisms even as tissue perfusion decreases. Early signs include tachycardia and signs of poor peripheral perfusion rather than hypotension. Management involves rapid fluid resuscitation and vasoactive drugs to support circulation as needed based on the type of shock present. The goal is to restore adequate organ perfusion and oxygen delivery.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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1. ASSESSME
NT
NSG.DIAGN
OSIS W/
SCIENTIFIC
BASIS
OBJECTIVE
OF CARE
NURSING
INTERVENTION
RATIONALE EVALUATION
S: No verbal
cues
O:
>Hemiplegia
> Altered
mental
status
>Restlessne
ss
NEEDS:
PHYSIOLO
GICAL
NEEDS
Ineffective
cerebral
tissue
perfusion r/t
interruption
of blood
flow.
Short term
goals:
The Patient
will be able to
display
decrease
signs of
ineffective
tissue
perfusion as
evidence by
gradual
improvement
of vital signs.
Long term
goals:
The Patient
will be able to
gradually
improve
tissue
perfusion as
evidence by
higher GCS
score and
increased
level of
Monitor vital signs,
including blood
pressure, heart rate,
respiratory rate, and
oxygen saturation.
Administer oxygen
therapy as ordered.
Administer
medications as
ordered, such as
antiplatelet agents,
thrombolytics, or
anticoagulants.
Elevate the head of
the bed to promote
cerebral blood flow.
Assess airway
patency and
respiratory pattern.
Perform GCS and
Frequently assess
and monitor
neurological status.
Maintain bed rest
and promote a quiet
and relaxing
environment.
To have baseline
data, Vital signs
provide valuable
information about
the patient’s
hemodynamic
status and
oxygenation.
Monitoring them
regularly helps
detect changes
that may indicate
worsening tissue
perfusion.
Supplemental
oxygen can help
increase the
oxygen supply to
the brain and
improve tissue
perfusion.
These medications
can help improve
blood flow to the
brain, prevent clot
formation, and
dissolve existing
clots, thereby
Patient shall
have gradually
improved tissue
perfusion as
evidenced by
gradual
improvement of
vital signs
The Patient
shall have
gradually
improved tissue
perfusion as
evidenced by
higher GCS
score and
increased level
of
consciousness.
2. consciousnes
s.
improving tissue
perfusion.
Elevating the head
of the bed can help
improve blood flow
to the brain,
reducing the risk of
further tissue
damage.
Clients with a
decreased level of
consciousness
should be
assessed to
ensure that they
are able to protect
their airways
The GCS
evaluates changes
in awareness
based on verbal,
sensorimotor, and
pupillary reflexes.
Restlessness and
assess also for
trends in the level
of consciousness
(LOC), the
potential for
increased ICP, and
helps determine
the location,
extent, and
3. progression of
damage.
CHAPTER IX
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
The brain has a few regions. The most obvious is the cerebrum, which is divided into two cerebral hemispheres, each of
which has a cortex. The outer region is divided into four lobes including the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and
the occipital lobe. The cerebellum which is located below and the brainstem which connects to the spinal cord. The right
4. cerebrum controls the muscles on the left side of your body and vice versa. The frontal lobe controls movement, and
executive functions, which is our ability to make decisions. The parietal lobe processes sensory information, which lets us
locate exactly where we are physically and guides movements in a three-dimensional space. The temporal lobe plays a
role in hearing, smell and memory, as well as visual recognition of faces and languages. The occipital lobe is primarily
responsible for vision. The cerebellum helps with muscle coordination and balance. The brainstem plays a vital role in
functions like heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, gastrointestinal function and consciousness.
The brain receives blood from the left and right carotid arteries, as well as the left and right vertebral arteries, which come
together to form the basilar artery. The internal carotid arteries turn into the left and right middle cerebral arteries which
serve the lateral portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes of the brain. Each of the internal carotid arteries also
5. give off branches called the anterior cerebral arteries which serve the medical portion of the frontal and parietal lobes and
connect with one another whit a short little connecting blood vessels called the anterior communicating artery. Meanwhile,
the vertebral arteries and basilar arteries give off branches to supply the cerebellum and the brainstem.
In addition, the basilar artery divides to become the right and left posterior cerebral artery which mainly serves the
occipital lobe and some of the temporal lobe as well as the thalamus. Finally, the internal carotid arteries each give off a
branch called the posterior communicating artery which attaches to the posterior arteries on each side. So together, the
main arteries and the communicating arteries complete what is called the Circle of Willis. The Circle of Willis is the ring
where blood can circulate from one side to the other in case of a blockage. It also offers alternative ways for blood to get
around an obstructed vessel.
6. In general, the brain can get by on diminished blood flow, especially when it happens gradually because that allows
enough time for collateral circulation to develop, which is where a nearby vessel starts sending out branches of blood
vessels to serve an area that’s in need. But once the supply of blood flow is reduced to below the needs of the tissue it
causes tissue damage, which we call an ischemic stroke.
7. ASSESSMENT NSG.DIAGNOSIS
W/ SCIENTIFIC
BASIS
OBJECTIVE
OF CARE
NURSING
INTERVENTION
RATIONALE EVALUATION
S: No verbal cues
O:
>Ineffective or
absent cough.
> Abnormal
breath sounds
(crackles, rhonchi,
wheezes)
NEEDS:
PHYSIOLOGICAL
NEEDS
Ineffective airway
clearance related
to decreased
level of
consciousness
secondary to
CVA
After 8
hours of
nursing
intervention
the patient
will maintain
clear, open
airways as
evidenced
by the
absence of
abnormal
breath
sounds, a
respiratory
rate within
the normal
range and
maintaining
oxygen
saturation
levels within
the normal
range
(above
95%) during
rest and
activity, as
measured
Assess the
airway for
patency.
Auscultate
lungs for the
presence of
normal or
adventitious
breath sounds.
Assess
respirations.
Note quality,
rate, pattern,
depth, flaring
of nostrils,
dyspnea on
exertion,
evidence of
splinting, use
of accessory
muscles, and
position for
breathing.
Note the
presence of
sputum;
evaluate its
quality, color,
amount, odor,
Maintaining a
patent airway is
always the
priority ,
especially in
cases like
trauma, acute
neurological
decompensation,
or cardiac arrest.
Abnormal breath
sounds can be
heard as fluid
and mucus
accumulate. This
may indicate
ineffective airway
clearance.
A change in the
usual respiration
may mean
respiratory
compromise. An
increase in
respiratory rate
and rhythm may
be a
compensatory
response to
After 8 hours
of nursing
intervention
the patient will
maintain
clear, open
airways as
evidenced by
the absence
of abnormal
breath
sounds, a
respiratory
rate within the
normal range
and
maintaining
oxygen
saturation
levels within
the normal
range (above
95%) during
rest and
activity, as
measured by
pulse
oximetry.
8. by pulse
oximetry.
and
consistency.
Note for
changes in
HR, BP, and
temperature.
Asses for
clubbing of the
fingernails and
cyanosis.
Position the
client upright if
tolerated.
Regularly
check the
client’s
position to
prevent sliding
down in bed.
airway
obstruction.
The unusual
appearance of
secretions may
be a result of
infection,
bronchitis,
chronic smoking,
or other
conditions. A
discolored
sputum is a sign
of infection; an
odor may be
present.
Increased
breathing work
can lead to
tachycardia and
hypertension.
The heart pumps
faster to deliver
oxygenated
blood to vital
organs and
tissues in an
attempt to meet
the body’s
oxygen demand.
Clubbing of the
fingers appears
as sponginess of
9. the nail bed is a
sign of lung
disease.
Cyanosis, a
bluish coloring of
the skin, is a
very late
indicator of
hypoxia.
Upright position
limits abdominal
contents from
pushing upward
and inhibiting
lung expansion.
This position
promotes better
lung expansion
and improved air
exchange.
ASSESSMENT NSG.DIAGNOSIS
W/ SCIENTIFIC
BASIS
OBJECTIVE
OF CARE
NURSING
INTERVENTION
RATIONALE EVALUATION
S: No verbal cues
O:
> Tube feedings
>Reduced level of
consciousness
Risk of Aspiration
related to
impaired
swallowing,
decreased level
of consciousness,
and/or altered
gag reflex
secondary to
After 8
hours of
nursing
intervention
the patient
will be able
Maintain
patent
airway
Assess level of
consciousness
Auscultate
breath sounds
for
development
of crackles
and/or
Rhonchi.
The primary risk
factor of
aspiration is
decreased level
of
consciousness.
Aspiration of
small amounts
can occur
without coughing
After 8 hours
of nursing
intervention
the patient will
be able
Maintain
patent airway
as evidenced
by
10. >Inability to
maintain upright
body posture.
Need: Safety
Needs, Love and
belonging
cerebrovascular
accident (CVA)
as
evidenced
by
oxygen
saturation of
95-100%
and
Remain free
of
aspiration
with no
adventitious
breath
sounds
noted and
reduce the
risk of
Recurrence.
Educate the
family for the
need for
proper
Positioning.
or sudden onset
of respiratory
distress,
especially in
patients with
decreased levels
of
consciousness.
Crackle and
rhonchi that
occur suddenly
could be an
indicator of a
small amount of
aspiration.
Upright
positioning
decreases the
risk for
aspiration.
oxygen
saturation of
95-100% and
Remain free
of
aspiration with
no
adventitious
breath
sounds noted
and
reduce the
risk of
Recurrence.