This document provides an overview of the situation of women and children in Bangladesh. It discusses several issues they face such as high maternal mortality, malnutrition, domestic violence, lack of access to healthcare and education, child marriage, and poverty. Several organizations are working to address these challenges. The government and UNICEF are working to increase access to education for girls and provide maternal healthcare. Programs also aim to reduce child marriage and malnutrition. While progress has been made, many women and children in Bangladesh still face significant hardships. More efforts are needed to promote their rights and improve overall living conditions.
Deficit of Girls in India
Dr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, Dept. of P.G. Studies & Research
Professor & Head, Department of Economics,
SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020.
E-mail- vibhuti.np@gmail.com Phone-91-022-26770227, mobile-9321040048
Selective elimination of female foetuses and selection of male at a preconception stage contributes to more and more ‘missing girls’. Legacy of continuing declining sex ratio in India in the history of Census of India has taken new turn with widespread use of NRTs in India. NRTs are based on principle of selection of the desirable and rejection of the unwanted. In India, the desirable is the baby boy and the unwanted is the baby girl. The result is obvious. The Census results of 2001 have revealed that with sex ratio of 927 girls for 1000 boys, India had deficit of 60 lakh girls in age-group of 0-6 years, when it entered the new millennium.
Female infanticide was practiced among selected communities, while the abuse of NRTs has become a generalised phenomenon encompassing all communities irrespective of caste, class, religious, educational and ethnic backgrounds. Demographers, population control lobby, anthropologists, economists, legal experts, medical fraternity and feminists are divided in their opinions about gender implications of NRTs. NRTs, in the context of patriarchal control over women’s fertility and commercial interests are posing major threat to women’s dignity and bodily integrity. The supporters of sex selective abortions put forward the argument of “Women’s Choice” as if women’s choices are made in social vacuum. In this context, the crucial question is- Can we allow Asian girls to become an endangered species?
Asian countries are undergoing a demographic transition of low death and birth rates in their populations. The nation-states in S. Asia are vigorously promoting small family norms. India has adopted two-child norm and China has ruthlessly imposed ‘one child per family’ rule. Sex ratios in Europe, North America, Caribbean, Central Asia, the poorest region- sub Saharan Africa are not favourable to women as these countries neither kill / neglect girls nor do they use (New Reproductive Technologies) NRTs for production of sons.
"To all the girls who are watching this, never doubt that you are valuable and powerful, and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and achieve your own dreams."
Child marriage is a social issue of global concern as it hinders socio-economic development and make several sustainable development goals (SDGs) unachievable. It's a major issue in the tribal populated and backward districts of Odisha.
Deficit of Girls in India
Dr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, Dept. of P.G. Studies & Research
Professor & Head, Department of Economics,
SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020.
E-mail- vibhuti.np@gmail.com Phone-91-022-26770227, mobile-9321040048
Selective elimination of female foetuses and selection of male at a preconception stage contributes to more and more ‘missing girls’. Legacy of continuing declining sex ratio in India in the history of Census of India has taken new turn with widespread use of NRTs in India. NRTs are based on principle of selection of the desirable and rejection of the unwanted. In India, the desirable is the baby boy and the unwanted is the baby girl. The result is obvious. The Census results of 2001 have revealed that with sex ratio of 927 girls for 1000 boys, India had deficit of 60 lakh girls in age-group of 0-6 years, when it entered the new millennium.
Female infanticide was practiced among selected communities, while the abuse of NRTs has become a generalised phenomenon encompassing all communities irrespective of caste, class, religious, educational and ethnic backgrounds. Demographers, population control lobby, anthropologists, economists, legal experts, medical fraternity and feminists are divided in their opinions about gender implications of NRTs. NRTs, in the context of patriarchal control over women’s fertility and commercial interests are posing major threat to women’s dignity and bodily integrity. The supporters of sex selective abortions put forward the argument of “Women’s Choice” as if women’s choices are made in social vacuum. In this context, the crucial question is- Can we allow Asian girls to become an endangered species?
Asian countries are undergoing a demographic transition of low death and birth rates in their populations. The nation-states in S. Asia are vigorously promoting small family norms. India has adopted two-child norm and China has ruthlessly imposed ‘one child per family’ rule. Sex ratios in Europe, North America, Caribbean, Central Asia, the poorest region- sub Saharan Africa are not favourable to women as these countries neither kill / neglect girls nor do they use (New Reproductive Technologies) NRTs for production of sons.
"To all the girls who are watching this, never doubt that you are valuable and powerful, and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and achieve your own dreams."
Child marriage is a social issue of global concern as it hinders socio-economic development and make several sustainable development goals (SDGs) unachievable. It's a major issue in the tribal populated and backward districts of Odisha.
Given the predominantly patriarchal
setup in the country, the health and
education of a girl child is highly
neglected. Special programmes have
indeed been initiated to stop early
marriages and reduce school dropout
rates. But a lot more needs to be done.
Health & Education
of Girl Child in
India: An Increasing
Concern
– Dr Vibhuti Patel
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Samuel Scott, IFPRI - From mother to child: Pathways from early marriage to p...POSHAN
Presentation made at an IFPRI event on "What Lies Beneath:
Women’s and Girls’ Wellbeing as a Critical Underpinning of India’s Nutritional Challenge" on December 10, 2018, in New Delhi
Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladeshinventionjournals
The total development of Bangladesh will undoubtedly be hampered if the empowerment status of women, constituting about fifty percent of the country’s population will not be increased or remains as low as it nowadays. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze and determine the nature and extent of women’s empowerment and factors influencing it in Bangladesh using the data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007. The findings reveal that the overall mean values of Economic Decision Making Index (EDMI) are 0.661, 0.697, and 0.669 and the overall mean values of Household Decision Making Index (HDMI) are 0.604, 0.646, and 0.613 for rural, urban and combined group respectively. It is observed that lowest age group has lowest mean values of EDMI and HDMI for all three (rural, urban and combined) groups. The mean EDMI is the highest when respondents age at marriage is <14 for both rural and urban areas and for combined groups. It is found that household head has negative significant effect on both EDMI and HDMI. Women living in urban area, involved with income generating activities are more empowered than their counterpart. The mean value of EDMI is larger than that of HDMI which indicates that women are less empowered in household decision making purpose than economic decision making. Between the two dimensions of empowerment, obviously urban women are relatively more empowered than that of rural women.
Child marriage is a curse for our society. This presentation will give you an idea of child marriage, scenario of child marriage in Bangladesh and in the world, causes of child marriage and how we can prevent child marriage including some cases.
Adolescent Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity PSY 625 Bio.docxnettletondevon
Adolescent Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity
PSY 625: Biological Bases of Behavior
Professor John Cosma
04/01/2018
Adolescent Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity
Introduction
In the process of migration, the demographic and background characteristics of migrants in Bangladesh play a major role. In this research proposal, it will provide the social demographics of frequency and percent distribution, and economic characteristics of migrants before and after migration in Bangladesh. Background characteristics including age and sex of respondents, family type and size, marital status, and educational attainment of respondents before and after migration are included in social-demographic characteristics. Occupation, income food consumption, and health seeking behaviors are also included in the economic characteristics of Bangladesh.
Background
After marriage, pregnancy is accepted in our country. In many countries, such as Bangladesh, marriage is universal. Typically, in an early marriage there is an early pregnancy. Adolescent marriage can make maternal life troubling in early pregnancy. Early pregnancy can produce maternal and child death. According to the World Health Organization (2012), related to pregnancy and childbirth, approximately 800 women die from preventable causes. Countries such as Bangladesh, 99% of maternal deaths occur. Due to the high rates of early marriage and early pregnancies, countries such as Bangladesh, maternal pregnancy and maternal morbidity is slightly higher than other countries in the world. In Bangladesh, maternal morbidity is increasing due to illnesses and injuries (WHO, 2012). Health practitioners exclaims that adolescent girls are not developed enough to bear a child, which can produce maternal deaths or complications.
Justification
Statement of problem and research issue
In related to childbirth, adolescents' physical development is not fully capable to overcome health complications. For example, a mother who is petite in size and young, is more than likely to deliver a baby that is small, weak, may have possible mental delays, and chances of survival are slim to none. Birth complications, still births, and higher incident rates of low birth weights can happen to children who have adolescent mothers. The percentage of underweight children is about 41.5% of births in Bangladesh. Due to adolescent pregnancy, there is a good number of maternal mortality. According to WHO (2012), women living in Bangladesh, the surrounding rural areas, and poor developing communities, have a higher maternal mortality due to morbidity. It is argued that in young adolescent births, there are higher risks of complications and death than older women who conceive. Maternal mortality is unacceptably high around the world. Around the world, more than 800 women experience death from pregnancy and or child-related birth complications. According to BBS (2007), approximately, 728,000 women died during pregnancy and childbirth and.
Women empowerment unit-iii- Problems and Challenges in indiaDr. Mani Madhavan
Women and Education
Women and Health
Women and Economy
Women and Politics
A woman’s lack of education also has a negative impact on the health and wellbeing of her children. For instance, a recent survey in India found that infant mortality was inversely related to mother’s educational level
Adolescent pregnancy continues to be a grave problem in India not only from the obstetrical point of view but from the social and economical perspectives also. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of mortality among women between the ages of 15 and 19 in the developing world.
Given the predominantly patriarchal
setup in the country, the health and
education of a girl child is highly
neglected. Special programmes have
indeed been initiated to stop early
marriages and reduce school dropout
rates. But a lot more needs to be done.
Health & Education
of Girl Child in
India: An Increasing
Concern
– Dr Vibhuti Patel
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Samuel Scott, IFPRI - From mother to child: Pathways from early marriage to p...POSHAN
Presentation made at an IFPRI event on "What Lies Beneath:
Women’s and Girls’ Wellbeing as a Critical Underpinning of India’s Nutritional Challenge" on December 10, 2018, in New Delhi
Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladeshinventionjournals
The total development of Bangladesh will undoubtedly be hampered if the empowerment status of women, constituting about fifty percent of the country’s population will not be increased or remains as low as it nowadays. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze and determine the nature and extent of women’s empowerment and factors influencing it in Bangladesh using the data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007. The findings reveal that the overall mean values of Economic Decision Making Index (EDMI) are 0.661, 0.697, and 0.669 and the overall mean values of Household Decision Making Index (HDMI) are 0.604, 0.646, and 0.613 for rural, urban and combined group respectively. It is observed that lowest age group has lowest mean values of EDMI and HDMI for all three (rural, urban and combined) groups. The mean EDMI is the highest when respondents age at marriage is <14 for both rural and urban areas and for combined groups. It is found that household head has negative significant effect on both EDMI and HDMI. Women living in urban area, involved with income generating activities are more empowered than their counterpart. The mean value of EDMI is larger than that of HDMI which indicates that women are less empowered in household decision making purpose than economic decision making. Between the two dimensions of empowerment, obviously urban women are relatively more empowered than that of rural women.
Child marriage is a curse for our society. This presentation will give you an idea of child marriage, scenario of child marriage in Bangladesh and in the world, causes of child marriage and how we can prevent child marriage including some cases.
Adolescent Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity PSY 625 Bio.docxnettletondevon
Adolescent Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity
PSY 625: Biological Bases of Behavior
Professor John Cosma
04/01/2018
Adolescent Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity
Introduction
In the process of migration, the demographic and background characteristics of migrants in Bangladesh play a major role. In this research proposal, it will provide the social demographics of frequency and percent distribution, and economic characteristics of migrants before and after migration in Bangladesh. Background characteristics including age and sex of respondents, family type and size, marital status, and educational attainment of respondents before and after migration are included in social-demographic characteristics. Occupation, income food consumption, and health seeking behaviors are also included in the economic characteristics of Bangladesh.
Background
After marriage, pregnancy is accepted in our country. In many countries, such as Bangladesh, marriage is universal. Typically, in an early marriage there is an early pregnancy. Adolescent marriage can make maternal life troubling in early pregnancy. Early pregnancy can produce maternal and child death. According to the World Health Organization (2012), related to pregnancy and childbirth, approximately 800 women die from preventable causes. Countries such as Bangladesh, 99% of maternal deaths occur. Due to the high rates of early marriage and early pregnancies, countries such as Bangladesh, maternal pregnancy and maternal morbidity is slightly higher than other countries in the world. In Bangladesh, maternal morbidity is increasing due to illnesses and injuries (WHO, 2012). Health practitioners exclaims that adolescent girls are not developed enough to bear a child, which can produce maternal deaths or complications.
Justification
Statement of problem and research issue
In related to childbirth, adolescents' physical development is not fully capable to overcome health complications. For example, a mother who is petite in size and young, is more than likely to deliver a baby that is small, weak, may have possible mental delays, and chances of survival are slim to none. Birth complications, still births, and higher incident rates of low birth weights can happen to children who have adolescent mothers. The percentage of underweight children is about 41.5% of births in Bangladesh. Due to adolescent pregnancy, there is a good number of maternal mortality. According to WHO (2012), women living in Bangladesh, the surrounding rural areas, and poor developing communities, have a higher maternal mortality due to morbidity. It is argued that in young adolescent births, there are higher risks of complications and death than older women who conceive. Maternal mortality is unacceptably high around the world. Around the world, more than 800 women experience death from pregnancy and or child-related birth complications. According to BBS (2007), approximately, 728,000 women died during pregnancy and childbirth and.
Women empowerment unit-iii- Problems and Challenges in indiaDr. Mani Madhavan
Women and Education
Women and Health
Women and Economy
Women and Politics
A woman’s lack of education also has a negative impact on the health and wellbeing of her children. For instance, a recent survey in India found that infant mortality was inversely related to mother’s educational level
Adolescent pregnancy continues to be a grave problem in India not only from the obstetrical point of view but from the social and economical perspectives also. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of mortality among women between the ages of 15 and 19 in the developing world.
Gender Imbalance in India Causes and Emerging Issuesijtsrd
The provisional data of 2011 Census has once again highlighted the problem of severe sex imbalance in the country, especially in 0 6 age group. According to Census of 2011, the sex ratio in 0 6 year’s age group has declined to 914 females per 1000 males as compared to 927 in 2001. It shows an increasing trend of male preference as compared to female in the last decade. The phenomenon of son preference is coupled with death of young females due to lack of medical care, under nutrition, female infanticide, and sex selective abortions. Sen 1992, 2003 first addressed the disturbing trend by highlighting that millions of females in India are missing because of widespread neglect in health care, nutrition and prenatal care. The steep decline in sex ratio in northern and western states is a cause of worry. Technological developments permitting sex selective abortions have seriously aggravated sex imbalance in these states. The trend of rapid decline in sex ratio has given rise to serious social, demographic and cultural problems. This present paper attempts to explain the causes for gender imbalance and its implications on the society as a whole. Chandrakant N. Kokate "Gender Imbalance in India: Causes and Emerging Issues" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd34696.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/financial-economics/34696/gender-imbalance-in-india-causes-and-emerging-issues/chandrakant-n-kokate
The reports contains the deliberations of Dalit, Adivasi, NGO and International NGO leaders working for nutrition and food security with sharing of the findings of social audits conducted in Madhya Pradesh. The convention was organized as part of NACDOR led National Campaign on Nutrition for Dignity launched in 10 states of India with the support of Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition,
A case study about Teenage pregnancy which is a widespread problem all over the world. Teen pregnancy and childbearing bring substantial social and economic costs through immediate and long-term impacts on teen parents and their children.
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Assessment and Analysis of the Overall Situation of Women and Children: Bangladesh Scenario
Islam et al. 027
Bangladesh became one of 46 countries in seven regions
to participate in the UNICEF Global Study on Child Poverty
and Disparities. The study has generated evidence and
insights that can be used to influence national
development plans. The findings are expected to inspire
and inform poverty reduction and sector-wide strategies
that will, in turn, lead to child-sensitive poverty reduction
strategies and policy interventions for Bangladesh
(UNICEF, 2011). Thirty-six percent of children under age
5 are stunted, 14 percent are wasted, and 33 percent are
underweight (BDHS, 2014). Child victimization situation in
Bangladesh is becoming worsened by passing of time. It
seems lack of social security, improper implementation of
child rights is responsible to protect child rights and avoid
child victimization in Bangladesh (MNA Hyder and MI
Hasan, 2017). Bangladesh about 30% of the people live in
extreme poverty and many families are quite unable to
fulfill the basic needs which compel them to engage their
children in risky works. About 22% of the children in
Bangladesh are illiterate, 30% know how to signature their
names, 36% of the children have primary education and
only 10% have secondary education. Approximately 80%
of students enrolled in grade one complete primary school.
High drop-out rates due to poverty and poor quality of
teaching and learning are serious problems for primary
schools. Only 46% of boys and 53% of girls attend
secondary school. About 50% of primary and 80% of
secondary level students drop out of school in Bangladesh
(HK Mohajan, 2014).
That’s why the authors want to elucidate the assessment
and analysis of the overall situation of women and children
in Bangladesh.
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
I. To promote laws, policies, research and services that
meet “Situation of Women and Children” Bangladesh
Scenario support women’s right to decide whether,
when and how to get their rights.
II. To reduce the women and children discrimination in
the society of Bangladesh as to insure the wellbeing of
their future child.
III. To prevent and control of violence against women and
child labor by creating awareness of the people.
IV. To inspire new thinking about their rights, situation,
empowerment, financial solvency, social status
improvement by creating awareness of women and
children.
METHODOLOGY
The study was solely based on secondary data. The
information was gathered from different related books,
journals, internet, newspaper and personal collection and
time was limited for the study. The study was based on
secondary data only, field survey was not possible.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Situation and Problems facing by Women:
Bangladesh Scenario
Motherhood
Bangladesh’s maternal mortality ratio is one of the highest
in the region. Government figures estimate that there are
320 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births however UN
estimates place the rate as high as 570 deaths per
100,000 live births. A woman’s lifetime risk of dying in
pregnancy or childbirth is one in 51, compared to one in
47,600 in Ireland (the best performer). About 12,000
women die every year from pregnancy or childbirth
complications. Young motherhood is associated with
several risks such as higher maternal mortality rates,
pregnancy complications and low birth weight babies.
Despite an increase in health facilities nationally, 85 per
cent of deliveries still take place at home and less than a
quarter of births are attended by skilled health personnel
(some women use skilled birth attendants at home).
Nutrition
Malnutrition is a significant contributor to complicated
pregnancies and high maternal and infant mortality rates.
There have been some modest improvements in past
decades, but the nutritional status of women in
Bangladesh remains alarming. Almost one-third of women
of reproductive age have a body mass index less than
18.5; this means they are very underweight. Even among
the wealthiest quintile of society, 13 per cent of women are
underweight. Girls also have lower levels of iodine than
boys, as measured by urinary iodine excretion. Nationally,
37 per cent of girls are iodine deficient, compared with 31
per cent of boys.
Violence against women
Domestic violence is a pervasive problem in Bangladesh
and in a 2007 research study, more than half of ever-
married women aged 15-49 reported that they had
experienced some form of physical and/or sexual violence
from their husbands, and one quarter had experienced it
in the past year. The practice of dowry, a lower age at
marriage, and poverty are all associated with women’s
higher likelihood of experiencing and condoning violence.
Adolescent girls are often victims of ‘eve teasing’ or sexual
harassment and are not prepared to face such a situation.
In one of its most extreme forms, violence against women
takes the form of acid attacks.
Picture 1: Violence and discrimination in Woman and
Children
3. Assessment and Analysis of the Overall Situation of Women and Children: Bangladesh Scenario
Int. J. Public Admin. and Pol. Res. 028
Education
Education is the key to addressing entrenched
discrimination and violence against women. Research
suggests that the presence of more educated children in
the household and community acts as a restraint on
violence against women. Bangladesh has made immense
gains in girls’ education, such that girls now outnumber
boys in primary and secondary schooling. However, net
attendance rates in secondary education are still
extremely low, at only 53 per cent for girls and 46 per cent
for boys.
Work
According to the Bangladesh Demographic and Health
Survey 2007, about 65 per cent of women aged 15-49
were unemployed in the year prior to the survey, compared
to about 2 per cent of men in the same age group. For one
in eight women who earn a wage, someone else decides
how that wage will be spent. About 8-9 per cent of girls
between the ages of 5 and 14 are working but a lot of girls
work in jobs that are hidden from view, such as domestic
work and commercial sex work. Girls in particular, are
often denied the right to work for a wage.
Actions taken by various organizations for improving
situation of women in Bangladesh
Achieving gender parity in education
The Second Primary Education Development
Programmed (PEDP-II), funded by the Government of
Bangladesh and 11 other development partners including
UNICEF, is implemented in 61,072 schools in all 64
districts. The programmed includes initiatives that aim to
raise community awareness about the need for girls’
education. Campaigns are conducted through mass
media, national and sub national education events,
interactive popular theatre, TV drama series about quality
education, cartoons promoting UNICEF's animated girl-
hero Mena and printed materials. The project also includes
several initiatives to improve access to quality education
for boys and girls alike, such as decentralizing school
management and improving teaching quality through
training.
Helping working children access education
The Basic Education for Hard-To-Reach Urban Working
Children project provides basic education in Bangla,
English, social science and math’s as well as 10 core life
skills such as interpersonal relationships, decision making,
negotiation and job seeking. More than 166,000 students
(60 per cent girls) attend 6646 learning centres in six
divisional cities in Bangladesh as part of this project.
Gender issues such as early marriage, gender equality in
the workplace, and violence against females are also
discussed in these sessions.
Improving maternal health care
UNICEF supports public hospitals to improve the quality of
care, strengthen emergency obstetric care and make
health services more women friendly. UNICEF also works
within the community to improve community maternal
health practices and aims to increase the usage rates of
maternal and neonatal health care services, particularly
among the poor and socially excluded. UNICEF has three
major maternal, neonatal and child health projects, which
together reach more than 35 million Bangladeshi people in
21 low-performing districts.
Improving nutrition
To improve nutritional status of women and children,
UNICEF supports interventions to prevent micronutrient
deficiencies, including salt iodization, de-worming, and
vitamin A, iron and folate supplementation. Community-
based models for preventing anemia in children,
adolescent girls and women have been piloted in selected
areas across the country. A UNICEF-supported project in
the Chittagong Hill Tracts, an area with particularly high
anemia rates, provides iron tablets and counseling to
improve iron intake and reduce anemia. A network of
adolescent girls is used to reach those who do not have
regular contact with health services.
Addressing child marriage, dowry and violence
As part of UNICEF’s Empowerment of Adolescents
project, adolescents, their families’ and communities are
supported in adopting practices to reduce child marriage,
dowry and other forms of abuse, exploitation and violence
against girls. Through a peer support approach,
adolescents across Bangladesh have access to life skills
education on topics such as critical thinking and
negotiation. The project, funded by the European Union
(EU), is implemented in partnership with the Ministry of
Women and Children Affairs and NGOs.
Preventing and responding to acid attacks
UNICEF also supports psychosocial services for survivors
of acid attacks, such as establishing community based
support mechanisms and services. This includes
mobilizing and sensitizing the community on the
consequences of one of the crudest and worst form of
violence against women to help prevent future attacks, and
to assist with the reintegration of acid survivors, who are
often stigmatized by their attack.
Promoting gender equality through sport
The Empowerment of Adolescents project also includes
Sports for Development component that uses sport as a
tool for gender equality and female empowerment. In the
project areas, adolescents (especially girls) have access
to indoor and outdoor sports such as cricket, swimming,
athletics and football. The project ensures that girls have
the right to participate in sport, through activities such as
organizing sports competitions, managing sports grounds
and providing sports’ training to staff and adolescents. The
project helps promote teamwork and fair play as well as
providing girls with a rare opportunity for outdoor activities.
4. Assessment and Analysis of the Overall Situation of Women and Children: Bangladesh Scenario
Islam et al. 029
Situation and Problems facing by Children:
Bangladesh Scenario
Child marriage
While the practice of child marriage has decreased in
Bangladesh over the last 30 years, it remains common in
rural areas and urban slums, especially among the poor.
The legal age of marriage is 18 for girls, however three-
quarters of women aged 20-49 were married before age
18. In one study, women aged 46-60 reported that dowry
was practically non-existent when they married, while 46%
of women aged 15-25 reported that they had to pay dowry.
Overall child poverty
Around 26.5 million of the 63 million children in
Bangladesh live below the national poverty line, regardless
of the measurement method used (46 per cent according
to both the DCI and CBN), and more than half of all
households (51 per cent) with children are poor in terms of
international poverty line below the $1 Purchasing Power
Parity (PPP) threshold. Poverty increases as the number
of children in a household increases, irrespective of the
measurement method employed. Around 58 per cent of all
children are severely deprived of any one of the six
deprivation indicators: shelter; sanitation; water;
information; education; and health, with around 20 per cent
suffering from at least two severe deprivations compared
to 41 per cent of Muslims.
Child mortality, nutrition and health care
Although the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in
Bangladesh has been more than halved over the last
decade, 88 children still die before the age of five for every
1,000 live births, rising to 121 among the poor income
quintile. However, the U5MR for girls has fallen at a faster
rate than that for boys. About 46 per cent of all children
under-five are stunted and 40 per cent are underweight.
Around 42 per cent of rural children are under weight,
compared to 30 per cent in urban areas, and 49 per cent
are stunted, compared to 36 per cent of urban children.
Stunting, wasting and underweight among children are
affected by the level of education attained by them.
Picture 2: Women and Children facing nutrition problems
Child protection issues
Only 36 per cent of all children in Bangladesh (as of 2006)
had been reached by the birth registration programme.
About 6 percent of all children are orphans; and relatively
more orphans (30 per cent) are from female headed
households. About 39 per cent of girls are married before
the legal age for marriage of 18 years. More girls in rural
areas (36 percent) get married before the age of 15 than
those in urban areas (27 percent). In all, 71 per cent of girls
in rural areas and 58 per cent in urban areas are married
before the legal age.
Recommendations on child well-being Nutrition and
health
Nutrition
Expand nationwide evidence-based and proven nutrition
interventions and improve coordination of nutrition
programmes, including: use of multiple micronutrients for
control and prevention of anemia; exclusive breastfeeding
and timely introduction of appropriate complementary
feeding; and iron and folic acid supplementation for
pregnant women. Implement interventions at both facility
and community levels to manage severe acute
malnutrition.
Health
Ensure universal access to Zinc and oral rehydration
therapy (ORT) to tackle acute childhood diarrhea and
Sustain and further increase immunization coverage in
every district. Strengthen programmes to prevent and
manage pneumonia through: improving family and
community knowledge and care seeking practices; and
increasing access to quality of care through strengthening
community-based management of pneumonia.
Water and Sanitation
Access to safe drinking water and sanitation needs to be
consolidated, expanded and sustained. Special emphasis
should be given to arsenic affected, flood and disaster
prone areas. Arsenic contaminated drinking water is one
of the greatest challenges in providing safe water in
Bangladesh.
Social Protection and Child Protection
The Government of Bangladesh should strengthen
existing social protection programmes to reduce the
vulnerabilities of hard-core poor families and ensure better
inter-ministerial coordination in the area. Alternative care
facilities for children deprived of parental care and children
in contact with the law should be increased and developed.
Appropriate and adequate programmatic interventions
should be developed and implemented in phases to
support the social reintegration of children who are
homeless and living or working on the street.