The total development of Bangladesh will undoubtedly be hampered if the empowerment status of women, constituting about fifty percent of the country’s population will not be increased or remains as low as it nowadays. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze and determine the nature and extent of women’s empowerment and factors influencing it in Bangladesh using the data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007. The findings reveal that the overall mean values of Economic Decision Making Index (EDMI) are 0.661, 0.697, and 0.669 and the overall mean values of Household Decision Making Index (HDMI) are 0.604, 0.646, and 0.613 for rural, urban and combined group respectively. It is observed that lowest age group has lowest mean values of EDMI and HDMI for all three (rural, urban and combined) groups. The mean EDMI is the highest when respondents age at marriage is <14 for both rural and urban areas and for combined groups. It is found that household head has negative significant effect on both EDMI and HDMI. Women living in urban area, involved with income generating activities are more empowered than their counterpart. The mean value of EDMI is larger than that of HDMI which indicates that women are less empowered in household decision making purpose than economic decision making. Between the two dimensions of empowerment, obviously urban women are relatively more empowered than that of rural women.
Since its endorsement in 1995, the level of the adoption of gender mainstreaming in the leadership positions remains an issue among stakeholders. Lack of women representation in leadership positions has been attributed
Assessment of women non formal educational empowerment programmDr. Mary Agbo
The study evaluated the administrative effectiveness of women non-formal educational empowerment program for women in the rural areas of Benue State. A descriptive survey method was employed in order to assess the impact of administration of the Program. Two types of data were collected for the study: primary and secondary data. The former was collected with the use of structured and unstructured questionnaires, interviews and participant observation; while the latter were derived from existing literature and document from the State Ministry of Education. The study findings indicated that the numbers of women who participated in the program increased annually. The program has recorded some success in the area of promotion of mass literacy; skill acquisition; and employment opportunities.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effectiveness of a non-formal educational empowerment program for women in rural areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Key findings include:
1) Participation in the program increased annually, with over 62,000 women enrolled between 1995-2005 and most graduating.
2) The program was successful in promoting literacy, skills training, and employment opportunities for rural women.
3) While the program helped empower rural women, its administration was found to be only fairly effective or not effective according to most respondents. Improving participation and adopting better approaches were recommended.
Fertility behaviour and women's empowerment in oyo stateAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between women's empowerment and fertility behavior in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study found that 51% of respondents were not using family planning methods, though most had at least a primary school education. It also found that discussing the number of children to have significantly affects women's fertility. The study concludes that increasing education for both men and women, and encouraging family planning use, can help empower women and reduce fertility rates.
"Sustainable Development Goals to ‘Achieve Gender Equality’ – How Far?"Rashmi Sajwan
The present study delves into existing asset ownership practices
basis gender distribution across diverse socio-economic
backgrounds;
(a)With a critical outlook on norms, legal redressal, right of
information / education regarding asset ownership amongst
women
(b) With a purpose to analyze whether there is an effective
system to empower individuals to exercise economic agency,
irrespective of gender
"To all the girls who are watching this, never doubt that you are valuable and powerful, and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and achieve your own dreams."
Since its endorsement in 1995, the level of the adoption of gender mainstreaming in the leadership positions remains an issue among stakeholders. Lack of women representation in leadership positions has been attributed
Assessment of women non formal educational empowerment programmDr. Mary Agbo
The study evaluated the administrative effectiveness of women non-formal educational empowerment program for women in the rural areas of Benue State. A descriptive survey method was employed in order to assess the impact of administration of the Program. Two types of data were collected for the study: primary and secondary data. The former was collected with the use of structured and unstructured questionnaires, interviews and participant observation; while the latter were derived from existing literature and document from the State Ministry of Education. The study findings indicated that the numbers of women who participated in the program increased annually. The program has recorded some success in the area of promotion of mass literacy; skill acquisition; and employment opportunities.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effectiveness of a non-formal educational empowerment program for women in rural areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Key findings include:
1) Participation in the program increased annually, with over 62,000 women enrolled between 1995-2005 and most graduating.
2) The program was successful in promoting literacy, skills training, and employment opportunities for rural women.
3) While the program helped empower rural women, its administration was found to be only fairly effective or not effective according to most respondents. Improving participation and adopting better approaches were recommended.
Fertility behaviour and women's empowerment in oyo stateAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between women's empowerment and fertility behavior in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study found that 51% of respondents were not using family planning methods, though most had at least a primary school education. It also found that discussing the number of children to have significantly affects women's fertility. The study concludes that increasing education for both men and women, and encouraging family planning use, can help empower women and reduce fertility rates.
"Sustainable Development Goals to ‘Achieve Gender Equality’ – How Far?"Rashmi Sajwan
The present study delves into existing asset ownership practices
basis gender distribution across diverse socio-economic
backgrounds;
(a)With a critical outlook on norms, legal redressal, right of
information / education regarding asset ownership amongst
women
(b) With a purpose to analyze whether there is an effective
system to empower individuals to exercise economic agency,
irrespective of gender
"To all the girls who are watching this, never doubt that you are valuable and powerful, and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and achieve your own dreams."
This power-point analyses the Indian government and Sri Lankan's plans and budgets from a gender and equity lens. It argues that they are not gender and diversity transformative, do not focus on strengthening services for 'care' and engaging with men and boys on masculinities. Neither are budgets responsive to gender and diversity concerns. Finally, the paradigm of development is not consistent with gender and social equity
The document discusses gender disparity in technological, social, and economic development in third world countries. It notes that while overall living standards have improved, gains have not been equal between genders. Women tend to be disproportionately represented among the poor and have less access to resources like education, land, credit, and technical training. As a result, women often work in subsistence agriculture or low-paying manufacturing jobs. While efforts have sought to promote gender equality, continued work is needed to address barriers preventing women from entering male-dominated fields like technology education and ensure their full participation and decision-making in development.
This document summarizes education as a tool for empowering women. It discusses how education can help women gain decision making abilities, communication skills, and awareness of their rights. The document outlines objectives of education for women, indicators of empowerment, levels of empowerment from individual to societal, and factors limiting women's education. It argues that educated women can improve their families and society by making informed choices around health, finances, and children's education. Overall, the document advocates for increasing women's education as a path toward empowerment and national development.
Gender mainstreaming aims to promote gender equality by integrating gender perspectives into all policies, programs, and activities. It seeks to address inequalities that discriminate against both women and men. Gender mainstreaming is not just about improving access or balancing statistics - it targets major economic and social policies to ensure both women and men participate fully and benefit equally from development. It recognizes that gender affects lives from birth and aims to establish a balanced distribution of responsibilities between women and men through determined political action and support.
The document discusses the concepts of gender, sex, and socialization. It traces the evolution of approaches to promoting gender equality from Women in Development (WID) to Gender and Development (GAD) to the current approach of Gender Mainstreaming (GM). WID focused on women's practical needs but reinforced stereotypes. GAD examined unequal power relations and gender relations but was difficult to implement. GM aims to institutionalize gender sensitivity by integrating a gender perspective into all policies from the start. However, effectively applying gender mainstreaming remains a challenge.
Gender mainstreaming-in-electoral-process-pakistanzia ur rahim
Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for achieving gender equality by ensuring that both women and men have equal access to opportunities and resources at all levels of development. The concept was first proposed in 1985 and formally featured at the 1995 World Conference on Women in Beijing. The Election Commission of Pakistan supports gender mainstreaming and increasing women's participation in the electoral process, such as through its Gender Corner and using technology like social media. Ensuring conditions like political rights, citizenship, and access to information can help promote gender equality.
Gender mainstreaming aims to promote gender equality by making women's and men's concerns an integral part of policymaking. It involves assessing how gender norms can affect development programs and identifying opportunities to address inequalities. Key aspects of gender mainstreaming include political commitment, building technical capacity, and establishing accountability measures to ensure the process transforms unequal power structures over time. The ultimate goal is to achieve equitable and sustainable development outcomes where both women and men can equally participate in and benefit from development.
by Katharine Vincent and Tracy Cull, of Kulima Integrated Development Solutions.
Created for a CCAFS Training of Trainers (ToT) on gender, climate change, agriculture, and food security in New Delhi, India, 25-26 November 2011.
The document discusses several gender analysis frameworks that can be used to assess how policies, programs, and projects differentially impact men and women. It describes frameworks like the Harvard Analytical Framework, Moser's triple roles framework, and Longwe's Women's Empowerment Framework. Each framework asks different questions to analyze factors like who does what work, who has access to and control over resources, and how interventions may affect gender roles, status, and responsibilities.
Gender mainstreaming involves assessing how policies and programs may differently affect men and women. It offers a pluralistic approach that values diversity among both sexes. Building supportive networks with people like friends, family, colleagues and community members can help narrow gender gaps through enabling participation and impact. Gender mainstreaming should be applied in contexts like behavior, culture and society to manifest aspects like work attitudes, virtues, and harmony.
This document discusses gender mainstreaming through education and curriculum development. It addresses how curriculum should be made gender sensitive by building self-image, encouraging critical thinking, and ensuring equal participation. It also provides tools to evaluate textbooks from a gender perspective by analyzing content, visuals, characters, and exercises for bias and stereotypes. The document emphasizes that classrooms and teaching processes must be inclusive and impart human values to both boys and girls through content, activities, and behavior. Ensuring equal access to education for all is important to impact future gender relations.
Gender mainstreaming and gender analysis in work addressing risk reduction: G...Oxfam GB
Understanding how gender relations shape women’s and men’s lives is critical to disaster risk reduction (DRR). This is because women’s and men’s different roles, responsibilities, and access to resources influence how each will be affected by different hazards, and how they will cope with and recover from disaster. This presentation contains help and advice on mainstreaming gender in DRR work. This presentation is part of Oxfam GB's Gender and disaster risk reduction training pack available at www.oxfam.org.uk/genderdrrpack.
Strategy and plan of action for mainstreaming gender in ILRIILRI
1. Women comprise 43% of the agricultural workforce in developing countries and account for two-thirds of the world's 600 million poor livestock keepers. However, women have limited access to extension services, technologies, and markets.
2. Integrating gender considerations throughout the project cycle, from design to implementation to evaluation, is important for ensuring gender equality and equity outcomes.
3. ILRI aims to mainstream gender in its organizational structure, research, and partnerships to promote equality of opportunities and outcomes for women and men in the livestock sector. Key areas of focus include documenting gender evidence, collecting sex-disaggregated data, and strategic research on topics like gender and value
Gender planning aims to ensure equality and equity between women and men through empowering women in developing societies. It focuses on the relationship between gender and development, formulating gender policy, and implementing gender-sensitive planning practices. Fairness demands that everyone, regardless of gender, has equal opportunities. Gender planning can be conceptualized in three ways: as target-group planning focusing on women; as participatory planning that shapes identities and needs; and by addressing how planning reproduces social categories like gender. Case studies from Namibia, India, and Tunisia show how gender analysis and participatory research methods were used to inform agricultural and development policies to make them more responsive to women's roles and needs.
Women's empowerment refers to increasing women's spiritual, political, social and economic strengths, developing their confidence in their abilities, and gaining decision-making power and control over their lives. Empowerment involves gaining power through, with and within oneself. It is a process of building awareness, capacity and greater participation that allows women to get what they want and influence others. Educating girls and women is key to empowering them and has positive impacts for families and future generations. Empowerment also involves women gaining economic independence through work and control over resources as well as political participation and rights over their bodies and lives.
1. The document discusses gender mainstreaming in organizational structures and practices, defining it as assessing implications for women and men of any planned action to achieve gender equality.
2. It provides guidelines for mainstreaming gender, including conducting gender analysis, ensuring women's participation in decision-making, and establishing accountability mechanisms and gender targets.
3. Barriers to gender mainstreaming mentioned include lack of resources, capacity, and gender-disaggregated data, as well as socio-cultural restrictions on women.
This document discusses concepts related to gender and development, including definitions of key terms. It provides an overview of how gender should be integrated into development programs and planning according to the USAID Automated Directives System (ADS).
The ADS requires that gender issues be addressed in long-term strategic planning and project/activity design. It mandates gender analysis to understand how gender roles and relationships may impact activities and outcomes. Projects must explain how they will consider gender norms or state that gender is not significant. Performance indicators and evaluations must include sex-disaggregated data if gender is relevant.
The document also discusses legislation related to integrating gender in PEPFAR programming for HIV/AIDS. It outlines five key areas that
Tooth decay and dental erosions are the most frequent diseases of hard dental tissues. One of their origins is poor dietary habits. E.g. consumption of large amount of sweets in combination with poor oral hygiene can lead to tooth decay. On the other hand frequent consumption of acidic food can be the reason of erosive tooth wear. Tooth-friendly products are generally known like products without cariogenic as well as erosive potential. Therefore their consumption is safe for teeth. They mostly contain noncariogenic sweeteners which can not be metabolised by oral microflora and do not contain the acids. After their consumption the pH in oral cavity does not decreases under critical level (5.7 for enamel and 6.5 for dentine). Functional foodstuffs are another group of food that are safe for oral health. They contain some substances like vitamins, minerals (calcium, fluoride, phosphorous, iron, copper), casein phosphopeptide amorfous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), glycomacropeptide, xanthan gum, xylitol, that are beneficial for hard dental structures. These products are dairy products, fruit juices enriched by calcium or fluoride, chewing gums or candies with xylitol or CPP-ACP and many others. Their regular intake can help to strengthen the hard dental tissues. So tooth-friendly and functional foods seem to be useful in dental caries and erosion prevention.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de buscadores de internet como Altavista, Ask Jeeves y Google, así como metabuscadores como Kartoo, Ixquick y SurfWax. También menciona navegadores web como SeaMonkey y GreenBrowser, así como benchmarks para medir el rendimiento de JavaScript como SunSpider y Benchmark Suite v6.
This power-point analyses the Indian government and Sri Lankan's plans and budgets from a gender and equity lens. It argues that they are not gender and diversity transformative, do not focus on strengthening services for 'care' and engaging with men and boys on masculinities. Neither are budgets responsive to gender and diversity concerns. Finally, the paradigm of development is not consistent with gender and social equity
The document discusses gender disparity in technological, social, and economic development in third world countries. It notes that while overall living standards have improved, gains have not been equal between genders. Women tend to be disproportionately represented among the poor and have less access to resources like education, land, credit, and technical training. As a result, women often work in subsistence agriculture or low-paying manufacturing jobs. While efforts have sought to promote gender equality, continued work is needed to address barriers preventing women from entering male-dominated fields like technology education and ensure their full participation and decision-making in development.
This document summarizes education as a tool for empowering women. It discusses how education can help women gain decision making abilities, communication skills, and awareness of their rights. The document outlines objectives of education for women, indicators of empowerment, levels of empowerment from individual to societal, and factors limiting women's education. It argues that educated women can improve their families and society by making informed choices around health, finances, and children's education. Overall, the document advocates for increasing women's education as a path toward empowerment and national development.
Gender mainstreaming aims to promote gender equality by integrating gender perspectives into all policies, programs, and activities. It seeks to address inequalities that discriminate against both women and men. Gender mainstreaming is not just about improving access or balancing statistics - it targets major economic and social policies to ensure both women and men participate fully and benefit equally from development. It recognizes that gender affects lives from birth and aims to establish a balanced distribution of responsibilities between women and men through determined political action and support.
The document discusses the concepts of gender, sex, and socialization. It traces the evolution of approaches to promoting gender equality from Women in Development (WID) to Gender and Development (GAD) to the current approach of Gender Mainstreaming (GM). WID focused on women's practical needs but reinforced stereotypes. GAD examined unequal power relations and gender relations but was difficult to implement. GM aims to institutionalize gender sensitivity by integrating a gender perspective into all policies from the start. However, effectively applying gender mainstreaming remains a challenge.
Gender mainstreaming-in-electoral-process-pakistanzia ur rahim
Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for achieving gender equality by ensuring that both women and men have equal access to opportunities and resources at all levels of development. The concept was first proposed in 1985 and formally featured at the 1995 World Conference on Women in Beijing. The Election Commission of Pakistan supports gender mainstreaming and increasing women's participation in the electoral process, such as through its Gender Corner and using technology like social media. Ensuring conditions like political rights, citizenship, and access to information can help promote gender equality.
Gender mainstreaming aims to promote gender equality by making women's and men's concerns an integral part of policymaking. It involves assessing how gender norms can affect development programs and identifying opportunities to address inequalities. Key aspects of gender mainstreaming include political commitment, building technical capacity, and establishing accountability measures to ensure the process transforms unequal power structures over time. The ultimate goal is to achieve equitable and sustainable development outcomes where both women and men can equally participate in and benefit from development.
by Katharine Vincent and Tracy Cull, of Kulima Integrated Development Solutions.
Created for a CCAFS Training of Trainers (ToT) on gender, climate change, agriculture, and food security in New Delhi, India, 25-26 November 2011.
The document discusses several gender analysis frameworks that can be used to assess how policies, programs, and projects differentially impact men and women. It describes frameworks like the Harvard Analytical Framework, Moser's triple roles framework, and Longwe's Women's Empowerment Framework. Each framework asks different questions to analyze factors like who does what work, who has access to and control over resources, and how interventions may affect gender roles, status, and responsibilities.
Gender mainstreaming involves assessing how policies and programs may differently affect men and women. It offers a pluralistic approach that values diversity among both sexes. Building supportive networks with people like friends, family, colleagues and community members can help narrow gender gaps through enabling participation and impact. Gender mainstreaming should be applied in contexts like behavior, culture and society to manifest aspects like work attitudes, virtues, and harmony.
This document discusses gender mainstreaming through education and curriculum development. It addresses how curriculum should be made gender sensitive by building self-image, encouraging critical thinking, and ensuring equal participation. It also provides tools to evaluate textbooks from a gender perspective by analyzing content, visuals, characters, and exercises for bias and stereotypes. The document emphasizes that classrooms and teaching processes must be inclusive and impart human values to both boys and girls through content, activities, and behavior. Ensuring equal access to education for all is important to impact future gender relations.
Gender mainstreaming and gender analysis in work addressing risk reduction: G...Oxfam GB
Understanding how gender relations shape women’s and men’s lives is critical to disaster risk reduction (DRR). This is because women’s and men’s different roles, responsibilities, and access to resources influence how each will be affected by different hazards, and how they will cope with and recover from disaster. This presentation contains help and advice on mainstreaming gender in DRR work. This presentation is part of Oxfam GB's Gender and disaster risk reduction training pack available at www.oxfam.org.uk/genderdrrpack.
Strategy and plan of action for mainstreaming gender in ILRIILRI
1. Women comprise 43% of the agricultural workforce in developing countries and account for two-thirds of the world's 600 million poor livestock keepers. However, women have limited access to extension services, technologies, and markets.
2. Integrating gender considerations throughout the project cycle, from design to implementation to evaluation, is important for ensuring gender equality and equity outcomes.
3. ILRI aims to mainstream gender in its organizational structure, research, and partnerships to promote equality of opportunities and outcomes for women and men in the livestock sector. Key areas of focus include documenting gender evidence, collecting sex-disaggregated data, and strategic research on topics like gender and value
Gender planning aims to ensure equality and equity between women and men through empowering women in developing societies. It focuses on the relationship between gender and development, formulating gender policy, and implementing gender-sensitive planning practices. Fairness demands that everyone, regardless of gender, has equal opportunities. Gender planning can be conceptualized in three ways: as target-group planning focusing on women; as participatory planning that shapes identities and needs; and by addressing how planning reproduces social categories like gender. Case studies from Namibia, India, and Tunisia show how gender analysis and participatory research methods were used to inform agricultural and development policies to make them more responsive to women's roles and needs.
Women's empowerment refers to increasing women's spiritual, political, social and economic strengths, developing their confidence in their abilities, and gaining decision-making power and control over their lives. Empowerment involves gaining power through, with and within oneself. It is a process of building awareness, capacity and greater participation that allows women to get what they want and influence others. Educating girls and women is key to empowering them and has positive impacts for families and future generations. Empowerment also involves women gaining economic independence through work and control over resources as well as political participation and rights over their bodies and lives.
1. The document discusses gender mainstreaming in organizational structures and practices, defining it as assessing implications for women and men of any planned action to achieve gender equality.
2. It provides guidelines for mainstreaming gender, including conducting gender analysis, ensuring women's participation in decision-making, and establishing accountability mechanisms and gender targets.
3. Barriers to gender mainstreaming mentioned include lack of resources, capacity, and gender-disaggregated data, as well as socio-cultural restrictions on women.
This document discusses concepts related to gender and development, including definitions of key terms. It provides an overview of how gender should be integrated into development programs and planning according to the USAID Automated Directives System (ADS).
The ADS requires that gender issues be addressed in long-term strategic planning and project/activity design. It mandates gender analysis to understand how gender roles and relationships may impact activities and outcomes. Projects must explain how they will consider gender norms or state that gender is not significant. Performance indicators and evaluations must include sex-disaggregated data if gender is relevant.
The document also discusses legislation related to integrating gender in PEPFAR programming for HIV/AIDS. It outlines five key areas that
Tooth decay and dental erosions are the most frequent diseases of hard dental tissues. One of their origins is poor dietary habits. E.g. consumption of large amount of sweets in combination with poor oral hygiene can lead to tooth decay. On the other hand frequent consumption of acidic food can be the reason of erosive tooth wear. Tooth-friendly products are generally known like products without cariogenic as well as erosive potential. Therefore their consumption is safe for teeth. They mostly contain noncariogenic sweeteners which can not be metabolised by oral microflora and do not contain the acids. After their consumption the pH in oral cavity does not decreases under critical level (5.7 for enamel and 6.5 for dentine). Functional foodstuffs are another group of food that are safe for oral health. They contain some substances like vitamins, minerals (calcium, fluoride, phosphorous, iron, copper), casein phosphopeptide amorfous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), glycomacropeptide, xanthan gum, xylitol, that are beneficial for hard dental structures. These products are dairy products, fruit juices enriched by calcium or fluoride, chewing gums or candies with xylitol or CPP-ACP and many others. Their regular intake can help to strengthen the hard dental tissues. So tooth-friendly and functional foods seem to be useful in dental caries and erosion prevention.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de buscadores de internet como Altavista, Ask Jeeves y Google, así como metabuscadores como Kartoo, Ixquick y SurfWax. También menciona navegadores web como SeaMonkey y GreenBrowser, así como benchmarks para medir el rendimiento de JavaScript como SunSpider y Benchmark Suite v6.
Este documento describe las principales redes sociales utilizadas, incluyendo Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Twitter. Explica brevemente el propósito y origen de cada red social, así como estadísticas de usuarios. El objetivo es conocer cómo funcionan las redes sociales y sus principales funciones, y mostrar los porcentajes de personas que usan cada una.
O documento discute a relação do autor com as flores, destacando que elas podem servir como modelo, medida e mentora para aprender sobre a natureza. Também reflete sobre como as flores trazem luz ao nosso caminho e como devemos nos tornar como elas, florescendo e fazendo o mundo florescer.
Evaluation Study of National Examination and Student New Admission in Efforts...inventionjournals
This study aims to determine: the implementation of the new admissions system at schools in the city of Medan, to determine the level of preparedness of students in national exams and examine the relationship of learning achievement in Junior High School (SMP/MTsN) with student achievement in Senior High School (SMA/MA). The research data collected by the survey directly to schools selected as sample through observation, documentation and depth interview. Collecting data using a set of questionnaire. Research data analysis using SPSS. The results of this study are: new admissions system at the level of SMA/MAin the city of Medan done through the national exam results and a test track. Readiness of students in national exams conducted by the students tend to choose a tutoring to prepare for the National Exam. Apart from that, tutoring is also the place for high school students to learn in preparation for the National Examination, and there is a strong relationship between the results of national examinations in SMP/MTs with academic achievement in SMA/ MA. This indicates that the national exam results can be an indicator for the success of students in further education.
Application of Linear Programming for Optimal Use of Raw Materials in Bakeryinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that utilized linear programming to optimize the use of raw materials in a bakery for profit maximization. The researchers formulated a linear programming model to determine the optimal production levels of small, big, and giant loaves. The results showed that producing 962 units of small loaf and 38 units of big loaf, while producing 0 units of giant loaf, would yield the highest profit of N20,385. In conclusion, more production of small and big loaves would maximize the bakery's profit.
Disruptive Innovation in Education: Open Learning, Online Learning, MOOCs and...inventionjournals
Rapid advancement of information and communication technologies has brought about various changes in education and the structure of colleges and universities. The education system is undergoing dynamic changes. These dynamic changes can be explained from the perspective of theory of disruptive innovation which basically explained that existing organizations were displaced from their industries because of their inertia towards the adoption of new innovation. Recent introduction of massive open online courses (MOOCs) is seen as a strong technological force influencing the education landscape. MOOCs which are operated on a different scale and expectation have triggered existing education providers to evaluate and strategize in order to remain relevant. This study is meant to give readers, especially practitioners in education sector a way of understanding the nature of disruptive innovation and how disruptive innovation is influencing the education landscape
Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Potential of 12 Antimalarial Recipes Us...inventionjournals
The present work aims to identify the major chemical groups and to evaluate the anti-radical activity of 12 recipes of medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria among children, pregnant women and adults in two lake villages (Ganvi , Aguegues Daho) of southern Benin. All the recipes contain molecules able to trap the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) which is a free radical. This activity would be due to the phenolic compounds identified in the phytochemical screening and whose presence in these recipes has been confirmed by quantitative test performed in a spectrophotometer. Aqueous extract obtain by decoction of recipes 3, 1 and 4 (E3, E1, E4) of the child have the higher contents of total phenolics compounds and good anti-radical activity compared to other extracts. The aqueous extract obtain by decoction of the recipe 3 which has the strongest content of total polyphenols (668.16 mg EAG/g DM) was the most active for trapping DPPH with an IC50 of 0.095 mg/mL similar to those of butylated hydroxyanisole (0.090 mg/mL) and quercetin (0.100 mg/mL) that are reference antioxidants used in this study. These results justify the use of these traditional recipes.
Quito, la capital de Ecuador, se encuentra a una altitud promedio de 2850 metros sobre el nivel del mar en las laderas del volcán Pichincha. La ciudad ha pasado por períodos de colonización española e independencia y actualmente está dividida en 32 parroquias. El clima de Quito es subtropical de tierras altas debido a su elevada altitud.
In this paper we discussed about the pseudo integral for a measurable function based on a strict pseudo addition and pseudo multiplication. Further more we got several important properties of the pseudo integral of a measurable function based on a strict pseudo addition decomposable measure.
Este documento presenta los objetivos y una breve descripción de la Internet. Los objetivos son conocer los usos, ventajas y desventajas de la Internet, así como sus aplicaciones. Luego resume que la Internet es una red mundial de redes que conecta todo tipo de dispositivos a través de un protocolo de comunicación común y un medio físico de transporte. Finalmente, concluye que la Internet es un conjunto descentralizado de redes interconectadas que funcionan como una red lógica única a nivel mundial utilizando protocolos TCP/IP.
Research on Transformer Core Vibration under DC Bias Based on Multi-field Cou...inventionjournals
The Mathematical models for DC bias vibration analysis of the transformer core are developed in this paper. The model is combined into multi-physical field coupling modeling for vibration analysis of the transformer. By applying the primary voltage as excitation and under different DC bias, vibrations of the transformer core is simulated and analyzed.
Selected Psychological and Social Factors Contributing to Relapse among Relap...inventionjournals
Drug abuse is a major global problem and in Kenya there has been increasing drug and alcohol abuse with serious negative effects. Treatment and rehabilitation of alcoholism is expensive and non-conclusive due to consequent relapse. This study sought to find out selected psychological and social factors contributing to relapse among recovering alcoholics of Asumbi and Jorgs Ark rehabilitation centres in Kenya. This study adopted the descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of all relapsed alcoholics and rehabilitation counsellors in Asumbi and Jorgs Ark rehabilitation centres in Kenya. A sample of 67 recovering alcoholics and 13 counsellors was drawn from the two purposively selected rehabilitation centres and used in the study. The study used two sets of questionnaires, one for relapsed alcoholics and another for rehabilitation counsellors. The questionnaires were piloted to validate and establish its reliability before the actual data collection. Data was collected through administration of two sets of questionnaires to the selected respondents. The data was then processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for windows. The key findings of this study indicated that the selected psychological factor that mostly contributed to relapse was dwelling on resentment that causes anger and frustration due to unresolved conflict. The social factor that mostly contributed to relapse was hanging around old drinking friends. The key conclusion was that in view of selected factors dwelling on resentment that causes anger and frustration due to unresolved conflict was the major contributor to relapse. The research findings may benefit NACADA, Ministry of Public Health, mental health agencies, psychologists, counsellors, Non-Governmental organizations, policy makers, researchers, drug abusers and alcoholics in Kenya to better understand factors contributing to relapse and devise ways and means of reducing relapse. Based on the major findings of this study, it is recommended that all stakeholders undertake measures aimed at providing a solution to continued relapse of alcoholics by improvement of rehabilitation and follow-up programmes.
DWT-SVD Based Visual Cryptography Scheme for Audio Watermarkinginventionjournals
This document proposes a DWT-SVD based visual cryptography scheme for audio watermarking. It aims to securely communicate hidden messages for military defense systems. The scheme works as follows:
1. A secret image is encrypted into two shares using visual cryptography.
2. Each share is then embedded as a watermark into an audio file using DWT-SVD. The DWT decomposes the audio into levels, and SVD modifies the singular values to embed the image bits.
3. To extract the shares, the watermarked audio is decomposed with DWT-SVD. The image bits are extracted from the singular values and used to reconstruct the shares.
4. The shares are combined
Никита Семенов, руководитель отдела по работе с ключевыми клиентами CoMagic
Генерация лидов: как выйти из каменного века
- Анализ работы с лидами на среднем сайте
- Новые инструменты, о которых говорят, но не используют
- Кейсы использования персонализированных лидогенераторов.
This document provides information about three international organizations: the World Trade Organization (WTO), World Customs Organization (WCO), and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It discusses the purpose and functions of each organization, including regulating international trade for WTO, improving customs administrations worldwide for WCO, and leading efforts to defeat hunger and ensure food security for FAO. Membership, objectives, and statistics are also presented for each organization.
This document provides the weekly school lunch menu and activities schedule for Northridge Middle School. It lists the daily breakfast and lunch options for each day of the week. It also provides information about lunch prices, bus routes, school supplies needed, bell schedules, contact information and upcoming sports games and club meeting times.
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Este documento describe diferentes tipos de redes de computadoras clasificadas por su área de cobertura y topología. Explica las redes PAN, CAN, MAN y WAN según su alcance geográfico, desde redes personales hasta redes a nivel mundial. También describe las topologías de red bus lineal y estrella, señalando las ventajas e inconvenientes de cada una como su complejidad, vulnerabilidad y capacidad.
A music video serves to promote the artist by showing their personality visually without words. It also aims to entertain viewers, symbolize ideas, and evoke emotions through representation. Music videos provide artists a chance at individuality to connect with audiences.
This document summarizes a study on the importance of women's empowerment for societal development in Chennai, India. The study collected survey responses from 203 participants using online convenient sampling. Graphs in the document show responses by age, income, education level, and occupation on issues like gender pay gaps, women's contributions, and the perceived impacts of empowerment. The discussion section analyzes response trends, finding that highly educated middle-aged respondents generally saw positive impacts of empowerment. Limitations included a small sample size that over-represented certain demographics. The conclusion is that empowering women through education, economic independence, and equal opportunities can promote gender equality and societal progress.
“Emergence and Activities of Self-Help Group (SHG)-A Great Effort and Impleme...iosrjce
The budding social consciousness from corner to corner of the globe has brought a number of issues
to the fore among which gender impartiality and empowerment of women are very noteworthy. Discrimination
against women in the form of male-female segregation reflects the core of the gender-biased structure. The
education is the biggest therapeutic power and the rise in the levels of education which nourishes progressive
stance and the beginning of industrialization and modernization have effected a sea change in the attitudes and
thinking prototype of the citizens. The empowerment is not fundamentally political single-handedly in fact;
political empowerment will not be successful in the deficiency of economic, socio-cultural and environmental
empowerment. Women empowerment is a progression in which women confront the presented norms and
culture, to efficiently encourage their well being. The involvement of women in Self Help Groups (SHGs) made a
momentous impact on their empowerment both in social and economical aspects. This study addresses women
empowerment as well as rural development through self help groups of Khejuri CD Blocks in Purba Medinipur
district of West Bengal. The information requisite for the study has been collected from both the primary and
secondary sources. A multistage random sampling method has been followed. Average and percentage analysis
was accepted out to draw significant interpretation of the results. Factor analysis was used to measure the
relationship between the observed variables. The outcome of the study revealed that the SHGs have had greater
impact on both economic and social aspects of the beneficiaries.
Basic Features and Strategies of Women’s Empowerment of a Developing Urban Ar...ijtsrd
Women’s Empowerment is a holistic and sustainable goal for development of a society. They are the resources of family, society, community and nation. They are the greatest asset of an economy. Urbanization processes are not properly guided their roles in this society. Transformation of gender roles in urban contexts will require wider community involvement as well as administration. They are disadvantaged in income poverty, asset poverty, time and power. This paper is properly focused on features of empowerment of women in this society, their educational status, employment opportunities, social and economic status, as well as future strategies. Suchana Banerjee | Ayan Kumar Maity "Basic Features and Strategies of Women’s Empowerment of a Developing Urban Area – A Case Study of Memari Municipality, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38263.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38263/basic-features-and-strategies-of-women’s-empowerment-of-a-developing-urban-area-– -a-case-study-of-memari-municipality-purba-bardhaman-west-bengal-india/suchana-banerjee
Socio economic obstacles of women empowerment in rural bangladeshAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic obstacles to women's empowerment in rural Bangladesh. Some key findings of the study include:
1) 24% of families restrict women from attending school and 40% of adolescent women have their higher education threatened by family restrictions.
2) 30.4% of women face early marriage which prevents their education.
3) 53.6% of guardians in the study area are illiterate and lack knowledge about the importance of women's empowerment and education.
4) Various social, religious, and economic factors obstruct women's empowerment in the rural area studied. The document aims to identify obstacles and inform policies to promote women's education and
11.socio economic obstacles of women empowerment in rural bangladeshAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic obstacles to women's empowerment in rural Bangladesh. The study was conducted in Puthia Upazila of Rajshahi District. It found that many women face restrictions from their families, including 24% not being allowed to go to school. Additionally, 30.40% of women are victims of early marriage. The study also examined women's access to land and income, finding that while some have surplus income, over 60% do not have surplus income in the study area. The document provides context on women's roles and empowerment in Bangladeshi society, and the rationale for this particular study.
Educational Empowerment of Women and their Sustainability in 21st Century wit...Mohammad Rafee
This document discusses educational empowerment of women in urban India in the 21st century. It provides background on the history of women's education in India. The literacy rate has risen significantly but remains below the global average. Studies have found that access to education and employment empower women but societal attitudes are also important. Government programs aim to encourage women's education but factors like domestic violence, gender inequality, and restrictions in some communities still hinder literacy. The document presents objectives to assess women's empowerment and the impact of schemes in urban India through a study analyzing the relationship between income, education spending, health spending, and food spending.
Educational empowerment of women and their sustainability in 21st century wit...mohammad Rafee
This document discusses educational empowerment of women in urban India in the 21st century. It provides background on the history of women's education in India. The literacy rate has risen from 8.6% at independence to 65.5% currently, though it has not reached the global average. Studies discussed found that access to education and employment enable empowerment, but societal attitudes are most important. Government programs aim to encourage women's education. Higher education allows women to utilize their skills and contribute to the economy. The study aims to assess women's empowerment status and how government schemes contribute. It analyzes the relationship between women's income, education spending, health spending, and food spending. A positive correlation was found between spending on
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
- The document discusses economic empowerment of women through self-help groups (SHGs) in Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu. It analyzes profiles of tribal women respondents and their participation and awareness of SHG functions.
- The study found that most respondents were between 36-45 years old, had primary education, were married, lived in nuclear families with less than 4 members. Experience in SHGs and leadership positions were associated with higher socioeconomic status.
- Awareness of SHG activities was also linked to greater socioeconomic empowerment. The study concludes that while SHGs can empower tribal women, more work is needed to systematically involve all tribal women in Kolli Hills through SHGs.
Economic empowerment of women through shg in kolli hillsRAVICHANDIRANG
Empowerment, as a social process has challenged the fundamental imbalances of power distribution and relations. It was redistribution of power within and between families, society’s process aiming at social equality which could be achieved through disempowering some structures, systems and institutions. Social empowerment has promoted sustainable rural structure for dissemination of knowledge about health, nutrition, literacy, education, freedom and opportunities for realizing women’s potentialities and adoption of new
agricultural practices. The present paper discussed about the profile of the respondents, Participat ion of Women in SHG functions and awareness towards SHGs.
A STUDY OF GENDER EQUITY POLICY (2004) GUJARAT IJARIIE JOURNAL
Gender equity is one of the millennium development goals (MDGs) by United Nation. The Government of Gujarat
has formulated the Nari gaurav Niti in the year 2002 is also known as gender equity policy . The main aim of the
policy is to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and provide the equal right to women, which is one
of the most important objectives covered in MDGs. The main role of the policy is to promote conceptual clarity and
awareness on gender issues. The policy has also included the technical inputs for gender planning; gender
budgeting, gender analysis and Audit of policies. In this paper I would like to study the theoretical background of
Gender equity and the reason behind the introduction of the policy. Secondly, i would like to study the philosophy,
goal, requirement of Gender Equity Policy 2004.
The role of gender in enhancing the development agendaJack Onyisi Abebe
Gender and development is important because it focuses on connections between gender and development initiatives and feminists’ perspectives, and deals with issues such as health and education, decision making and leadership, peace building, violence against women and economic empowerment. Development cannot be realized without the very significant component of gender. Countries the world over have proved that exclusion of women in development has rendered their development efforts futile.
Women in India have faced challenges from a male-dominated society throughout history. Despite some progress, women's status remains low compared to men due to social and economic inequalities. Women are largely excluded from public decision-making roles due to beliefs that their place is only in the private domestic sphere. While the constitution provides for women's equality and empowerment, rural women in particular remain deprived and marginalized. Further efforts are still needed to improve women's socioeconomic conditions and participation in governance.
“Gender inequality is an important aspect which deserves special attention. Women and girls represent half the population, and our society has not been fair to this half. Their socio-economic status is improving, but gaps persist….The emergence of women in public spaces, which is an absolutely essential part of social emancipation, is accompanied by growing threats to their safety and security…… the issue of safety and security of women is of the highest concern to our Government. There can be no meaningful development without the active participation of half the population and this participation simply cannot take place if their security is not assured”.
“Gender inequality is an important aspect which deserves special attention. Women and girls represent half the population, and our society has not been fair to this half. Their socio-economic status is improving, but gaps persist….The emergence of women in public spaces, which is an absolutely essential part of social emancipation, is accompanied by growing threats to their safety and security…… the issue of safety and security of women is of the highest concern to our Government. There can be no meaningful development without the active participation of half the population and this participation simply cannot take place if their security is not assured”. Hence, “Gender Inclusive Development” should be our main aim for the overall development of our country. We have to find out the ways and means, how women could be involved in the development process. In India, despite several years of planed development, improvement observed in education and, to a lesser extent, in health women’s improved capabilities do not seem to have been translated into an equal participation between men and women in economic and political activities.
M.Ed Advanced Sociology of education's Topic - Womens empowerment..fatima roshan
Education is a key means of empowering women and promoting gender equality. Empowerment involves gaining knowledge, skills, and self-confidence to make choices and control one's own life. Education improves women's economic opportunities and status in society. It also leads to lower fertility rates and population growth by increasing access to family planning. However, disparities in access to education still exist between social groups in many countries due to poverty, discrimination, and lack of political will. Ensuring universal access to education is crucial for empowering women and promoting human rights.
What is Gender...??? Describe in detail. Gender And Sex..??? written By Rizw...Rizwan Hussainy
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to gender mainstreaming and equality, including:
1. It defines important terms like gender, sex, gender discrimination, and the differences between equality and equity.
2. It explains the shift from Women in Development (WID) approaches to Gender and Development (GAD) approaches, which focus on unequal power relations rather than just integrating women.
3. It describes the concept of gender mainstreaming as making women's and men's concerns integral to policies and programs, and outlines some of the myths and challenges related to implementation.
4. It also discusses related topics like gender needs, women's empowerment, gender planning, gender analysis, and gender-responsive
The document discusses women's empowerment in India. It covers topics like principles of empowerment, the importance of education, action plans, violence against women, economic participation, and access to technology. The key aspects of empowerment discussed are increasing women's self-reliance, decision making power, and participation in development. While progress has been made in education and economic participation, gender gaps still exist and more work is needed to fully empower women in India.
The document discusses women's empowerment in India. It defines empowerment and outlines how it relates to political, social, economic, and educational development. It notes national laws and policies aimed at empowerment, including constitutional provisions, reservation policies, and education acts. However, it highlights ongoing issues like gender gaps in economic participation, health, and political leadership. It concludes that empowerment is a long-term process that requires changes to social attitudes and institutions, as well as stronger implementation of existing policies and programs.
Similar to Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladesh (20)
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
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- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
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Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
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Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladesh
1. International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI)
E-ISSN: 2321 – 4767 P-ISSN: 2321 - 4759
www.ijmsi.org Volume 4 Issue 8 || November. 2016 || PP-31-38
www.ijmsi.org 31 | Page
Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladesh
Gowranga Kumar Paul 1
*, Dhaneswar Chandro Sarkar1
and Shayla Naznin1
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University,Tangail.
ABSTRACT: The total development of Bangladesh will undoubtedly be hampered if the empowerment status
of women, constituting about fifty percent of the country’s population will not be increased or remains as low as
it nowadays. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze and determine the nature and extent of women’s
empowerment and factors influencing it in Bangladesh using the data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health
Survey (BDHS) 2007. The findings reveal that the overall mean values of Economic Decision Making Index
(EDMI) are 0.661, 0.697, and 0.669 and the overall mean values of Household Decision Making Index (HDMI)
are 0.604, 0.646, and 0.613 for rural, urban and combined group respectively. It is observed that lowest age
group has lowest mean values of EDMI and HDMI for all three (rural, urban and combined) groups. The mean
EDMI is the highest when respondents age at marriage is <14 for both rural and urban areas and for combined
groups. It is found that household head has negative significant effect on both EDMI and HDMI. Women living
in urban area, involved with income generating activities are more empowered than their counterpart. The
mean value of EDMI is larger than that of HDMI which indicates that women are less empowered in household
decision making purpose than economic decision making. Between the two dimensions of empowerment,
obviously urban women are relatively more empowered than that of rural women.
KEYWORDS: Women Empowerment, Economic Decision, Household Decision, Multiple Regression.
I. INTRODUCTION
Women empowerment being the subject of the concern among the policy makers of developing countries, the
integration of women into the development process and therefore their participation in economic activities along
with men, have been gaining importance in many national development plans. Empowerment facilitates women
to access resources such as food, land, income and other forms of wealth, and social resources such as
knowledge, power, prestige within the family and community [1]. The empowerment of women has been
characterized by considering a multidimensional issue which can be indicated by education, occupation,
discussed family planning with partners, household decision making, freedom movement, age at marriage,
political representation and legal rights [1-6]. A number of studies have shown that women may be empowered
in one area of life while not in others [7-9].
Education enables women to assume more autonomy or power both in traditional gender-stratified family
setting and in more egalitarian ones, giving them greater control over their own lives and stronger voice in
matters affecting themselves and their families [10-12]. It is a well established fact that in a patriarchal society
like Bangladesh, women are ascribed a lower status as men who have the sovereign power to control households
and society as a whole, while women are often isolated in their homes [13]. The World Bank study in
Bangladesh highlighted that women have had a limited role in the household decision-making, limited access
and control over household resources (physical and financial assets), low level of individual assets, heavy
domestic workloads, restricted mobility and inadequate knowledge and skills that leading to women’s
vulnerability [14]. The status of women in Bangladesh has been ranked the lowest in the world on the basis of
twenty indicators related to health, marriage, children, education, employment and social equality [15].
Women’s economic participation and empowerment are fundamental to strengthening women’s rights and
enabling women to have control over their lives and exert influence in society. It is about creating just and
equitable societies. Women often face discrimination and persistent gender inequalities, with some women
experiencing multiple discrimination and exclusion because of factors such as ethnicity or caste.
Evidence from developing countries showed that women's age and family structure were the strongest
determinants of women's authority in decision making. Older women and women in nuclear households were
more likely than other women to participate in family decisions [16].
Sen and Batiliwala [17] indicated that empowerment is understood not only as an extrinsic control over
resources (human, Financial, intellectual), but also as a growing intrinsic capability, seen through greater self-
Corresponding Author Email: gowrangapaul@yahoo.com
2. Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladesh
www.ijmsi.org 32 | Page
confidence and an inner transformation of women’s consciousness that enables one to overcome external
barriers.
Mason and Smith [18] studied the multiple measures of married women’s empowerment in the domestic sphere
in five Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand). Findings suggested that gender
relations as heavily influenced by community norms and values, community is a far stronger predictor of
women’s empowerment than individual traits and recommended the primary policy implication of changing
community norms and values about gender relations for empowering women.
Study of Egypt established that, for women, more authority in household decision-making is associated with
contraception use. It established the relationship was stronger than other measures of female autonomy such as
opinions and mobility [19]. Similar results found from Tamil, Nadu, India. Jejeebhoy [20] found that
contraceptive use was associated with females who have more power to make household decision but there was
no bivariate relationship between mobility and contraception use. Contrary to Jejeebhoy’s findings, Kishore [19]
established a relationship between mobility and contraception use. Kishore and Gupta [8] revealed that average
women in India were absolutely disempowered relative to men, and there had been little change in women
empowerment over time.
A study by the USAID [21] found that countless women in the developing world were removed from the
information age because of their lower levels of education and deeply ingrained negative attitudes towards other
forms of achievement. In another study Susy and Lisa [22] revealed that although women’s access to financial
services has increased substantially in the past 10 years, their ability to benefit from this access is often still
limited by the disadvantages they experienced because of their gender.
Parveen [23] in a study on the empowerment of rural Bangladeshi women found that rural women’s
empowerment can be attained by fostering their level of awareness of ten selected gender issues including
under-valuation, educational gap, inheritance of property rights, timing of marriage, practice of dowry, divorce
rights, sex bias, birth registration, political awareness and violence against women.
1.1 Purpose of the study:
During the second half of 20th
century, a large number of commendable initiatives have been drawn and
international perspective to the study on women’s empowerment. A considerable number of studies have also
done on it and several studies have taken according to the recommendations of these studies. After that,
consensus about what actually comprises women empowerment, and how it is measure, is debated in the
development literature. Receiving information on the indicators of empowerment, women grown up as a
massive agent of development and the responsibilities of this agency enforce a course of action upon
themselves. Taking into account women as active agents rather than passively recipients of development
strategies women participation in important decision making is considered as an essential part to achieve
development target. Khan and Ara [24] stated that women participation in different types of activities can be
developed with the help of education. Government of Bangladesh continuously working to increase women
participation in different sector but yet cannot reach to the goal. In this regards an attempt would be needed to
explore the cause for non-fulfillment of the required proportion of women participation. The main aim of this
study is to analyze and determine the nature and extent of women’s empowerment and factors influencing it.
II. DATA AND METHODOLOGY
This study utilizes the data extracted from 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health survey (BDHS), which
were conducted under the authority of the National Institute of Population Research and training (NIPORT) of
the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Mitra and Associates executed the survey with the technical
assistance from ORC Macro and financial support from USAID. Both univariate and bivariate analysis have
been used. Construct a women empowerment index and multiple linear regression analyses are used to see the
cause and effect of several phenomena on the empowerment.
2.1 Construction of Index measuring women Empowerment:
Women empowerment is a multidimensional process and it is very difficult to measure in a quantitative scale. It
comprises the entire interactions of roles, rights and statuses that surround both male and female in a given
society or a culture [25]. Several researchers had tried to measure women empowerment in quantitative manner
by constructing women empowerment index [18,26-27]. Although women empowerment is multidimensional,
the dimensions we consider are economic decision making and household decision making and an attempt has
been made to see the pattern of women’s empowerment by some socio-economic and demographic settings with
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the help of the mean value of the indices. The detailed description of these two dimensions with their relevant
indicators is given in Table1.
It was ascertained through a four-point scale having 5 statements which were positively stated. The women’s
responses were expressed by ‘respondent alone’, ‘respondent and husband together’, ‘husband alone’, and ‘with
other family member’. A score of 4, 3, 2 and 1 was assigned respectively to each positive statement. The first
dimension comprises three indicators and so the minimum score this dimension is 3 and the maximum score of
this dimension is 12. The second dimension comprises two indicators and so the minimum score of this
dimension is 2 and the maximum score of this dimension are 8. Then an index of each dimension is constructed
as follows:
valueMinimumvalueMaximum
valueMinimumvalueActual
indexDimension
According to Human Development Index (HDI) the performance in each dimension is expressed between 0 and
1 (UNDP, 2005). These indices provide a measurement of the achievement of empowerment or autonomy of a
woman and the achievement is the amount of the proportion of unity.
Table 1: Description of the indicators of two dimensions for constructing women empowerment indices.
Dimension Description of indicator Response Codes
Economic decision
making
Who decides how to spend money Respondent alone 4
Respondent and husband 3
Husband alone 2
Other family member 1
Decision of purchasing large household
goods
Respondent alone 4
Respondent and husband 3
Husband alone 2
Other family member 1
Decision about household purchases for
daily needs
Respondent alone 4
Respondent and husband 3
Husband alone 2
Other family member 1
Household decision
making
Decision on own health care Respondent alone 4
Respondent and husband 3
Husband alone 2
Other family member 1
Decision on child health care Respondent alone 4
Respondent and husband 3
Husband alone 2
Other family member 1
III. EMPOWERMENT IN ECONOMIC DECISION MAKING
Women empowerment in economic decision making refers to the women’s ability to share or to control the
decision processes regarding domestic financial matter with husband or other family members. The
measurement of empowerment in economic decision making is calculated by three components such as
participation in spending money about all purpose of the family’s requirement, in purchasing a large amount of
household goods and in purchasing a small amount of daily needs. This index is indicated as economic decision
making index (EDMI).
Table 2 presents the mean values of women’s economic decision making index (EDMI) for some selected socio-
economic and demographic settings of women. It is revealed that how women are empowered in economic
decision making for some variables like respondent’s age, age at marriage, educational level, religion, current
working status, social status, involvement with NGO, exposure to media and head of household.
The overall mean values of EDMI are 0.661, 0.697 and 0.669 for rural, urban and combined group respectively.
It is observed that lowest age group has lowest mean values of EDMI for all three (rural, urban and combined)
groups. It elucidates higher educational categories hold the highest mean value except higher educational
category for urban areas.
The mean EDMI is the highest when respondents age at marriage is <14 for both rural and urban areas and for
combined groups. Mean EDMI is higher for Muslim respondents, respondents who currently working and those
respondents whose family heads are females. The mean value of EDMI is also highest for women who
involvement in NGO, exposed any media. For urban, women with high social status have high economic
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decision making power whereas for rural areas women with middle social status have highest mean value of
EDMI (Table 2).
So, we can infer that urban women have more economic decision making power in comparisons to the rural
counterpart. Moreover, young women have less control in taking economic decision in comparison to aged ones.
Further it is revealed that more educated women have more power in taking economic decision than their
counterparts (Table 2). Again currently working women, Muslim women and women whose family’s heads are
females have more economic decision making power than theirs corresponding counterparts. Moreover, for
early age at marriage is negatively associated with economic decision power.
Table 2: Mean values of economic decision making index (EDMI) by selected demographic and socio-
economic characteristics of women.
CHARACTERISTICS RURAL URBAN TOTAL
MEAN S.D MEAN S.D MEAN S.D
Current age
<25 0.624 0.197 0.637 0.206 0.623 0.199
25-30 0.648 0.179 0.696 0.168 0.660 0.177
30-35 0.682 0.152 0.728 0.141 0.692 0.151
35-40 0.681 0.158 0.721 0.157 0.691 0.159
≥40 0.681 0.172 0.743 0.167 0.695 0.173
Age at marriage
<14 0.668 0.178 0.713 0.164 0.676 0.176
14-16 0.658 0.171 0.696 0.187 0.667 0.175
16-18 0.650 0.169 0.692 0.177 0.661 0.172
≥18 0.657 0.191 0.682 0.186 0.666 0.189
Education level
Illiterate 0.660 0.169 0.719 0.163 0.671 0.169
Primary 0.654 0.177 0.686 0.18 0.662 0.179
Secondary and above 0.667 0.184 0.686 0.185 0.673 0.185
Religion
Non-Muslim 0.621 0.184 0.655 0.182 0.628 0.185
Muslim 0.665 0.175 0.700 0.177 0.673 0.176
Social status
Poor 0.658 0.161 0.687 0.172 0.661 0.163
Middle 0.673 0.184 0.689 0.194 0.675 0.186
Rich .657 0.199 0.701 0.176 0.677 0.191
Involvement with NGO
Yes 0.672 0.163 0.712 0.161 0.679 0.163
No 0.645 0.189 0.685 0.189 0.658 0.189
Exposure to media
Yes 0.671 0.174 0.701 0.173 0.679 0.174
No 0.648 0.178 0.679 0.197 0.651 0.180
Currently working status
Yes 0.663 0.174 0.702 0.179 0.671 0.176
No 0.643 0.195 0.646 0.167 0.644 0.188
Household head
Male 0.648 0.165 0.689 0.170 0.658 0.168
Female 0.825 0.219 0.800 0.235 0.819 0.223
Total 0.661 0.176 0.697 0.178 0.669 0.177
3.1 Factors Affecting Women Empowerment in Economic Decision Making:
Multiple linear regression analyses are used to see the cause and effect of several phenomena on the
empowerment of economic decision making dimensional index. Here, the dependent variable is the value of
economic decision making index of the corresponding dimensions.
The quantitative independent variables used in this section on the basis of -respondent’s age and age at first
marriage and the qualitative independent variables are education level, religion, place of residence, media
exposure, NGO involvement, social status and currently working status. Household head is also considered as a
qualitative variable. The results from multiple linear regressions are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3 shows that the quantitative variables respondent’s age have positive effect, whereas age at first marriage
have negative effect on respondent’s economic decision making power. Here respondent’s age, media exposure,
religion, NGO involvement, place of residence, household head and respondent’s currently working status have
significant effect on economic decision making power.
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Table 3: Economic decision making index (EDMI) by some selected variable through multiple linear regression
model.
Variables Coefficients Std. Error t-value P value
Current age 0.003 0.000 8.158 0.000
Age at first marriage -0.002 0.001 -1.517 0.129
Education (illiterate as reference)
Literate 0.005 0.007 0.659 0.510
Religion (Non-Muslim as reference category)
Muslim 0.036 0.011 3.221 0.001
Household head (Female headed family as reference category)
Male -0.164 0.012 -13.177 0.000
Respondents currently working (Not working as reference)
Yes 0.028 0.012 2.304 0.021
Place of residence (Rural as reference category)
Urban 0.036 0.008 4.421 0.000
Exposure to mass media (no as reference)
Yes 0.033 0.007 4.420 0.000
Involvement with NGO (no as reference)
Yes 0.023 0.006 3.507 0.000
Social status (poor as reference)
Not-poor -0.008 0.007 -1.133 0.257
Constant 0.651 0.031 21.254 0.000
The result expresses that if age increases one year then economic decision making power increases by
0.003 on a scale of 0 to 1. On the other hand, if one year increases in respondent’s age at marriage economic
decision making power decrease by 0.002 on a scale of 0 to 1 respectively. Muslim women are 0.036 times
more empowered than that of their counterpart on economic decision making power (Table 3). Women who
come from male headed household are 0.164 times less empowered than female headed household. According
to currently working status of the respondents, working respondent are 0.028 times more empowered than that
of their non working women on economic decision making power. Women with urban areas are 0.036 times
more empowered in economic decision making than rural areas women. Women education level and social
status have no significant effect on EDMI. Involvement with NGO and exposed to media have a positive
significant effect on EDMI.
IV. EMPOWERMENT IN HOUSEHOLD DECISION MAKING
Empowerment of women regarding household decision-making refers to the extent of women’s ability to
participate in formulating and executing decisions on domestic affairs such as child-welfare and own health care
in coordination with other family members. Measurement of empowerment of women in household decision
making is calculated on the basis of two indicators such as women’s control over decision on their own health
care and child health care. The detailed description of the construction process of this index is given is earlier in
the present section.
Table 4 presents the mean values of women’s household decision making index (HDMI) for some selected
socio-economic and demographic variables. It is described that how women are empowered in household
decision making for the characteristics such as respondent’s age, age at marriage, educational level, household
head, religion, currently working status, NGO involvement, social status, media exposure and Household head.
The overall mean values of HDMI are 0.604, 0.646 and 0.613 for rural, urban and combined group respectively.
It is observed that lowest age group have lower mean value of HDMI for rural, urban and combined group.
Table 4: Mean values of household decision making index (HDMI) by selected demographic and socio-
economic characteristics of women
CHARACTERISTICS RURAL URBAN TOTAL
MEAN S.D MEAN S.D MEAN S.D
Current age
<25 0.557 0.234 0.594 0.224 0.566 0.233
25-30 0.613 0.219 0.659 0.191 0.623 0.214
30-35 0.641 0.203 0.662 0.179 0.646 0.198
35-40 0.639 0.199 0.679 0.197 0.649 0.199
≥40 0.609 0.208 0.659 0.199 0.621 0.207
Age at marriage
<14 0.609 0.214 0.643 0.206 0.615 0.213
14-16 0.609 0.219 0.649 0.200 0.618 0.217
16-18 0.583 0.227 0.632 0.202 0.595 0.223
≥18 0.604 0.218 0.656 0.205 0.623 0.216
Education level
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Illiterate 0.604 0.209 0.634 0.200 0.608 0.209
Primary 0.605 0.222 0.628 0.201 0.609 0.218
Secondary and above 0.603 0.227 0.662 0.205 0.621 0.222
Religion
Non-Muslim 0.575 0.215 0.629 0.195 0.586 0.213
Muslim 0.607 0.219 0.647 0.204 0.616 0.217
Social status
Poor 0.594 0.206 0.628 0.212 0.596 0.207
Middle 0.601 0.220 0.625 0.204 0.604 0.219
Rich 0.621 0.236 0.651 0.201 0.634 0.223
Involvement with NGO
Yes 0.615 0.204 0.648 0.189 0.622 0.202
No 0.596 0.229 0.644 0.211 0.607 0.226
Exposure to media
Yes 0.614 0.221 0.651 0.201 0.625 0.216
No 0.590 0.217 0.616 0.211 0.593 0.216
Currently working status
Yes 0.618 0.199 0.673 0.189 0.629 0.198
No 0.597 0.228 0.635 0.208 0.606 0.224
Household head
Male 0.584 0.203 0.632 0.192 0.595 0.201
Female 0.798 0.274 0.807 0.261 0.795 0.272
Total 0.604 0.219 0.646 0.203 0.613 0.216
Age group 30-35 and 35-40 years have larger mean value of HDMI for rural and urban areas respectively. It
elucidates higher educational categories has the highest mean value for urban and combined group. Female
headed and working women have greater mean value of HDMI. Muslim women have greater mean value of
HDMI than that of their counterpart Non-Muslims. Women who involve with NGO, exposed to media and
currently working have greater mean value of HDMI than their counterparts for all three groups (Table 4).
4.1 Factors Affecting Women Empowerment in Household Decision Making:
Multiple linear regression analyses are used to see the cause and effect of several phenomena on the
empowerment of household decision making dimensional index. Here, the dependent variable is the value of
household decision making index of the corresponding dimensions. The quantitative independent variables used
in this section are respondent’s current age and age at marriage and the qualitative independent variables are
education level, religion, place of residence, media exposure, NGO involvement, social status and currently
working status. Household head is also considered as a qualitative variable. Regression results are summarized
in Table 5.
Table 5 shows that the quantitative variables respondent’s age has positive effect whereas age at marriage has
negative effect on household decision making. Here Respondent’s age, education, religion, household head,
working status, media exposure, NGO involvement and place of residence have significant effect on
respondent’s household decision making power. The result expresses that if respondent’s age increase one year
then household decision making power of women increases by 0.003 on a scale of 0 to 1. On the other hand, if
one year increases in respondent’s age at marriage women’s household decision making power decrease by
0.001 on a scale of 0 to 1. Comparing religion, Muslim women are 0.026 times more empowered than that of
their counterpart non-Muslim respondent on household decision making power. Respondents with male headed
household are 0.208 times less empowered in household decision making than that of their female headed
households. According to currently working status of the respondents, working respondent are 0.025 times more
empowered than that of their non working women on household decision making power. This table also
indicates urban respondents are 0.037 times more empowered in household decision making than that of their
rural women.
Table 5: Household decision making index (HDMI) by some selected variable through multiple linear
regression model.
Variables Coefficients Std. Error t-value P value
Current age 0.003 0.000 12.436 0.000
Age at first marriage -0.001 0.001 -1.217 0.224
Education (illiterate as reference)
Literate 0.014 0.005 2.688 0.007
Religion (Non-Muslim as reference category)
Muslim 0.026 0.007 3.454 0.001
Household head (Female headed family as reference category)
Male -0.208 0.008 -27.226 0.000
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Respondents currently working (Not working as reference)
Yes 0.025 0.005 5.158 0.000
Place of residence (Rural as reference category)
Urban 0.037 0.006 6.788 0.000
Exposure to mass media (no as reference)
Yes 0.026 0.005 5.033 0.000
Involvement with NGO (no as reference)
Yes 0.020 0.005 4.489 0.000
Social status (poor as reference)
Not-poor -0.002 0.005 -0.448 0.654
Constant 0.647 0.020 33.091 0.000
It is important to note that education have no significant effect on EDMI but have significant effect on HDMI.
Educated women have greater power to take household decision than illiterate women. Exposed to media and
involvement with NGO also increase the power of household decision making.
V. CONCLUSION
For the quantification of women empowerment, it is measured in two dimensions and the measurements are
taking in an index form such as economic decision making index (EDMI) and household decision making index
(HDMI). The mean value of EDMI is larger than that of HDMI. So it may be concluded that women are less
empowered in household decision making purpose. It is further noticeable that rural women are comparatively
less empowered than that of their counterpart for both dimensions. According to current age, lower aged (<25
years) women are relatively less empowered than others.
To see the factors affecting women empowerment multiple linear regression analysis is used for both
dimensions. Considering economic decision making dimension, the continuous variables respondent’s age and
the discrete variables respondent’s religion, household head, respondent’s currently working status, involvement
with NGO, exposed to media and type of place of residence have significant effect on the value of economic
decision making index. From the results it is conclude that respondent’s age has positive significant effect on the
value of women’s economic decision making index whereas household head has negative and significant effect
on the value of women’s economic decision making index. Further the results also show that the women’s
economic decision making power is more for Muslim, urban and currently working women than that of non-
Muslims, currently not working and rural women respectively but economic decision making power is less for
the women with male headed household than that of female headed household (Table 3).
In case of household decision making dimension, the continuous variable respondent age and the discrete
variables respondent’s religion, currently working status, education level, NGO involvement and place of
residence have positive significant effect on the value of household decision making index whereas the variable
household head has negative significant effect on HDMI. In addition, the results also elucidate that the women’s
household decision making power is more urban, currently working and Muslim women than that rural,
currently not working and non-Muslim women respectively. Between the two dimensions of empowerment,
obviously urban women are relatively more empowered than that of rural women. In both dimensions the
women who are engaged in earning activities are more empowered.
Policy:
In this study the women who are engaged in earning activities are more empowered. So it needs to take proper
initiatives so that every woman should be participated in income generating activities even those are merely
engaged as housewife should be considered as earning person in the family and then they will be approached
into the way to make them empowerment properly.
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