International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ideal for policies for women in India, basically for health services provided y government. it consist of health policy and there brief information of the same. ideal for bsw students
ideal for policies for women in India, basically for health services provided y government. it consist of health policy and there brief information of the same. ideal for bsw students
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Women in Nepal (SRHR)WOREC Nepal
The purpose of this brief is to highlight the status of sexual and reproductive health rights of women in Nepal, discuss the gaps and challenges in the policies to address the ground realities of women with sexual and reproductive needs and to ensure their rights. As the brief includes the ‘voices’ of grassroot women and stakeholders, it is expected to demand accountability and changes in direction where it is urgently needed and suggest changes or strengthening as necessary at different levels, including the upcoming International Conference on Population and Development. (ICPD)+20.
Decision Making Behaviour Related to Wife’s Reproductive Health in Bidayuh Me...iosrjce
The purpose of this study was to explore factors influencing Bidayuh men’s decision making of their
wives’ reproductive health. Twelve married Bidayuh men aged 24-50 years who resided in rural villages in the
Kuching Division, Sarawak were interviewed face-to-face. Each in-depth interview was recorded, manually
transcribed and translated into themes. Perceptions on the duties or responsibilities as husband or head of
family, immediacy of problems faced, as well as personal, financial and experiential considerations were
reported as determining factors in their decision making. The decisions related to financial and marital
problems including the use of family planning will be made by the husband. Men relied heavily on experience
before making a decision. For complicated health issues, most of their decisions depended on the doctor’s
opinion. Cultural influences do play an important role as the views of the elders were still taken into account.
Men should be made partners in improving maternal health. Rural men’s involvement in women’s healthcare
should be promoted through a more rational and effective decision making. This can be done by providing the
right information and support for men
Assessment and Analysis of the Overall Situation of Women and Children: Bangl...Premier Publishers
This article focuses on the situation assessment and analysis of children and women in Bangladesh provides an overview of the situation regarding education, health and nutrition, protection from abuse and exploitation, participation, and water, sanitation, and hygiene. As Bangladesh turns 46, improvements in women’s wellbeing and increased agency are claimed to be some of the most significant gains in the post-independence era. Various economic and social development indicators show that in the last 20 years, Bangladesh has made substantial progress in increasing women’s access to education and healthcare and in improving women’s participation in the labor force. In Bangladesh the latest BDHS finds that only twenty percent women work for cash. Among them only 48 percent are able to spend their money on their own, the rest are dependent upon spouses or other family members to take joint decisions on spending. Women in rural areas of Bangladesh enjoy less freedom and choices regarding their reproductive health rights than men. Male domination and socio-economic barriers impede the reproductive health rights of women in rural Bangladesh and to improve maternal and child health more organizational intervention is needed in the rural areas in Bangladesh and to initiate change in existing rural social order.
A Case Study On Working Women And Their Reproductive Health Problems With Spe...ijifr
This paper highlights the women and their role in the society, because their role in
the society is influencing their social status. Social status of the women is not
uniform in all the periods; it changes over period to period. So the present study
concentrates on social status of women in ancient, medieval and modern days.
Women’s Health, Education and their social status are inter-related to each other.
If the woman lacks health, that she could not come out for any other motives, and
the life will be miserable. But if she has health that she could get the education and
social status without any interventions. Education and social status are rest with
the healthy living of human beings. In Indian Society, women and men are
positioned according to their roles and importance for the society. Based on that,
they will be given status and respect in the society. Health problems of women is
associated with their food habit, environment they live, work pressure, nutritious
food, hygienic practices etc. Thus, to protect them from such health problems
needs attention on all these important influential factors. The major threatening
health issues of the women are stroke, breast cancer, Female Sexual Arousal
Disorder (FSAD) Polycystic Ovarian Disease, Premenstrual syndrome (PMS),
Weight gain, Fibroids, Endometriosis, Urinary Tract Infection, Vaginal infections
(Vaginitis), Anemia, cervical cancer, Heart disease, Osteoporosis, Arthritis,
Metabolic syndrome, Autoimmune diseases, lack of knowledge on health issues,
and reproductive health problems which includes Sexually transmitted infections
(STIs), Frequent pregnancies, Complications from pregnancy and birth, Unsafe
abortion, Female genital mutilations, alcohol and other drugs and tuberculosis
(TB),Violence, Mental health problems, Work hazards and poor nutrition. This
study gives attention to working women and their reproductive health problems
with special reference to India.
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Women in Nepal (SRHR)WOREC Nepal
The purpose of this brief is to highlight the status of sexual and reproductive health rights of women in Nepal, discuss the gaps and challenges in the policies to address the ground realities of women with sexual and reproductive needs and to ensure their rights. As the brief includes the ‘voices’ of grassroot women and stakeholders, it is expected to demand accountability and changes in direction where it is urgently needed and suggest changes or strengthening as necessary at different levels, including the upcoming International Conference on Population and Development. (ICPD)+20.
Decision Making Behaviour Related to Wife’s Reproductive Health in Bidayuh Me...iosrjce
The purpose of this study was to explore factors influencing Bidayuh men’s decision making of their
wives’ reproductive health. Twelve married Bidayuh men aged 24-50 years who resided in rural villages in the
Kuching Division, Sarawak were interviewed face-to-face. Each in-depth interview was recorded, manually
transcribed and translated into themes. Perceptions on the duties or responsibilities as husband or head of
family, immediacy of problems faced, as well as personal, financial and experiential considerations were
reported as determining factors in their decision making. The decisions related to financial and marital
problems including the use of family planning will be made by the husband. Men relied heavily on experience
before making a decision. For complicated health issues, most of their decisions depended on the doctor’s
opinion. Cultural influences do play an important role as the views of the elders were still taken into account.
Men should be made partners in improving maternal health. Rural men’s involvement in women’s healthcare
should be promoted through a more rational and effective decision making. This can be done by providing the
right information and support for men
Assessment and Analysis of the Overall Situation of Women and Children: Bangl...Premier Publishers
This article focuses on the situation assessment and analysis of children and women in Bangladesh provides an overview of the situation regarding education, health and nutrition, protection from abuse and exploitation, participation, and water, sanitation, and hygiene. As Bangladesh turns 46, improvements in women’s wellbeing and increased agency are claimed to be some of the most significant gains in the post-independence era. Various economic and social development indicators show that in the last 20 years, Bangladesh has made substantial progress in increasing women’s access to education and healthcare and in improving women’s participation in the labor force. In Bangladesh the latest BDHS finds that only twenty percent women work for cash. Among them only 48 percent are able to spend their money on their own, the rest are dependent upon spouses or other family members to take joint decisions on spending. Women in rural areas of Bangladesh enjoy less freedom and choices regarding their reproductive health rights than men. Male domination and socio-economic barriers impede the reproductive health rights of women in rural Bangladesh and to improve maternal and child health more organizational intervention is needed in the rural areas in Bangladesh and to initiate change in existing rural social order.
A Case Study On Working Women And Their Reproductive Health Problems With Spe...ijifr
This paper highlights the women and their role in the society, because their role in
the society is influencing their social status. Social status of the women is not
uniform in all the periods; it changes over period to period. So the present study
concentrates on social status of women in ancient, medieval and modern days.
Women’s Health, Education and their social status are inter-related to each other.
If the woman lacks health, that she could not come out for any other motives, and
the life will be miserable. But if she has health that she could get the education and
social status without any interventions. Education and social status are rest with
the healthy living of human beings. In Indian Society, women and men are
positioned according to their roles and importance for the society. Based on that,
they will be given status and respect in the society. Health problems of women is
associated with their food habit, environment they live, work pressure, nutritious
food, hygienic practices etc. Thus, to protect them from such health problems
needs attention on all these important influential factors. The major threatening
health issues of the women are stroke, breast cancer, Female Sexual Arousal
Disorder (FSAD) Polycystic Ovarian Disease, Premenstrual syndrome (PMS),
Weight gain, Fibroids, Endometriosis, Urinary Tract Infection, Vaginal infections
(Vaginitis), Anemia, cervical cancer, Heart disease, Osteoporosis, Arthritis,
Metabolic syndrome, Autoimmune diseases, lack of knowledge on health issues,
and reproductive health problems which includes Sexually transmitted infections
(STIs), Frequent pregnancies, Complications from pregnancy and birth, Unsafe
abortion, Female genital mutilations, alcohol and other drugs and tuberculosis
(TB),Violence, Mental health problems, Work hazards and poor nutrition. This
study gives attention to working women and their reproductive health problems
with special reference to India.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Study on Assessment of Knowledge of Reproductive Health Education among the...AnuragSingh1049
Adolescence is a life’s essential transition phase starting around 10, 11 or 12 years and concludes between the age of 18-21 years. Deficiency of reproductive health information and sexual experimentations in this stage of storm and stress expose adolescents to grave health pressure. Adolescents must have access to logical Reproductive Health information to increase healthy attitude towards Reproductive Health issues. The aim of writing this paper was to assess the the knowledge of adolescent students studying in Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state towards Reproductive Health Education and to be familiar with reproductive health issues among adolescents. The present study was carried out on 400 Adolescent Higher Secondary School students of Jammu region using a well designed pre-tested questionnaire. The results of our study showed that students had constructive attitude towards Reproductive Health Education as majority (boys = 86.0%, girls=84.5%) of respondents recommended Reproductive Health Education in school curriculum. Further, 40.0% boys and 35.5% girl respondents were of the opinion that lecture by expert is a preferred method of imparting Reproductive Health Education, 32.0% boys and 28.5% girl students under study favored to communicate with Doctors/Health Workers followed by parents brothers/sisters (23.0%) in case of girls and friends (23.5%) in case of boys concerning Reproductive Health issues. Further, the study revealed that girl students (51.5%) favored to get married under 24 years as they were of the belief that it is the prime of life, and can give birth without much troubles whereas majority of boys understudy (65.5%) told that they prefer to get married above 24 years as they desire to complete education first and find a appropriate job in order to feed family unit. Majority of the respondents (58.5%) believed that youth living in urban areas possesses more knowledge about reproductive health than youth living in rural areas. Further, majority of the students possesses good knowledge about HIV/AIDS and STDs. It is concluded from our study that there is a requirement of providing proper scientific information to teenagers concerning reproductive health by incorporating Reproductive Health Education in school syllabus and lectures by experts in order to advance their awareness and consequently reproductive health condition.
Effect of Mothers Working and Non Working Status on the Nutritional Status of...YogeshIJTSRD
Health and nutritional status are two crucial and interlinked aspects of human development, which in to interact with demographic variables Malnutrition a condition that occurs due to intake of inadequate amount of nutrients leading to insufficient nourishment continues to be a problem of considerable magnitude in most of the developing countries in the world. Preschool children are one of the most nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population. Nutrition during the first 5 years has not only an impact on growth and morbidity during childhood, but also acts as a determinant of nutritional status in adolescent and adult life. Global comparative data indicate that contrary to common perception, prevalence of under nutrition is highest in South Asian children. India has the highest occurrence of childhood malnutrition in the world. Malnutrition is responsible for 55 percent of all deaths of children younger than 5 years of age globally. Malnutrition makes a child susceptible to infections and delayed recovery, thus increasing mortality and morbidity. It is therefore logical to direct attention to the quality of life of the survivors Bose and Das, 2010 . Joyeeta Bhattacharyya "Effect of Mothers Working and Non-Working Status on the Nutritional Status of Pre School Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41167.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhome-science/food-and-nutrition/41167/effect-of-mothers-working-and-nonworking-status-on-the-nutritional-status-of-pre-school-children/joyeeta-bhattacharyya
A Study on the Attitude of Tribal Woman towards Re Productive Healthijtsrd
Reproductive health covers all matters relating to the reproductive system, at all stages of life. Good reproductive health for women begins in childhood and the teen years. Things such as nutrition, environment, education, income level, and cultural practices influence your reproductive health. Good reproductive health benefits the health and well being of our family. It can improve the social and economic situation of you and our family. And most importantly, it can help make sure that every infant is wanted, loved and has a chance to grow up healthy. The present study concludes that 1 4th 59 of the respondents attitude are neutral, 21percent of the respondent’s attitude are positive, and 19percent of the respondent attitude is negative towards sexual and reproductive health. Dr. Agnes Febiola. X | Saranya. S "A Study on the Attitude of Tribal Woman towards Re-Productive Health" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56237.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/56237/a-study-on-the-attitude-of-tribal-woman-towards-reproductive-health/dr-agnes-febiola-x
Relationship between Fertility and Reproductive Health.pptxAshik Mondal
This slide made by me for my educational purpose. I think it will be helpful for others students in theie academic life specially who are interested about demogphy
Gender Imbalance in India Causes and Emerging Issuesijtsrd
The provisional data of 2011 Census has once again highlighted the problem of severe sex imbalance in the country, especially in 0 6 age group. According to Census of 2011, the sex ratio in 0 6 year’s age group has declined to 914 females per 1000 males as compared to 927 in 2001. It shows an increasing trend of male preference as compared to female in the last decade. The phenomenon of son preference is coupled with death of young females due to lack of medical care, under nutrition, female infanticide, and sex selective abortions. Sen 1992, 2003 first addressed the disturbing trend by highlighting that millions of females in India are missing because of widespread neglect in health care, nutrition and prenatal care. The steep decline in sex ratio in northern and western states is a cause of worry. Technological developments permitting sex selective abortions have seriously aggravated sex imbalance in these states. The trend of rapid decline in sex ratio has given rise to serious social, demographic and cultural problems. This present paper attempts to explain the causes for gender imbalance and its implications on the society as a whole. Chandrakant N. Kokate "Gender Imbalance in India: Causes and Emerging Issues" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd34696.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/financial-economics/34696/gender-imbalance-in-india-causes-and-emerging-issues/chandrakant-n-kokate
Role of higher education in Women Empowerment : An insight on the rural mot...lubnasadiyah
Women have fiercely competing men and have excelled in various fields and education proves to be the backbone of women empowerment. Besides facing many personal, family, societal and work place issues yet their achievements gets unrecognized particularly of rural women. This presentation helps in determining the rural mother's awareness and the perceptional factors to significantly understand the importance of education.
Timing of Sexual Initiation and Contraceptive use: a study on the female adol...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org || Volume 3|| Issue 6 || June. 2014 || PP.55-58
www.ijhssi.org 55 | P a g e
Reproductive Health and Women Constructive Workers
Ruhi Gupta
Research Scholar University of Jammu
ABSTRACT: According to the World Health Organisation, health is a state of “complete physical, mental,
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. (1958).
Reproductive health refers to
a condition in which reproductive process is accomplished in a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and is not merely the absence of any disease in the reproductive organs or in the reproductive
system..
The concept of women’s reproductive health was developed by the World Health Organization,
International Women’s Health Movement Groups and International Family Planning Network in contrast to
bio-medical approaches to women health.
I. INTRODUCTION:
“Women are not dying during pregnancy and child births because of conditions that are difficult to manage.
They are dying because the societies in which they live do not see fit to invest what is needed to save their lives.
It is a question of how much the life of a woman is considered to be worth.”
Many factors affecting women‟s health are deeply rooted in our social structure (society) where women
have secondary status resulting in low self-esteem. These factors are socio-cultural, economic and
environmental factors which influence women‟s health status. Analysis of how these factors affect reproductive
health of the women construction workers is undertaken in this chapter. This chapter also talks about the nature
of work done by the female construction workers both at the construction sites and at the home.
Socio-cultural factors include looking into the background of the respondents consisting of a number of
variables like age, income, education, religion, age at marriage, son preference etc. The study was conducted
among 30 female construction workers and 30 were their husbands making a sample size of 60 respondents. In
order to have a deeper understanding of these factors both the male and the female responses were taken into
consideration.
The relationship between the reproductive health and its determinants is not a simple but a very
complex phenomenon. There are not one but multiple factors which influence and account for fertility in
varying ways under varying conditions. Sharma and Niranjna (2001) argued that women status is determined by
the specific social and cultural conditions underlying the structure; women‟s work participation inside and
outside the family is generally high with low recognition in a society based on the values of patriarchy;
women‟s participation in decision-making process is also generally low in a social structure conditioned by
patriarchal values. However, differentials in the participation in decision-making are caused by the relative
social and economic status of women; the child-bearing practices are greatly influenced by the structure of
social values conditioning marriage related practices; and the fertility behaviour differentials are caused by
socio-economic and value variations and argued that how these factors affected the reproductive health and the
fertility behaviour of women in their study.
Yadava and Mishra (2003) argued that women anywhere in the world have to suffer from some inbuilt
advantages, compared to man because of certain biological reasons. They have to put up with menstruation,
pregnancy, child-birth, lactation, child rearing and menopause and their various complications. Physically, they
are less strong. They are also more vulnerable to sexual aggression and abuse. The different cultural, social and
economic situations in India have given different focus to these biological disadvantages of women. These
situations also influence the way these biological disadvantages affect the health of women and girl-child.
The relative neglect of the female child is evident from the fact of greater prevalence of growth
retardation even in infancy, among girls, than in boys. It is such a nutritional neglect commencing right from
infancy and continued through all stages of development, that eventually, results in maternal health/ nutritional
status which harm not just the woman but the succeeding generation as well. (Yadava and Mishra, 2003).
Globally, about 8 million women suffer from pregnancy-related complications and more than half a
million die from those complications. In developing countries, one woman in 16 may die due to pregnancy-
related complications. (WHO, 2004).
2. Reproductive Health and Women Constructive Workers
www.ijhssi.org 56 | P a g e
Education
Education plays an important role on the matters related to health and reproductive health. Education
contributes immensely to a person‟s awareness improving her/his chances of seeking timely medical treatment.
Women need to be aware about their health and nutrition. They need to understand their reproductive health
system and health care in a mature manner. Such understanding and awareness facilitated by education will have
a positive influence on their health seeking behaviour.
Sandhu (1996) has argued that education especially of the women not only changes the outlook of the
person regarding value of children and ideal number of children preferred, but also leads to greater acceptance
of family planning. It also raises the age at marriage, thus cutting down the reproductive span of the women.
Uneducated women are less likely to seek the help of professional health services because they are probably less
aware of what is available and probably find the culture of health services more alienating and frightening.
Education delays marriage improves health and lowers fertility. In almost every setting-regardless of
region culture or level of development –better educated women are more likely to:
Marry later, use contraception, bear fewer children and raise healthier children.
To make better decisions for themselves and their children.
To make greater economic contributions to the household.
Better- educated women are also likely to have greater say in decisions such as when and whom they marry and
to use family planning to bear only the children they can provide for.
The Committee on the Status of Women in India “The deep foundations of the inequality of the sexes
are built in the minds of men and women through a socialisation process which continues to be extremely
powerful. If education is to promote equality for women, it must take a deliberate planned and sustained effort
so that the new value of quality can replace the traditional value system”. (Kumar, 2006).
Table 3.1 Educational Level of the Respondents
Educational Qualification No. of Female
Respondents
No. of Male
Respondents
Total
Illiterate 25(83.34%) 12(40%) 37(61.67%)
Can Read and Write 4(13.33%) 15(50%) 19(31.67%)
Primary 1(3.33%) 3(10%) 4(6.66%)
Total 30 30 60
Table 3.1 clearly depicts that 83.34 per cent female respondents were illiterate. 13.33 per cent female respondents were
those who could read and write. Only 3.33 per cent respondents had the qualification up to primary level. This means that
number of female respondents in the sample had low level of education. The data further shows that 40 per cent male
respondents were illiterate, 50 per cent male respondents could read and write. Only 10 per cent male respondents were
educated till primary level.
During the field work, it was found that that majority of the women were illiterate. Education affects the
reproductive health of the women in general and the construction workers in particular. The low level of education among
the respondents was responsible for the lack of awareness among them regarding various contraceptives and birth control
technologies as well as their inability to make decisions about the number and spacing of children.
Religion
Sandhu(1996)13
found that religiosity was positively related to fertility .In other words, the higher the
religiosity, the bigger the family and lower the religiosity, the smaller the family. Besides, family size,
religiosity was also related to preference of family size, son preference and fertility value index.
Religion is considered to be an important factor affecting fertility of the construction workers.
Religiosity here means the disposition of the individual towards religion and religious way of life .Religious
norms and values guide normative patterns of behaviour. In the Indian society children are viewed as God‟s gift
and religious values stand in the way of acceptance of family planning.
Religiosity assumes special significance for the present study. Religion is responsible for the poor
reproductive health of women. Religion continues to be the part of a society due to the fact that it provides a set
of beliefs which to a considerable extent guide people‟s behavior and most people respond to the beliefs even if
these are irrational. Since most of the construction workers are illiterate, so they have little knowledge over
sexual behaviour and the sanctions against the contraceptive use. The desire to have more children i.e. daughters
to help them at home when they are young and sons to bring in their wives‟ is the basic ideology of the
construction workers. When asked why they give birth to so many children when they can‟t fulfill their basic
requirements, the answer given was “Bache to Upar Waale ki Dein Hain, Hum Kaise Inhe is Duniya Mein Aane
se Rok Sakte Hain”. In the context of fertility and sex preference, one of the beliefs is that the birth of a son was
a must.
3. Reproductive Health and Women Constructive Workers
www.ijhssi.org 57 | P a g e
Table 3.2 Religion of the Respondents
Religion No. of Respondents Percentage
Hindu 28 93.33
Muslim 2 6.67
Total 30 100
The information from the above table shows that 93.33 per cent respondents were Hindus and only
6.67 per cent respondents were Muslims. Religion was taken into consideration and it has been found during the
field work whether the respondents were Hindus or Muslims the notion regarding to have more number of
children was the same and the respondents of both the religion did not believe in aborting the child.
Household Work and Child Rearing
Care for Children
Women usually work longer than men. With their domestic hours on top, women work twice as many
hours as men. Women continue to perform majority of household and childcare work even when they hold full-
time labour market jobs. Women‟s performance of the majority of domestic work is justified as a „natural
extension of their biological capacity to bear children.‟ Housework is not considered as work, however even
though it provides goods and services that add greatly to the comforts of life and often are crucial to its
maintenance. Undervaluation of women‟s work either in the household or in the workplace leads to women
being expected to work for longer hours than men (Ram et al, 2011).
According to Neelam (2011), men‟s work is judged to be productive and markets are seen as a way to
judge the value of that work. Responsibilities in this reproductive arena limit women from participating in so-
called „productive‟ work. Although child care, care of the elderly, obtaining fuel, preparing meals, and
maintaining the home are demanding tasks, deemed to be important to households and recognised as essential
for society, they are usually unpaid. Another major reason for undervaluing women‟s work is that households
are usually viewed as sites of consumption rather than producer of goods and services. Because women‟s work
is undervalued and often invisible, insufficient attention has been given to the value of women‟s time and the
time costs required to protect and promote women‟s health.
In addition to economic considerations, role expectations, gender identities, the meaning of sexual
activities, meanings of health and disease, health seeking behaviour and the relationships among these and other
factors impinge on reproductive health. Access to available health services may be constrained because women
do not have the resources needed to attend. Women may have other responsibilities in the household which take
precedence and thus do not seek out health care.
Table 3.8 Child Care at Home
Care taken by
Ego’s (Female)
Response
Spouse (Male)
Response
Total
Husband 1(3.33 %) 1(3.33%) 2(3.33%)
Ego 25 (83.34%) 21(70%) 46(76.67%)
Both 4(13.33%) 8 (26.67%) 12(20%)
Total 30(100%) 100 60
The above table shows that 83.34 per cent female respondents said that it was their duty to take care of
the children. 13.34 per cent respondents said that their children were taken care by both of the parents and only
3.33 per cent respondents reported that their children were taken care by their husbands. On the other hand, 70
per cent husbands reported that it was their wives duty to take care of the children. But, 26.67 per cent.
Objectives
The study was under taken with the following objectives:-
To look into the socio-economic profile of the respondents.
To analyse the various factors i.e. social, cultural, religious and economic that affect the reproductive
health of women.
To look into the level of awareness among the women and her men regarding reproductive health
matters.
To explore the utilization of the reproductive health services by the women construction workers.
To analyse the working hours of the women construction workers in order to view their dual role.
4. Reproductive Health and Women Constructive Workers
www.ijhssi.org 58 | P a g e
Area of the study
Jammu city has been selected as the area of the city from other states like U.P, Bihar, Odisha etc. have
shifted in and they along with their wives are mostly seen in the construction work sites. Since the focus was on
the reproductive health of the women construction workers working at the construction sites of the Jammu city
and therefore the sample has been selected on the basis of purposive sampling method.
The area for field work has covered the Jammu city and its surrounding region. Because of the poor
economic condition and meager income, the infrastructural developmental schemes have generated a greater
demand for migrant labour in the city and therefore one finds a large influx of migrant labourers in the city.
These construction workers men and women are working everywhere in the city in different spheres of
economic activity and are unable to have access to various health facilities.
Research Methodology
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a
science of studying how research is done scientifically. Various steps are adopted by the researcher in studying
his research problem along with the logic behind them. Research methodology has many dimensions and
research methods to constitute a part of the research methodology. The scope of research methodology is wider
than that of research methods. Thus when research methodology is discussed, research methods as well as logic
behind the methods are also discussed. Also it is discussed that why the researcher is using a particular method
or technique.
For the present study the feminist perspective is used. Sherry B. Ortner attempts to provide a general
explanation for the „universal devaluation of women‟. Ortner claims that it is not biology as such that ascribes
women to their status in society but the way in which every culture defines and evaluates the female biology.
Thus, if this universal evaluation changed, then the basis for female subordination would be removed. Ortner
argues that in every society, a higher value is placed on culture than on nature.
The universal evaluation of culture as superior to nature is the basic reason for the devaluation of
women. Women are seen as closer to nature than men and therefore seen as inferior to men. Ortner argues that
women are universally defined as closer to nature because their bodies and physiological functions are more
concerned with the „natural processes surrounding the reproduction of the species‟. These natural processes
include menstruation, pregnancy, child birth and lactation, processes for which the body is „naturally‟ equipped.
They are primarily responsible for the socialization of the young. Finally, Ortner argues that „women‟s psyche‟,
her psychological make-up is defined as closer to nature. Because women are concerned with childcare and
primary socialization, they develop more personal, intimate and particular relationships with others, especially
their children. By comparison, men, by engaging in politics, warfare and religion have a wider range of contacts
and less personal and particular relationships.
REFERENCES
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[2]. Jeffrey and Andrew. 1989. Labour Pains and Labour Power: Women and Child Birth in India. New Delhi: Manohar Publications.
[3]. Yadav and Mishra. 2003. Gender Issues in India. New Delhi: Radha Publications.
[4]. WHO. 2004. Reproductive Health Strategy. Department of Reproductive Health and Research.
[5]. WHO. 2000. Reproductive Health during Conflict and Displacement. Department of Reproductive Health and Research.
[6]. J. Sandhu. 1996. Sociology of Fertility. New Delhi: Rawat Publications.
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