Assessing the adaptable capability of tree plants to air and soil pollution is an important task, because of nowadays increasing technogenic pollution and global warming trend of climate change. Plants are well known with their ability to absorb, filtrate, localized air contaminations, and mitigate the adverse effect of pollution. The goal of study is to estimate the adaptability of Acer saccharinum L. to industrial air pollution through observation of the leaf blade structure modifications. Under conditions of industrial air contamination has been registered reduction of lamina surfaces. The leaf blade structure of Acer saccharinum L. is characterized with high coefficient of palisadness naturally (65%). In conditions of industrial pollution silver maple developed thicker cutin (p < 0.05), smaller epidermal cells (p < 0.05) and expanded photosynthetic mesophyll tissue (p < 0.0001), which strengthen the capacity of plant to overcome the adverse conditions. The high coefficient of palisadness, the preserved thickness of cuticle, accompanied with the adapt alterations of mesophyll; provide a reason to classify silver maple as species with high pliability and as a tolerant to environmental stress. Acer saccharinum L. is a suitable for building green belts around areas with adverse emissions and for urban forestry.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Absorption Reduction Capacity with Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) Contaminant...IJERA Editor
This study aims to analyze the large of reduction capacity of chromium metals and cadmium in the soil compost
media and absorption capacity of chrome and cadmium in phytoremediation process of vetiver; to compare the
reduction-absorption capacities of chromium and cadmium metals in phytoremediation process of vetiver
(Vetivera zizanioides). The study was carried out for 2 months with a range of sampling every 7 days, and then
analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Contaminants used as artificial contaminants
containing heavy metals chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd). This study is an experimental research includes two
variables. First, the variations of Cr concentrations used were 400 ppm, 600 ppm and 800 ppm and Cd
concentrations used were 40 ppm, 60 ppm, 800 ppm. Secondly, the variations of total plant are 3, 6, and 9 plant.
The period of observation is made every week. Planting media used is compost soil with compost and clay
composition of 20%, 30% and 40%. The results of study showed that there are a significant relationship between
the reduction capacity of Cr and Cd of compost soil and the absorption capacity of Cr and Cd for vetiver
(Vetiveria zizanioides). The higher of Cr and Cd decreases in soil followed by increased levels of Cr and Cd in
vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides). The capacity of Cr reduction varies between 57% - 86% and Cd 36% - 64%
where as the absorption capacity of vetiver on Cr between 38% - 75% and Cd between 34%-74%. The capacity
of reduction-absorption of Cr is relatively higher than Cd in phytoremediation process of vetiver.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Absorption Reduction Capacity with Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) Contaminant...IJERA Editor
This study aims to analyze the large of reduction capacity of chromium metals and cadmium in the soil compost
media and absorption capacity of chrome and cadmium in phytoremediation process of vetiver; to compare the
reduction-absorption capacities of chromium and cadmium metals in phytoremediation process of vetiver
(Vetivera zizanioides). The study was carried out for 2 months with a range of sampling every 7 days, and then
analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Contaminants used as artificial contaminants
containing heavy metals chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd). This study is an experimental research includes two
variables. First, the variations of Cr concentrations used were 400 ppm, 600 ppm and 800 ppm and Cd
concentrations used were 40 ppm, 60 ppm, 800 ppm. Secondly, the variations of total plant are 3, 6, and 9 plant.
The period of observation is made every week. Planting media used is compost soil with compost and clay
composition of 20%, 30% and 40%. The results of study showed that there are a significant relationship between
the reduction capacity of Cr and Cd of compost soil and the absorption capacity of Cr and Cd for vetiver
(Vetiveria zizanioides). The higher of Cr and Cd decreases in soil followed by increased levels of Cr and Cd in
vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides). The capacity of Cr reduction varies between 57% - 86% and Cd 36% - 64%
where as the absorption capacity of vetiver on Cr between 38% - 75% and Cd between 34%-74%. The capacity
of reduction-absorption of Cr is relatively higher than Cd in phytoremediation process of vetiver.
RELATING UPROOTING RESISTANCE TO STEM BASAL DIAMETERS OF PLANTS FOR EROSION M...IAEME Publication
The strength with which a plant resists uprooting from erosion is influenced by a number of morphological traits including the stem basal diameter. The objective of this study is carry out in-situ lateral uprooting tests for various plant species and develop models that relate uprooting resistance to plant stem basal diameter. The study area is the erosion prone land of Nguzu Edda in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Several lateral uprooting tests were carried out to determine the uprooting forces for twelve plant species. The stem basal diameters of the plants were also measured. Linear, quadratic and cubic regression models were used in data analysis. The results showed that maximum uprooting force has a linear relationship with stem basal diameter with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.900 to 0.999. The r2 value was 0.900 for Saccharum officinarum, 0.975 for chrysopogon zizanioides and 0.980 for paspalum notatum while other plants studied had r2 values ranging from 0.996 to 0.999. The p-values for all species using linear regression were less than 0.05 hence the model results are significant at 95% confidence level for all plant species studied
Autecology of Impatients parviflora DC. in natural forest communitiesEdytaSierka
Chmura D., Sierka E., Orczewska A. (2007). Autecology of Impatients parviflora DC. in natural forest communities. Botanika - Stecina 11, 17-21., 2007
In three neighbouring regions situated in southern Poland, differing in land use, soils, and type of forest vegetation, autecological studies on one of the most invasive alien species of the country, small balsam Impatients parviflora, were conducted. The habitat requirements of I. parviflora were estimated in 139 permanent plots, randomly distributed in various forest communities and varying in the abundance of the examined species. The forest stands were located either in nature reserves (Kraków-Częstochowa Uppland, Silesian Upland) or in old growth forests (Głubczyce Plateau). The physical and chemical properties of soiils (soil reaction, mineral and granulometric composition of substratum), litter depth, slope, and aspect were gathered and showed on ecodiagrams. The study shows that small balsam is a species with a wide ecological amplitude, what probably contributes to its invasiveness and enables success in colonizing and persisting in forest ground vegetation.
Particulate matter effect on biometric and biochemical attributes of fruiting...GJESM Publication
Dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. and Psidium guajava L. was investigated from eight
different sites of Multan, Pakistan. Leaves of both plants were used for analyzing biometric (leaf area, fresh and dry
weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids and ascorbic acid). Maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing near road sites, while, minimum dust accumulation occurred in the plants of Bahauddin Zakariya University. Most of the biometric and biochemical attributes of F. carica showed significant response towards dust but it had not significant influence on some attributes of P. guajava. Biochemical traits of P. guajava appeared to be more prone than foliage ones. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and foliage attributes in F. carica. On the other hand, in P. guajava opposite was observed, however, the reverse was true for leaf biomass. Biochemical contents had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoid contents declined but ascorbic acid increased with an increase in dust accumulation in both species.
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
In developing countries, brick kilns are not well regulated by government agencies. As a result most of the time they are installed near to the cities to reduce transport cost. They use coal, waste plastic, scrap tires, etc as fuel. Brick kiln produces number of toxic pollutant like CO2, SOx, NOx, HF, etc. They produce tons of gaseous pollution which effect near and far settled human population. Phytoremediation is considered the most suitable option for developing countries because of low cost, eco-friendliness and easily manageable. In current study, the purpose was to identify tolerant plant species near the brick kilns by measuring air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Species of trees including Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus globulus, Dalbergia sissoo and Moringa oleifera were selected for sampling. Samples were collected during July and December at 100m, 300m, 500m and 700m distance around the brick kilns from two selected sampling sites. Moringa oleifera (APTI=17.60) was identified as tolerant and a sink of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Whereas, Eucalyptus globules (APTI=9.91) was found sensitive, so it can be used as bio-indicator of HF. This study recommends the plantation of Moringa oleifera around brick kiln for HF phytoremediation.
Ultrastructural and physiological aspects of eucalyptus clones submitted to b...Innspub Net
This work aimed evaluate ultrastructural and physiological aspects of 35-days old eucalyptus, clones 13; 59 and 131, by submitting them to the following barium doses: null, 125; 250; 500 and 1000 ppm of barium solution, with four repetitions. Due to the exposition to barium, there was appearance of phytotoxicity on the leaves. Then, it was determined the following variables: Phloem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (PDL and PDR); Xylem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (XDL and XDR) and Thickness of Palisade Parenchyma (PP); Spad Index (SPADI); Inferior Face of Stomata Functionality of the Inferior Face (IFSF) and Stomach Density of the Inferior Face (SD). Barium negatively influenced the leaf ultrastructure of eucalyptus and its physiology. Eucalyptus clones 13; 59 and 131 are susceptible to barium solution. Barium caused root and ultrastructural leaves and root damages on eucalyptus clones. Xylem diameter of leaves of eucalyptus clones 13 and 59 were not harmed as exposed to Barium.
During one vegetative season, the growth and the development of the leaf blades of Tatarian maple (Acer tataricum L.) from heavily polluted area has been studied. The region under investigation was contaminated mainly with SO2, NxOx, Pb, Zn, and Cu etc. The aim of the study was to compare the growth and the development of the leaf blades of Acer tataricum L. (Tatarian maple) from polluted field with those from non-polluted. Base on this to assess its tolerance to polluted conditions of the atmosphere, as well as to look for adaptive responses. The conducted study registered shorter time of the vegetative growth of the leaf blades in the commencement stages of the vegetative development. The leaves from polluted site had emergence approximately two weeks earlier compared with these from the control area. Faster linear growth of the leaf surfaces in the commencement stages of the development had been noted for the trees from polluted field. The spongy mesophyll had been reduced, as well as the common thickness of the leaf blades of the tree plants from the contaminated region. The observed changes are regarded as adaptation of the plant to the polluted environment, i.e. as tolerance.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Influence of foliar fertilizing on stomata parameters in maize leaf (Zea mays...Innspub Net
In this research, the effects of foliar fertilizer Megegreen on stomata parameters of maize leaf (ZP 677) were studied. The experiment was performed on the experimental fields of the Institute of Agriculture, in Skopje, R. of Macedonia, during the 2008 and 2009. The foliar fertilizer was applied four times during the growing period in different concentrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% solution. Stomata density and size were measured on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface from randomly selected plants from each replication in stage of silking. Stomata counts were made on the impressions from microscopic fields using the colodium method. Analyses of variance indicated that the application of foliar fertilizer has significant influence on stomata features on corn leaves. Results from research, show higher stomata density on adaxial (176,19-182,32 stomata /mm2) and abaxial surface (289,12-293,12 stomata/mm2) at variants 3 and 4. Variant 3 has the highest stomata length on adaxial surface (59,75 μm), without significant difference and the highest average length on the abaxial surface (63,00 μm), which is significantly different from the control variant. With the highest average width on adaxial leaf surface was variant 4 with 11,56 μm and on the abaxial surface was variant 2, with 13,49 μm. A positive significant correlation was observed between stomata number on the adaxial and abaxial surface of leaf (R2= 0,856**). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Evaluation of air pollution tolerant tree species for Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.
Senthilkumar P and Paulsamy S.
Journal of research in Biology (2011) 2: 148-152
Abstract:
Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) has been determined by pooling the at-tributes viz., total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and moisture content of leaves and leaf extract pH for certain locally available tree species in and around Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris. Of the 24 species analyzed 6 tree species such as Alnus nepalensis, Callistemon lanceolata, Eucalyptus ficifolia, Ficus elastica, Michelia champaca and Toona ciliate recorded higher APTI values. Hence, it is suggested that these tree spe-cies can be given priority for plantation programme in and around industrial com-plexes, road sides and also new urbanized areas in Kotagiri so as to reduce the effect of air pollution and makes the environment clean.
Plant species and communities assessment in interaction with edaphic and topo...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The current analyses of vegetation were aimed to study the different effects of environmental variables on plant species and communities and their combined interactions to these variables, identified threats to local vegetation and suggestion for remedial measures in the Mount Eelum, Swat, Pakistan. For assessment of environmental variability quantitative ecological techniques were used through quadrats having sizes of 2 × 2, 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 m2 for herbs, shrubs and trees respectively. Result of the present study revealed 124 plant species in the study area. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the ecological gradient of vegetation. The environmental data and species abundance were used in CANOCO software version 4.5. The presence absence data of plant species were elaborated with Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysis techniques using PC-ORD version 5 to show different species composition that resulted in five plant communities. Findings indicate that elevation, aspect and soil texture are the strongest variables that have significant effect on species composition and distribution of various communities shown with P value 0.0500. It is recommended to protect and use sensibly whole of the Flora normally and rare species particularly in the region.
Effect of some abiotic factors on the concentration of β- sitosterol of Prunu...Innspub Net
Prunus africana is a medicinal plant which develops in the mountains of several African countries. β-sitosterol can be used as a marker for the control of the product quality of the aforementioned plant in terms of phytotherapy. Farmers and public authorities do not have information on the influence of altitude and chemical characteristics of soils on the concentration of β- sitosterol of P. africana. To contribute to solve the problem, this research, carried out in Cameroon, aims to appreciate the effect of abiotic factors on the above phenotypic character. In nine composite samples of barks taken at different altitudes, the
concentration of β-sitosterol is appreciated via qualitative analyses by Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography and quantitative analyses by Gas Chromatography coupled with the Mass Spectrometry. The chemical analyses of soils taken under the stems of the aforementioned trees were made. The statistics were carried out using the SAS software. The concentration of β-sitosterol in each population of P. africana varies from zero to 38.65 μg/ml. There is
variability between the averages of the aforementioned concentration with respect to altitude and chemical elements of the soils but the differences are not significant. The Ascending Hierarchical Clustering distributes populations into three groups. These
tools obtained are indispensable for the ground management, the products exploited from this tree species and the production of seeds for creating forest and agro-forest plantations.
Dust Interception Capacity And Alteration Of Various Biometric And Biochemica...IOSR Journals
The dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. was evaluated from eight different sites in and around Multan. The impact of dust accumulation was observed via various biometric attributes (leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids & ascorbic acid) from leaves of F. carica. The maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing at Road sides while, the minimum dust was found on plants growing at Bahauddin Zakariya University. Dust accumulation has caused a significant effect on almost all foliage and biochemical attributes of F. carica. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and biometric attributes in F. carica. Biochemical responses had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoids decreased and ascorbic acid contents increased with an increase in dust accumulation. A negative correlation was found between dust deposition and chlorophyll contents. Whereas, accumulation of ascorbic acid was associated with a decline in pigment contents
Alterations in macro and micronutrient uptake by Jambu (Acmella oleracea (L.)...Open Access Research Paper
The Jambu, an herbaceous plant widely consumed in the Amazon in typical dishes and in natura, is also found in Central America, Asia, and even in Europe. Its behavior when exposed to heavy metals is unknown and, being Cd one of the most phytotoxic metals, the objective is to elucidate how Cd influences nutrient uptake by jambu. The experimental design was entirely randomized with five treatments and six repetitions, in a hydroponic culture system. Four doses of Cd (1, 3, 6 and 9mg/L), plus a control were used. At the end of the experiment, chemical analyses were performed to quantify the content of K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in the leaf, stem, inflorescence and root. The results were submitted to ANOVA and regression analysis and show a significant increase in K, Mg and Ca, up to a dose of 6mg/L of Cd. The micronutrients Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu also showed a significant increase in the absorption, until the dose of 6mg/L. The difference in uptake ranged from 23.02% for Cu to 151.9% for Ca in relation to the uptake of the nutrients by the control plants. The dose of 9mg/L, produced an antagonistic effect, with a reduction in the uptake of the nutrients, with the exception of Ca. In general, Cd in small doses produced in the jambu a stimulant effect and in larger doses, a toxic effect. This behavior indicates a hormetic effect of jambu against Cd.
Influence of Row Covers on Soil Loss & Plant Growth in White Cabbage Cultivation; Gardening Guidebook for Stuttgart, Germany ~ University of Hohenheim~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
RELATING UPROOTING RESISTANCE TO STEM BASAL DIAMETERS OF PLANTS FOR EROSION M...IAEME Publication
The strength with which a plant resists uprooting from erosion is influenced by a number of morphological traits including the stem basal diameter. The objective of this study is carry out in-situ lateral uprooting tests for various plant species and develop models that relate uprooting resistance to plant stem basal diameter. The study area is the erosion prone land of Nguzu Edda in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Several lateral uprooting tests were carried out to determine the uprooting forces for twelve plant species. The stem basal diameters of the plants were also measured. Linear, quadratic and cubic regression models were used in data analysis. The results showed that maximum uprooting force has a linear relationship with stem basal diameter with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.900 to 0.999. The r2 value was 0.900 for Saccharum officinarum, 0.975 for chrysopogon zizanioides and 0.980 for paspalum notatum while other plants studied had r2 values ranging from 0.996 to 0.999. The p-values for all species using linear regression were less than 0.05 hence the model results are significant at 95% confidence level for all plant species studied
Autecology of Impatients parviflora DC. in natural forest communitiesEdytaSierka
Chmura D., Sierka E., Orczewska A. (2007). Autecology of Impatients parviflora DC. in natural forest communities. Botanika - Stecina 11, 17-21., 2007
In three neighbouring regions situated in southern Poland, differing in land use, soils, and type of forest vegetation, autecological studies on one of the most invasive alien species of the country, small balsam Impatients parviflora, were conducted. The habitat requirements of I. parviflora were estimated in 139 permanent plots, randomly distributed in various forest communities and varying in the abundance of the examined species. The forest stands were located either in nature reserves (Kraków-Częstochowa Uppland, Silesian Upland) or in old growth forests (Głubczyce Plateau). The physical and chemical properties of soiils (soil reaction, mineral and granulometric composition of substratum), litter depth, slope, and aspect were gathered and showed on ecodiagrams. The study shows that small balsam is a species with a wide ecological amplitude, what probably contributes to its invasiveness and enables success in colonizing and persisting in forest ground vegetation.
Particulate matter effect on biometric and biochemical attributes of fruiting...GJESM Publication
Dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. and Psidium guajava L. was investigated from eight
different sites of Multan, Pakistan. Leaves of both plants were used for analyzing biometric (leaf area, fresh and dry
weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids and ascorbic acid). Maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing near road sites, while, minimum dust accumulation occurred in the plants of Bahauddin Zakariya University. Most of the biometric and biochemical attributes of F. carica showed significant response towards dust but it had not significant influence on some attributes of P. guajava. Biochemical traits of P. guajava appeared to be more prone than foliage ones. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and foliage attributes in F. carica. On the other hand, in P. guajava opposite was observed, however, the reverse was true for leaf biomass. Biochemical contents had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoid contents declined but ascorbic acid increased with an increase in dust accumulation in both species.
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
In developing countries, brick kilns are not well regulated by government agencies. As a result most of the time they are installed near to the cities to reduce transport cost. They use coal, waste plastic, scrap tires, etc as fuel. Brick kiln produces number of toxic pollutant like CO2, SOx, NOx, HF, etc. They produce tons of gaseous pollution which effect near and far settled human population. Phytoremediation is considered the most suitable option for developing countries because of low cost, eco-friendliness and easily manageable. In current study, the purpose was to identify tolerant plant species near the brick kilns by measuring air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Species of trees including Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus globulus, Dalbergia sissoo and Moringa oleifera were selected for sampling. Samples were collected during July and December at 100m, 300m, 500m and 700m distance around the brick kilns from two selected sampling sites. Moringa oleifera (APTI=17.60) was identified as tolerant and a sink of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Whereas, Eucalyptus globules (APTI=9.91) was found sensitive, so it can be used as bio-indicator of HF. This study recommends the plantation of Moringa oleifera around brick kiln for HF phytoremediation.
Ultrastructural and physiological aspects of eucalyptus clones submitted to b...Innspub Net
This work aimed evaluate ultrastructural and physiological aspects of 35-days old eucalyptus, clones 13; 59 and 131, by submitting them to the following barium doses: null, 125; 250; 500 and 1000 ppm of barium solution, with four repetitions. Due to the exposition to barium, there was appearance of phytotoxicity on the leaves. Then, it was determined the following variables: Phloem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (PDL and PDR); Xylem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (XDL and XDR) and Thickness of Palisade Parenchyma (PP); Spad Index (SPADI); Inferior Face of Stomata Functionality of the Inferior Face (IFSF) and Stomach Density of the Inferior Face (SD). Barium negatively influenced the leaf ultrastructure of eucalyptus and its physiology. Eucalyptus clones 13; 59 and 131 are susceptible to barium solution. Barium caused root and ultrastructural leaves and root damages on eucalyptus clones. Xylem diameter of leaves of eucalyptus clones 13 and 59 were not harmed as exposed to Barium.
During one vegetative season, the growth and the development of the leaf blades of Tatarian maple (Acer tataricum L.) from heavily polluted area has been studied. The region under investigation was contaminated mainly with SO2, NxOx, Pb, Zn, and Cu etc. The aim of the study was to compare the growth and the development of the leaf blades of Acer tataricum L. (Tatarian maple) from polluted field with those from non-polluted. Base on this to assess its tolerance to polluted conditions of the atmosphere, as well as to look for adaptive responses. The conducted study registered shorter time of the vegetative growth of the leaf blades in the commencement stages of the vegetative development. The leaves from polluted site had emergence approximately two weeks earlier compared with these from the control area. Faster linear growth of the leaf surfaces in the commencement stages of the development had been noted for the trees from polluted field. The spongy mesophyll had been reduced, as well as the common thickness of the leaf blades of the tree plants from the contaminated region. The observed changes are regarded as adaptation of the plant to the polluted environment, i.e. as tolerance.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Influence of foliar fertilizing on stomata parameters in maize leaf (Zea mays...Innspub Net
In this research, the effects of foliar fertilizer Megegreen on stomata parameters of maize leaf (ZP 677) were studied. The experiment was performed on the experimental fields of the Institute of Agriculture, in Skopje, R. of Macedonia, during the 2008 and 2009. The foliar fertilizer was applied four times during the growing period in different concentrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% solution. Stomata density and size were measured on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface from randomly selected plants from each replication in stage of silking. Stomata counts were made on the impressions from microscopic fields using the colodium method. Analyses of variance indicated that the application of foliar fertilizer has significant influence on stomata features on corn leaves. Results from research, show higher stomata density on adaxial (176,19-182,32 stomata /mm2) and abaxial surface (289,12-293,12 stomata/mm2) at variants 3 and 4. Variant 3 has the highest stomata length on adaxial surface (59,75 μm), without significant difference and the highest average length on the abaxial surface (63,00 μm), which is significantly different from the control variant. With the highest average width on adaxial leaf surface was variant 4 with 11,56 μm and on the abaxial surface was variant 2, with 13,49 μm. A positive significant correlation was observed between stomata number on the adaxial and abaxial surface of leaf (R2= 0,856**). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Evaluation of air pollution tolerant tree species for Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.
Senthilkumar P and Paulsamy S.
Journal of research in Biology (2011) 2: 148-152
Abstract:
Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) has been determined by pooling the at-tributes viz., total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and moisture content of leaves and leaf extract pH for certain locally available tree species in and around Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris. Of the 24 species analyzed 6 tree species such as Alnus nepalensis, Callistemon lanceolata, Eucalyptus ficifolia, Ficus elastica, Michelia champaca and Toona ciliate recorded higher APTI values. Hence, it is suggested that these tree spe-cies can be given priority for plantation programme in and around industrial com-plexes, road sides and also new urbanized areas in Kotagiri so as to reduce the effect of air pollution and makes the environment clean.
Plant species and communities assessment in interaction with edaphic and topo...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The current analyses of vegetation were aimed to study the different effects of environmental variables on plant species and communities and their combined interactions to these variables, identified threats to local vegetation and suggestion for remedial measures in the Mount Eelum, Swat, Pakistan. For assessment of environmental variability quantitative ecological techniques were used through quadrats having sizes of 2 × 2, 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 m2 for herbs, shrubs and trees respectively. Result of the present study revealed 124 plant species in the study area. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the ecological gradient of vegetation. The environmental data and species abundance were used in CANOCO software version 4.5. The presence absence data of plant species were elaborated with Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysis techniques using PC-ORD version 5 to show different species composition that resulted in five plant communities. Findings indicate that elevation, aspect and soil texture are the strongest variables that have significant effect on species composition and distribution of various communities shown with P value 0.0500. It is recommended to protect and use sensibly whole of the Flora normally and rare species particularly in the region.
Effect of some abiotic factors on the concentration of β- sitosterol of Prunu...Innspub Net
Prunus africana is a medicinal plant which develops in the mountains of several African countries. β-sitosterol can be used as a marker for the control of the product quality of the aforementioned plant in terms of phytotherapy. Farmers and public authorities do not have information on the influence of altitude and chemical characteristics of soils on the concentration of β- sitosterol of P. africana. To contribute to solve the problem, this research, carried out in Cameroon, aims to appreciate the effect of abiotic factors on the above phenotypic character. In nine composite samples of barks taken at different altitudes, the
concentration of β-sitosterol is appreciated via qualitative analyses by Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography and quantitative analyses by Gas Chromatography coupled with the Mass Spectrometry. The chemical analyses of soils taken under the stems of the aforementioned trees were made. The statistics were carried out using the SAS software. The concentration of β-sitosterol in each population of P. africana varies from zero to 38.65 μg/ml. There is
variability between the averages of the aforementioned concentration with respect to altitude and chemical elements of the soils but the differences are not significant. The Ascending Hierarchical Clustering distributes populations into three groups. These
tools obtained are indispensable for the ground management, the products exploited from this tree species and the production of seeds for creating forest and agro-forest plantations.
Dust Interception Capacity And Alteration Of Various Biometric And Biochemica...IOSR Journals
The dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. was evaluated from eight different sites in and around Multan. The impact of dust accumulation was observed via various biometric attributes (leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids & ascorbic acid) from leaves of F. carica. The maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing at Road sides while, the minimum dust was found on plants growing at Bahauddin Zakariya University. Dust accumulation has caused a significant effect on almost all foliage and biochemical attributes of F. carica. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and biometric attributes in F. carica. Biochemical responses had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoids decreased and ascorbic acid contents increased with an increase in dust accumulation. A negative correlation was found between dust deposition and chlorophyll contents. Whereas, accumulation of ascorbic acid was associated with a decline in pigment contents
Alterations in macro and micronutrient uptake by Jambu (Acmella oleracea (L.)...Open Access Research Paper
The Jambu, an herbaceous plant widely consumed in the Amazon in typical dishes and in natura, is also found in Central America, Asia, and even in Europe. Its behavior when exposed to heavy metals is unknown and, being Cd one of the most phytotoxic metals, the objective is to elucidate how Cd influences nutrient uptake by jambu. The experimental design was entirely randomized with five treatments and six repetitions, in a hydroponic culture system. Four doses of Cd (1, 3, 6 and 9mg/L), plus a control were used. At the end of the experiment, chemical analyses were performed to quantify the content of K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in the leaf, stem, inflorescence and root. The results were submitted to ANOVA and regression analysis and show a significant increase in K, Mg and Ca, up to a dose of 6mg/L of Cd. The micronutrients Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu also showed a significant increase in the absorption, until the dose of 6mg/L. The difference in uptake ranged from 23.02% for Cu to 151.9% for Ca in relation to the uptake of the nutrients by the control plants. The dose of 9mg/L, produced an antagonistic effect, with a reduction in the uptake of the nutrients, with the exception of Ca. In general, Cd in small doses produced in the jambu a stimulant effect and in larger doses, a toxic effect. This behavior indicates a hormetic effect of jambu against Cd.
Influence of Row Covers on Soil Loss & Plant Growth in White Cabbage Cultivation; Gardening Guidebook for Stuttgart, Germany ~ University of Hohenheim~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
The Green Fuse: Using Plants to Provide Ecosystem Services
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For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Use of Autochthonous Organic Inputs for Amelioration of Fluoride Toxicity and...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of autochthonous organic inputs viz. vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Brassica campestris L. cv.B9 was selected as a test species. Experiments were carried out in two consecutive years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 designed as experiment I and experiment II. One unique thing was observed that mustard which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) and was above the control set. Moreover, autochthonous organic inputs were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride content within the different plant parts of mustard. Maximum amount of fluoride was accumulated within the leaves and minimum quantity of fluoride was accumulated within the seed but within the permissible range (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO). Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Therefore, combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia acted upon reduction of fluoride level in the crop field of mustard.
Similar to Assessing the Adaptability of Acer saccharinum L. to industrially contaminated environment according to its leaf blade structure (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
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2. Assessing the Adaptability of Acer saccharinum L. to industrially contaminated environment according to its leaf blade structure
Dineva S. 042
area caused changes in physiological and biochemical
characteristics leading to reductions in morphological
features (Azmat et al., 2009). However, to be accepted the
certain trait as biomarker it should be clear recognized and
predictable, as well as time cost valuable.
Studies on morpho-anatomical responses of leaf blade
structure of plants to pollutants is an useful tool for
establishing the sensitivity to pollutants and can provide
crucial data to biomonitoring programs or retrieval of
degraded areas (Sant et al., 2006). The deciduous trees
are well recognized with the ability to absorb certain
contaminants and to mitigate air pollution through
construction of green belts or urban green spaces (Nowak
et al., 2006; Giorgi and Zafiriades, 2006; Bealey et al.,
2007; Jim and Chen, 2007; Escobedo et al., 2008; Simon
et al., 2011; Kumar et al., 2013; Deepika and Haritash,
2016; Stratu et al., 2016). Therefore, the examination of
tree potential to environmental weight in all points of view
is a very actual and necessary part of work, before
establishment of any forestry project.
The study aim is to assess Acer saccharinum L. adaptable
capacity to industrial polluted conditions based on leaf
blade structure and its modification in such conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Characteristics of Acer saccharinum L.
Acer saccharinum L. with the common names: river maple,
silver maple, soft maple, creek maple, water maple,
silverleaf maple, swamp maple, or white maple is native to
Northern America, and is mostly used as an ornamental
tree, this is one of the most common trees in the United
States.
The silver maple is a large tree, can grow up to 35m tall
with a trunk more than 100cm in diameter. Its light green
leaves are 15 to 20cm long, with 5 or 7 lobes. The tree
grows quickly that is the reason to be popular and
commonly encountered tree in both urban and suburban
landscapes. The silver maple is very similar to the red
maple, both are temperate deciduous tree species (Jing-
Yun and Ying, 2002), except that its leaves turn pale yellow
or brown, not red, in the fall (McGarry, 2014). This plant
species grows well in areas that have standing water for
several weeks at a time and in acid soils that remains
moist, but adapts to very dry and alkaline soils also. It
should be saved for planting in wet areas or where nothing
else will thrive (Gilman and Watson, 1993). Nevertheless,
silver maple has very heat and high drought tolerance
(Hightshoe, 1988; Sjöman et al., 2015). The tree has been
successfully grown in urban areas where air pollution, poor
drainage, compacted soil, and drought are common
(Gilman and Watson, 1993).
Silver maple is given as SO2 tolerant species (Davis and
Gerhold, 1976; Appleton et al., 2014) and intermediate to
fluorides (Kozlowski, 1986).
Characteristics of the regions
The plant material was collected from two regions – one
heavily polluted, situated around metallurgical factory
“Kremikovtzi” (42°47’ N; 23°30’ E); and another, as a
control from National Park Vitosha (42°30’ N; 23°15’ E).
Kremikovtzi factory was emitted significant quantities of
dust, SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, H2S, HCN, heavy metal etc.
Various industries, vehicles and power generators are the
major sources of SO2 (Gupta et al., 2015). SO2 represents
one of the main pollutants emitted by industrial combustion
processes (Diab and Motha, 2007). Heat power stations
and the “Kremikovtzi” metallurgic plant emitted 90% of the
total pollution amount in the region. The field from where
the plant material was collected stayed in distance of 2 km
from the point source of main contamination.
Plant material and methods
The trees from the both fields were sun exposure with
uniform height and growth form. Plant tissue samples were
taken randomly, from the middle parts of the leaf blades
and fixed in FAA - 90% ethanol (90 ml); ice acetic acid (5
ml); and formalin (5 ml). Standard histological techniques
were used to examine the anatomy of the leaf blades. All
the sections were embedded in emission and examined
under a light microscope. The measurements were
repeated 30 times per one parameter, assessed
statistically with Student’s t-test and photographed.
The coefficient of palisadness (К %) was estimated:
К(%) = [Mp /М].100,
where: Mp – is the length of palisade tissue;
М – is the length of mesophyll tissue.
RESULTS
In the field observation reduction of leaf surfaces in plants
exposed to anthropogenic stress has been registered. The
length of leaf surfaces was shorter with 4.39 cm, at
significance p < 0.0001. For the silver maples growing in
polluted region, was measured length with mean 10.23 cm
(s = 1.94) and for the control plants the average was 14.62
cm (s = 2.77). The width of lamina also express alteration,
for Kremikovtzi region the mean was 10.3 cm (s = 2.48),
and for the control 12.57 cm (s = 2.48), with difference 2.27
cm, at p < 0.001. The surfaces of leaf laminas were
normally with dry tops of units and necrotic spots around
the veins, covered 2 - 3% of the total leaf area.
Table 1. Morphological measurements of Acer saccharinum L leave
blades
Morphological
measurements (cm)
Mean (cm) Standard deviation
(cm)treated control treated control
Length of lamina (cm) 10.23 14.62 ±1.94 ±2.77
Width of lamina (cm) 10.3 12.57 ±2.48 ±2.48
The leaf blades of Acer saccharinum L. have typical
mesomorph structure (fig. 2, and 4). On the cross sections
3. Assessing the Adaptability of Acer saccharinum L. to industrially contaminated environment according to its leaf blade structure
Int. J. For. Wood Sci. 043
of the middle part of laminas have been measured the
upper cuticle layer, adaxial epidermis, mesophyll –
palisade and spongy, abaxial epidermis and lower cuticle
layer, the differences in that parameters were compared
(table 2, and 3).
Table 2. Anatomical measurements of Acer saccharinum L leave blades
Anatomical measurements (μm) Mean (m) Standard
deviation (m)
treated control treated control
Thickness of adaxial cuticle (a) 2.75 2.57 ±0.45 ±0.17
Thickness of adaxial epidermis (b) 15.5 16.75 ±1.90 ±2.95
Thickness of palisade mesophyll (c) 49.75 41.58 ±3.10 ±7.7
Thickness of spongy mesophyll (d) 26.25 21.92 ±3.52 ±6.68
Thickness of abaxial epidermis (e) 10.17 10.33 ±1.73 ±1.82
Thickness of abaxial cuticle (f) 1.25 1.225 ±0 ±0.14
Table 3. Differences of means (μm), between polluted and control plants
of Acer saccharinum L
Anatomical measurements (μm) Differences of
means (μm)
Student’s
criterion
Thickness of adaxial cuticle (a) 0.18 * 2.04
Thickness of adaxial epidermis (b) -1.25 * 1.95
Thickness of palisade mesophyll (c) 8.17 *** 5.39
Thickness of spongy mesophyll (d) 4.33 * 3.14
Thickness of abaxial epidermis (e) -0.17 0.36
Thickness of abaxial cuticle (f) 0.025 1
*: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.001; ***: p < 0.0001.
DISCUSSIONS
Industrial pollution commonly caused low pH moisture as
rainfalls, mist and fogs, because of dissolved sulfur
dioxide, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. In such
environmental conditions, on the leaf blades of deciduous
trees appears injures as necrotic spots and chlorosis,
which are covered different percentage of the total leaf
area depending on the kind and level of pollution, and from
the plant species (Temple et al., 1992; Silva et al., 2000;
Orendovici et al., 2003). The necroses started from the
adaxial epidermis, due to the direct expose to the pollutant,
and plants accumulated phenolic compounds in necrotic
areas (Sant et al., 2006), which made that spots black. On
the leaf blades of all treated plants with simulated low pH
acid rain (pH 3.0) have been observed necrotic spots and
most of the injuries onset on the epidermis in all species
studied (Sant et al., 2006).
Air pollution can lead to a high variability of the leaf area
surfaces and specific leaf area, which is the result of the
plant mechanism of survival (Azmat et al., 2006; Wuytack
et al., 2011). The reduction of leaf blade area is classified
as an adaptive response of plants under conditions of
environmental stress and has been recorded from many
authors (Jahan and Iqbal 1992; Dineva, 2004; Dineva,
2005 a, b; Seyyedneja et al., 2009; Azmat et al., 2009;
Pourkhabbaz et al., 2010; Stevovi and Sur, 2010;
Velickovi, 2010; Seyyednejad and Koochak, 2011;
Kurteva and Dimitrova, 2014). Decreasing of leaf area
have been registered under high SO2 concentration >50
mg/l (Pandey, 2005), and in environment with high levelss
of metal contamination. It has been found that Pb
physically blocks the uptake of water and water stress
appears, which led to reducing leaf area and that is the
mechanism of plant survival (Azmat et al., 2006, 2009).
The ambient air pollution caused adaptive modifications of
specific leaf area, however that alteretions are complicate
species-dependent and related to the protective or
adaptive mechanism of plants (Wuytack et al., 2011).
In laminas of deciduous trees, the cuticule consist of cutin
that is a fatty substance and its thickness usually
corresponds with the degree of xeromorphism of the leaf
(Hall et al., 2013). The cuticle is an effective barrier to the
penetration of gases into the leaf interior, and define its
resistance to pollutant absorption (Unsworth et al, 1976;
Bartiromo, 2013). The laminas of silver maple are coated
with cuticle layers about 2.57 μm (s = 0.17) thick on the
adaxial surface and 1.23 μm (s = 0.14) on the abaxial side.
The adaxial epidermis is built from cells with height about
16.75 μm, (s = 2.95) and under contaminated conditions
diminish their size, with significance p < 0.05 (table 3). In
regions with enhance air pollution in laminas very often is
registered alterations of cuticule layers, increases or
reductions, which depend of plant species and its genetic
capacity of optimal adjustment to habitat condition
(Margris and Mooney, 1981; Dineva, 2005a, b;
Pourkhabbaz et al., 2010; Bartiromo, 2013). Any specific
or predictable alteration in leaf cuticle due to pollution can
serve as diagnostic marker of exposure to pollution type
(Baker and Hunt, 1986). Nevertheless, Pb also induced
changes in the leaf as more abundant wax coating and
reduction in the cell size of epidermis (Weryszko-
Chmielewska and Chwil, 2005). However, cuticle changes
are still not use as specific markers of air pollution
exposure, particularly to separate air pollution from other
sources of stress (Berg, 1989). Usually, the anatomical
changes of leaf laminas are not specific for a certain
pollutant, as they result from the combine effects of
different air contaminants that can be additive, synergistic
or antagonistic (Kozlowski, 1986; Tomašević et al., 2008),
but they result and can serve for evaluation of their
adaptable capacity (Kovacic and Nikolic, 2005).
Acer saccharinum L has a great coefficient of palisadness
(65%), for the trees from the both places polluted and
control (table 2). The leaf blades of Acer saccharinum L
have a typical mesomorph structure and are characterized
with well-developed mesophyll with laterally contiguous
spongy tissue and noncontiguous vertical palisade (fig. 3
and 4). The size of palisade parenchyma has a value 41.58
μm (s = 7.7) and the mean of spongy parenchyma 21.92
μm (s = 6.68).
Under the influence of industrial pollution, it has been
registered significant expansion of palisade mesophyll and
4. Assessing the Adaptability of Acer saccharinum L. to industrially contaminated environment according to its leaf blade structure
Dineva S. 044
Figure 1. Acer saccharinum L cross section of leave Figure 2. Acer saccharinum L cross section of leave blade from Kremikovtzi region;
blade from Kremikovtzi region; Legend: calcium oxalate druses sp – spongy parenchyma
Legend: dp – double stratified palisade mesophyll;
ac – air cavity; sp – spongy parenchyma; calcuim oxalate druses
Figure 3. Acer saccharinum L cross section of leave Figure 4. Acer saccharinum L cross section of leave blade from Vitosha region;
blade from Vitosha region; Legend: ac – air cavity; sp – spongy parenchyma; calcuim oxalate druses
Legend: p –palisade mesophyll; ac – air cavity;
sp – spongy parenchyma; calcuim oxalate druses
spongy parenchyma, without alteration of their proportion
(K%). The augmented palisade mesophyll can appears as
bistratified (fig.1). The spongy mesophyll cells altered also
under conditions of air pollution that can be defined as
shortened cells with high compactness, densely
contiguous without air spaces (fig. 2). The small air cavities
reduce the toxicant uptake and its speed of movement in
the interface. The enhanced mesophyll is considered as
adaptation to industrial contamination and has been
registered from many researchers (Iqbal, 1985; Gostin,
5. Assessing the Adaptability of Acer saccharinum L. to industrially contaminated environment according to its leaf blade structure
Int. J. For. Wood Sci. 045
2009; Noman et al., 2012). Plant adaptation to conditions
of drought or large amounts of sunlight appears as
increased palisade mesophyll also (Sefton et al., 2002).
Modifications of leaf anatomy and morphology in plants
reflected on their adaptability to cope with the
environmental stress and that allows this species to
maintain good photosystem efficiency during the adverse
conditions (Azmat et al., 2009). Thick palisade
parenchyma is of superlative importance in plants growing
under hampered conditions (Guerfel et al., 2009) and can
be interpret as a potential for plasticity and adaptation in
diverse conditions. Under low SO2 dosages (1-4 μg/l)
plants sinks pollutants and are not harmfully affected, but
even can gain benefit from contamination (Kozlowski,
1986). Increased leaf palisade and spongy cell area under
industrial polluted conditions is considered as healthier
adaptability sign (Iqbal, 1985; Gostin, 2009).
In the cross-sections of Acer saccharinum L. (figure 2, and
4) are visible Ca oxalate crystal formations, but clear
tendency between deposition of calcium druses and the
ecological conditions were not found. Earlier in study of
Morus alba L. laminas from polluted region have been
observed much more Ca oxalate druses than those in
control samples (Dineva, 2017). The calcium oxalate
druses in silver maple lamina have been observed from
Toma et al. (2015), found in the cellulosic parenchyma and
collenchyma, in the phloem of the vascular fascicle of the
midvein; but in the mesophyll the idioblasts of bigger size
have not been observed. According to Toma et al. (2015),
the appearances of crystals are most probably influenced
by ecological factors. Tomašević et al. (2008) considered
that plants exposed to stressful air conditions formed in the
leaves numerous single or aggregated crystals.
CONCLUSIONS
Under conditions of industrially contaminated environment
Acer saccharinum L. diminish the lamina surfaces,
commonly accepted as a sign of adjustment to the
unfavourable conditions. The leave blades structure
expressed some modifications regarding as healthier
alterations and convey for high pliability. Under polluted
circumstances Acer saccharinum L. well-maintained
cuticle thickness and significantly decrease the size of
adaxial epidermal cells that prevent from direct toxicant
absorption and injury. The high coefficient of palisadness
(65%), with the adapt amendments of mesophyll, stated as
expanded and as bistratified palisade, with less and
smaller air cavities in spongy parenchyma, afford a reason
to classify Acer saccharinum L. as a tolerant species to
industrial contamination and suitable for planting in such
conditions.
Acer saccharinum L. showed good adaptable capacity and
can be appropriate for constructing green belts around
adverse point source emissions and for urban forestry.
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