This research paper examines the effect of abiotic factors like altitude and soil chemistry on the concentration of β-sitosterol in Prunus africana bark across Cameroon. Samples of bark and soil were collected from 9 populations ranging from 885-1639 meters above sea level. Qualitative analyses using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography confirmed the presence of β-sitosterol in all bark samples. Quantitative analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determined the concentration of β-sitosterol in each population, ranging from 0 to 38.65 μg/ml. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate relationships between β-sitosterol concentration, altitude, and soil chemical properties.
Seasonal Dynamics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Glomalin and Soil Properti...ijtsrd
To understand the ecological significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) associations in agroecosysytem, the host specific and seasonal dynamics of AMF and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) was investigated in agricultural fields of Nanded, Maharashtra State. Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of eight crop plants (Glycine max (L.) Merr., Saccharum officinarum L., Zea mays L., Cajanas cajan (L.) Millsp., Gossypium arboreum L., Triticum aestivum L., Sorghum vulgare Pers. and Cicer arietinum L.) in winter, summer and monsoon seasons respectively. Arbuscular mycorrhizal root infection and spore density of AMF peaked in monsoon and winter.The mean contents of total glomalin related soil proteins (T-GRSP) reached maximal values in summer. Spore density was highest in Zea mays L. Easily extractable glomalin related (EE-GRSP) and T-GRSP fractions were the highest in the rhizosphere of Cicer arietinum L. and Sorghum vulgare Pers. AMF root colonization and spore density was negatively correlated with K (P < 0.05; P < 0.01). T-GRSP fraction was positively correlated with edaphic factors (rhizosphere temperature, K and Fe content of soil) and negatively correlated with soil moisture (P < 0.01), AMF root colonization (P < 0.05) and spore density (P http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/15727/seasonal-dynamics-of-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-glomalin-and-soil-properties-in-agroecosystems-of-nanded-district/ujwala-sheshrao-deepake
Effects of Light Intensity and Quality on Physiological Changes in Winter Ric...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An investigation into the effects of low light (meanPPFD169-493Ms-1m-1), red light (meanPPFD657-843Ms-1m-1) and normal light (meanPPFD1061-1260Ms-1m-1) on physiological changes including yield attributes, nutritional status at Panicle initiation (PI), flowering and harvest stages in winter rice (genotype: Monoharsali) was carried out from 40 days after transplanting (DAT) to crop maturity under both pot and field conditions. There was reduction in available PPFD at flowering as compared to PI stage of the crop. The genotype exhibited significantly higher total dry matter (TDM) and lower leaf area index (LAI) values at normal light or red light than at reduced light situation. The bio-economical yield and harvest index (HI) under normal light exceeded those at low light regime. The yield attributes viz., number of panicles, number of field grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight (test weight), high density (HD) grains, potential 1000 grain weight and sink capacity were superior at normal or red light to low light condition. Higher the total carbohydrate contents in grains, higher were the sink capacity with the normal /red light illuminations at harvest stage. At PI stage, leaf nitrogen content was reduced by low light, but it increased at flowering stage significantly. Grain protein contents, under normal/red light exceeded its value at low light treatment. A positive correlation of most of the yield attributes with grain yield at normal/red light, and a negative correlation of these parameters were found at low light conditions.
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Science (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level.
HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India).
The journal is Indexed/Abstracted in
• Index Copernicus International, Poland with ICV: 27.39 • Ministry of Science & Higher Education, Poland with 02 points • Global Impact Factor with GIF 0.364• Indian Science Abstracts • CAB Abstracts • CABI Full text • CAB direct • ICRISAT-infoSAT • Google Scholar• CiteFactor • InfoBase Index with IBI Factor: 2.8 •New Journal Impact Factor (NJIF): 2.14 • ResearchBib • AgBiotech Net • Horticultural Science Abstracts • Forestry & Agroforestry Abstracts• Agric. Engg. Abstracts • Crop Physiology Abstracts • PGRs Abstracts • ResearchGate.net • getCited.com • Reference Repository • OAJI.net • Journal Index.net• University of Washington Library • University of Ottawa Library • Swedish University of Agric. Sci. Library, Stockholm, Sweden;
Full text PDF are available at: www.hortflorajournal.com
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.3
their qualitative and quantitative distribution from eight districts of Rajasthan. A total of three species of Acaulospora, two
species of Gigaspora, fourteen species of Glomus, four species of Sclerocystis and two species of Scutellospora were
recorded. A high diversity of AM fungi was observed and it varied at different study sites. Among these five genera,
Glomus occurred most frequently. Glomus fasciculatum and G. mosseae were found to be the most predominant AM fungi
in infecting A. excelsa. G. fasciculatum, Sclerocystis was found in all the fields studied, while Gigaspora species and
Scutellospora species were found only in few sites. The maximum number (22) of AM fungal species were isolated and
identified from Sikar whereas, only ten species (10) were found from Nagaur. The spore density was varied between 195
to 682 propagules (100 g-1) soil. The percent root colonization was varied (47 to 79 %) from place to place. The pH of
study area was ranged between 7.82 to 8.79; EC was recorded from 0.13 to 0.62 (dSm-1); Percent OC ranged from 0.22 to
0.39 and available P content varied from 4.1 to 5.36 mg kg-1 for A. excelsa. A significant correlation of AM population
was observed with root colonization, percent organic carbon and pH while other variables under study had a
non-significant correlation with total AM population. Key-words- Arbuscular mycorrhizae, Arid agroecosystems, Diversity, Root colonization, Correlation, Ailanthus excelsa
Eco-floristic studies of the Beer Hills along the Indus River in the district...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present study was conducted to elaborate vegetation composition structure to analyze role of edaphic and topographic factors on plant species distribution and community formation during 2013–14. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. The size of quadrat for trees shrubs and herbs were 10 × 5, 5 × 2, 1 × 1 meter square respectively. Different phytosociological attribute were measured at each station. Primary results reported 123 plant species belong to 46 families. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were dominant families with 8 species each. PCORD version 5 were used for Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses that initiated 4 plant communities within elevation range of 529–700 m from sea level. Indicator species analyses (ISA) were used to identify indicator species of each community. CANOCO Software (version 4.5) was used to measure the influence of edaphic and topographic variables on species composition, diversity and community formation. Whereas Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to measure the effect of environmental variables which showed elevation and aspect were the stronger environmental variable among topographic and CaCO3 contents, electric conductivity, soil pH were the stronger edaphic factors in determination of vegetation and communities of the Bheer Hills. Grazing pressure was one of the main anthropogenic factors in this regard.
Effects of Water Deficiency on the Physiology and Yield of Three Maize GenotypesAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Three maize genotypes research experiment was carried out in the experimental farm of University of Debrecen, Hungary. The genotypes were subjected to two different treatments, (irrigated and non-irrigated) where the irrigated was the control experiment. Physiological parameters (SPAD, LAI, HEIGHT) and grain yield (kg ha-1) were measured and statistically computed. From our results, SPAD, LAI and HEIGHT values were significantly affected by water stress in the three studied genotypes. Grain yield was reduced in two of the studied genotypes (S.Y Zephir and S.Y Chorintos). But no significant difference was notice in the KWS 4484 cultivar. LAI was not affected in the second measurement in the S.Y Chorintos genotype and, plant height did not record any difference in the first measurement in the KWS 4484 cultivar. Our results suggest second experiment to specifically look at the critical stage in the genotypes growth where water stress has the severe effect on the studied genotypes.
Seasonal Dynamics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Glomalin and Soil Properti...ijtsrd
To understand the ecological significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) associations in agroecosysytem, the host specific and seasonal dynamics of AMF and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) was investigated in agricultural fields of Nanded, Maharashtra State. Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of eight crop plants (Glycine max (L.) Merr., Saccharum officinarum L., Zea mays L., Cajanas cajan (L.) Millsp., Gossypium arboreum L., Triticum aestivum L., Sorghum vulgare Pers. and Cicer arietinum L.) in winter, summer and monsoon seasons respectively. Arbuscular mycorrhizal root infection and spore density of AMF peaked in monsoon and winter.The mean contents of total glomalin related soil proteins (T-GRSP) reached maximal values in summer. Spore density was highest in Zea mays L. Easily extractable glomalin related (EE-GRSP) and T-GRSP fractions were the highest in the rhizosphere of Cicer arietinum L. and Sorghum vulgare Pers. AMF root colonization and spore density was negatively correlated with K (P < 0.05; P < 0.01). T-GRSP fraction was positively correlated with edaphic factors (rhizosphere temperature, K and Fe content of soil) and negatively correlated with soil moisture (P < 0.01), AMF root colonization (P < 0.05) and spore density (P http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/15727/seasonal-dynamics-of-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-glomalin-and-soil-properties-in-agroecosystems-of-nanded-district/ujwala-sheshrao-deepake
Effects of Light Intensity and Quality on Physiological Changes in Winter Ric...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An investigation into the effects of low light (meanPPFD169-493Ms-1m-1), red light (meanPPFD657-843Ms-1m-1) and normal light (meanPPFD1061-1260Ms-1m-1) on physiological changes including yield attributes, nutritional status at Panicle initiation (PI), flowering and harvest stages in winter rice (genotype: Monoharsali) was carried out from 40 days after transplanting (DAT) to crop maturity under both pot and field conditions. There was reduction in available PPFD at flowering as compared to PI stage of the crop. The genotype exhibited significantly higher total dry matter (TDM) and lower leaf area index (LAI) values at normal light or red light than at reduced light situation. The bio-economical yield and harvest index (HI) under normal light exceeded those at low light regime. The yield attributes viz., number of panicles, number of field grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight (test weight), high density (HD) grains, potential 1000 grain weight and sink capacity were superior at normal or red light to low light condition. Higher the total carbohydrate contents in grains, higher were the sink capacity with the normal /red light illuminations at harvest stage. At PI stage, leaf nitrogen content was reduced by low light, but it increased at flowering stage significantly. Grain protein contents, under normal/red light exceeded its value at low light treatment. A positive correlation of most of the yield attributes with grain yield at normal/red light, and a negative correlation of these parameters were found at low light conditions.
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Science (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level.
HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India).
The journal is Indexed/Abstracted in
• Index Copernicus International, Poland with ICV: 27.39 • Ministry of Science & Higher Education, Poland with 02 points • Global Impact Factor with GIF 0.364• Indian Science Abstracts • CAB Abstracts • CABI Full text • CAB direct • ICRISAT-infoSAT • Google Scholar• CiteFactor • InfoBase Index with IBI Factor: 2.8 •New Journal Impact Factor (NJIF): 2.14 • ResearchBib • AgBiotech Net • Horticultural Science Abstracts • Forestry & Agroforestry Abstracts• Agric. Engg. Abstracts • Crop Physiology Abstracts • PGRs Abstracts • ResearchGate.net • getCited.com • Reference Repository • OAJI.net • Journal Index.net• University of Washington Library • University of Ottawa Library • Swedish University of Agric. Sci. Library, Stockholm, Sweden;
Full text PDF are available at: www.hortflorajournal.com
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.3
their qualitative and quantitative distribution from eight districts of Rajasthan. A total of three species of Acaulospora, two
species of Gigaspora, fourteen species of Glomus, four species of Sclerocystis and two species of Scutellospora were
recorded. A high diversity of AM fungi was observed and it varied at different study sites. Among these five genera,
Glomus occurred most frequently. Glomus fasciculatum and G. mosseae were found to be the most predominant AM fungi
in infecting A. excelsa. G. fasciculatum, Sclerocystis was found in all the fields studied, while Gigaspora species and
Scutellospora species were found only in few sites. The maximum number (22) of AM fungal species were isolated and
identified from Sikar whereas, only ten species (10) were found from Nagaur. The spore density was varied between 195
to 682 propagules (100 g-1) soil. The percent root colonization was varied (47 to 79 %) from place to place. The pH of
study area was ranged between 7.82 to 8.79; EC was recorded from 0.13 to 0.62 (dSm-1); Percent OC ranged from 0.22 to
0.39 and available P content varied from 4.1 to 5.36 mg kg-1 for A. excelsa. A significant correlation of AM population
was observed with root colonization, percent organic carbon and pH while other variables under study had a
non-significant correlation with total AM population. Key-words- Arbuscular mycorrhizae, Arid agroecosystems, Diversity, Root colonization, Correlation, Ailanthus excelsa
Eco-floristic studies of the Beer Hills along the Indus River in the district...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present study was conducted to elaborate vegetation composition structure to analyze role of edaphic and topographic factors on plant species distribution and community formation during 2013–14. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. The size of quadrat for trees shrubs and herbs were 10 × 5, 5 × 2, 1 × 1 meter square respectively. Different phytosociological attribute were measured at each station. Primary results reported 123 plant species belong to 46 families. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were dominant families with 8 species each. PCORD version 5 were used for Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses that initiated 4 plant communities within elevation range of 529–700 m from sea level. Indicator species analyses (ISA) were used to identify indicator species of each community. CANOCO Software (version 4.5) was used to measure the influence of edaphic and topographic variables on species composition, diversity and community formation. Whereas Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to measure the effect of environmental variables which showed elevation and aspect were the stronger environmental variable among topographic and CaCO3 contents, electric conductivity, soil pH were the stronger edaphic factors in determination of vegetation and communities of the Bheer Hills. Grazing pressure was one of the main anthropogenic factors in this regard.
Effects of Water Deficiency on the Physiology and Yield of Three Maize GenotypesAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Three maize genotypes research experiment was carried out in the experimental farm of University of Debrecen, Hungary. The genotypes were subjected to two different treatments, (irrigated and non-irrigated) where the irrigated was the control experiment. Physiological parameters (SPAD, LAI, HEIGHT) and grain yield (kg ha-1) were measured and statistically computed. From our results, SPAD, LAI and HEIGHT values were significantly affected by water stress in the three studied genotypes. Grain yield was reduced in two of the studied genotypes (S.Y Zephir and S.Y Chorintos). But no significant difference was notice in the KWS 4484 cultivar. LAI was not affected in the second measurement in the S.Y Chorintos genotype and, plant height did not record any difference in the first measurement in the KWS 4484 cultivar. Our results suggest second experiment to specifically look at the critical stage in the genotypes growth where water stress has the severe effect on the studied genotypes.
Influence of foliar fertilizing on stomata parameters in maize leaf (Zea mays...Innspub Net
In this research, the effects of foliar fertilizer Megegreen on stomata parameters of maize leaf (ZP 677) were studied. The experiment was performed on the experimental fields of the Institute of Agriculture, in Skopje, R. of Macedonia, during the 2008 and 2009. The foliar fertilizer was applied four times during the growing period in different concentrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% solution. Stomata density and size were measured on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface from randomly selected plants from each replication in stage of silking. Stomata counts were made on the impressions from microscopic fields using the colodium method. Analyses of variance indicated that the application of foliar fertilizer has significant influence on stomata features on corn leaves. Results from research, show higher stomata density on adaxial (176,19-182,32 stomata /mm2) and abaxial surface (289,12-293,12 stomata/mm2) at variants 3 and 4. Variant 3 has the highest stomata length on adaxial surface (59,75 μm), without significant difference and the highest average length on the abaxial surface (63,00 μm), which is significantly different from the control variant. With the highest average width on adaxial leaf surface was variant 4 with 11,56 μm and on the abaxial surface was variant 2, with 13,49 μm. A positive significant correlation was observed between stomata number on the adaxial and abaxial surface of leaf (R2= 0,856**). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Jatropha-based alley cropping system’s contribution to carbon sequestrationInnspub Net
The study was conducted to evaluate the total carbon stocks sequestered in a Jatropha – based alley cropping system treated with varying fertilizer applications. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The alley was planted with corn in two seasons Treatments include control (no fertilizer), organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer applied to the alley crops. Findings showed that the treatments with fertilizer applications had higher carbon stock in the jatropha hedges. The carbon content of the corn stover was also higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied treatments. However, highest soil carbon content was shown in treatments applied with organic fertilizer (4.28 Ton ha-1). The inorganic fertilizer treatment had the lowest soil carbon content with a mean of 4.28 Ton ha-1. In terms of total carbon stock of the entire jatropha-based alley cropping system, there was a significant difference among treatments with organic fertilizer application having the highest mean of 7.79 Ton ha-1 while the inorganic treated plots had 6.53 Ton ha-1. The no fertilizer treatment had the least carbon stocks with 6.53 Ton ha-1. This recent study revealed that the jatropha-based alley cropping system is a potential land-use for carbon sequestration. This farming system needs to be promoted in upland areas to function not only as soil and water conservation measures but also as a possible remedy for global warming. Get the Abstract and full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/jatropha-based-alley-cropping-systems-contribution-to-carbon-sequestration/
Grasslands play a critical role in the global storage of atmospheric carbon (C). Precise estimation of C contents in different plant components is essential to formulate a strategy for mitigating the atmospheric C. Biomass (B) and C of different herbaceous plant components at species, functional group and site levels from tropical grassland locating on the campus of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India were estimated. For this; 117 herbaceous species just-before flowering were harvested. B and C contents for each species and component were measured and statistically analyzed. The measured C (g plant-1) across the components varied from 0.08 to 31.12. On gm-2 basis; it varied between 29 (leaf) and 49 (root). Plant components, species and functional groups in isolation caused significant differences in the measured C. In the present study; the C content of stem was greater than the leaf and root. The perennial, erect, leguminous and native traits had greater C than the others. Therefore, this observation revealed that the perennial, erect, leguminous and native plants could be a better option for reducing the atmospheric CO2 by capturing it and then converting into B through photosynthesis. Further, the fitted regression equation between the root and shoot for B and C could be used for the extrapolation of B and C of the root component based on the shoot component. The conservative field measurement methods may give precise data on B and C but are destructive to grassland, difficult, time-consuming, and costly to cover at large scale. Hence, the present work could be substantial for the estimation of root C based on shoot component.
Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Partitioning in Chato Afromontane Forest: Its Cl...IJEAB
Forests trap carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, store in the form of carbon (C) and regulate climate change. In this study, C storage and climate change mitigation potential of Chato Afromontane forest was assessed from measurement of the major pools including the aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, dead tree biomass, plant litter and soil organic carbon (SOC). The result showed that biomass accumulation was comparatively larger for natural forest than plantations due to maturity, intactness and species diversity. The total C storage capacity of the forest ranged from 107.12 Mg ha-1 for acacia plantation to 453.21 Mg ha-1 for the intact natural forest. The mean C storage capacity by major pools ranged from 1.36 Mg ha-1 for the dead tree C to 157.95 Mg ha-1 for the aboveground C pool. The forest ecosystem accumulated a total of nearly 6371.30 Gg C in the vegetation plus soil to a depth of 60 cm. Conservation of the sacred forest will have an imperative implication to net positive C addition and regulation of climate change.
Formation Patterns of Acridid Communities in Urban Landscapes of TurkmenistanSryahwa Publications
Acridid communities of urbanized landscapes in Turkmenistan are described for the first time. General peculiarities of formation of acridid communities in urban landscapes are studying for the desert zone. The structure of the communities is determined by soil conditions, types of plant cover and the level of anthropogenic impact on the different urban biotopes.
Stressful environments such as salinity and drought was assessed on photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process of three oil plants canola (BrassicanapusL.), safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annusL) grown in different sites in Egypt (Suez road; North Coastal area; El-Kantra East) , is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses .
Growth and increase of a Pinuspatula plantation with fertilization and thinni...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Thinning and fertilization of forest plantations are forestry practices that are necessary to obtain an increase in the annual volume growth, mean increment and periodic increment (AMI and API) which allow shortening the commercial shift maintaining the same volumes at the time of harvest. In this study, the effect of thinning and fertilization on the growth and increase in Pinuspatula plantations was evaluated, which were established in 1998 in Huayacocotla, Veracruz, Mexico. A 22 factorial experiment was set up in the plantation in order to evaluate the thinning and fertilization factors with two levels each. The experimental unit was a 10x10 m plot. Three repetitions were established per treatment. An residual basal area of 21m2 ha-1was obtained in the thinned plots of the plantation. The average basal area in the unthinned plots was 42 m2 ha-1. The fertilization doses were: 1.4; 0.4; 8.34 kg of urea, calcium triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate, respectively. Fertilization (treatment 3) increased the volume and the AMI 2012, 2013 and 2014. Thinning (treatment 2) tended to increase the API slightly.
Morphological and physiological attributes associated to drought tolerance of...Innspub Net
The experiment was conducted to assess the differential morpho-physiological response to stimulated water deficit and to determine the relationship between some of these morphological and physiological traits and yield components of eighteen durum wheat genotypes grown in pots under lathhouse condition. Water deficit significantly affected gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It reduced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) measured both at anthesis and grain-filling stages. Similarly, the value of initial fluorescence (Fo) was increased while variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum fluorescence (Fm) and optimum quantum yield fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were decreased under water deficit. RWC of the leaves was decreased by 36.7% while SLA increased by 12.6% due to moisture stress relative to the well-watered control. No significant correlations were found between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and grain yield under water deficit condition. Similarly, no significant correlations were found between leaf gas exchange parameters and grain yield. On the other hand, peduncle length and excursion were positively correlated with grain yield while negatively correlated with drought susceptibility index under water deficit condition. Leaf posture and rolling had also a profound effect on grain yield and other attributes. Erect-leaved genotypes had more grain yield, HI, kernel numbers per spikelet and grain-filling rate but had lower kernel weight than droopy leaved. Similarly, genotypes exhibited strong leaf rolling under water deficit condition had more grain yield, kernel numbers per spike and water use efficiency. The genetic variability found for leaf posture, leaf rolling, peduncle length and excursion among the Ethiopian durum wheat genotypes suggests the opportunity for selection superior and adapted genotype in water-limited environments. These can be achieved by integrating these morphological traits as indirect selection in conjunction with other yield components. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-2-april-2011-2/
Green waste compost with wood ash additive improves physico-chemical and biol...AI Publications
A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste wood ash compost on a tropical acid soil. Four types of compost (prepared with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of wood ash prior composting) were used to amend an Oxisol from the centre region of Cameroon. The different composts were mixed with the soil in 1/4 proportions (w/w); the experimental design was a completely randomized block with three replicates per treatment. The different treatments were planted with soybean (Glycine max L.) for three month growing period. Compost amendment increased the soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Bacterial and fungal biomass together with cellulase and protease activities also increased in amended soil. Following soil chemical, physical and chemical parameters, plant growth and yield also improved in compost treated sols. However, compost prepared with 15% wood ash additive showed trends of inhibition of the soil microbiota. It can be concluded that green waste wood ash compost could be used as a suitable soil fertilizer for tropical acid soils, although precautions are to be taken when using these composts prepared with addition of wood ash ≥ 15%.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Mycorrhizal diversity and root colonization potential of agricultural soils –...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Underarid and semi-arid ecosystems where drought, soil salinity and low soil fertility considerably limit crop production. Under such stressful growing conditions, an appropriate management of mycorrhizae may have a determinant impact on plant production, on the improvement of soil quality and the diversification of cultivated crops. In this context, the diversity of the arbuscularmycorrhizae flora in semi-arid agricultural soils of OuledGhanem and SidiBennour sites of the Doukkala region, Morocco was evaluated and the impact of soil physico-chemical factors on their root-colonization potential studied. The two selected studied sites are respectively characterised by neutral to alkaline substrates, low level of organic matter but differed in their respective texture, sandy soil and muddy soil and their low to medium available P contents. The comparative analysis of the arbuscular mycorrhizal flora reveals a certain amount of shared species and is characterized in sandy soils by a good proportion of Diversisporales: Scutellosporacalospora, Acaulosporacavernata, Entrophosporainfrequens, Gigaspora margarita when the muddy soils are inhabited with a majority of Glomerales (Glomus.sp). Correlation between physico-chemical and biological soil data enlighted the negative impact of alkalinity and available phosphorus on the soil root colonization potential. The comparative data analyses bring in a critical look at the possible interaction between fungal diversity, mycotrophic plant and root colonization.
Valorization of agro-alimentary waste for a production of maggots like source...Innspub Net
An experimentation of production of maggots starting from agro-alimentary waste was led to the research station on the diversification of the pisciculture of the University of Abomey-Calavi (Benin). Seven substrates were used for the production: dejections of pigs (P), chicken viscera (V), and soybean oil cake (T) and their respective mixture dejections of pigs-chicken viscera (PV), dejections of pigs-soybean oil cake (PT), chicken viscera-soybean oil cake (VT) and chicken viscera-soybean oil cake-dejections of pigs (VTP). At the end of the experiment, the best productivities of maggots of 8.89 g.100g -1 and 7.20 g.100g -1 are respectively obtained with substrates VT and VTP. Low productivities of 2.62 and 3.20 g.100g -1 being obtained respectively with the dejections of pigs and the chicken viscera. It comes out from this study that the mixture of the soybean oil cake to the chicken viscera seems the best substrate having had a significant attractive effect on the flies and thus of productivity of maggots. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Solid state fermentation of Lathyrus sativus and sugarcane bagasse by Pleurot...Innspub Net
Lathyrus sativus (Khesari plant) and sugarcane bagasse are considered as agro wastes. Khesari plants are generally grown in fields as weeds and they have to be removed prior to cultivation. Taking this view in mind, we have investigated the conversion of these lignocellulosic agro-waste as an enriched feed stock for cattle via by solid state fermentation using a cellulolytic fungus, Pleurotus sajor-caju.The strain required 8 weeks to complete the fermentation on both the untreated and treated (with alkali, lime and presoaked) substrates at 30°C. Higher amounts of reducing sugar and soluble protein were found in each of the lime treated substrates than untreated substrates. Results also indicated that presoaked substrate contain higher amounts of reducing sugar and soluble protein than unsoaked substrate. Among the substrates, mixed substrate (khesari plant + sugarcane bagasse) was found to accumulate higher amount of sugar, 22.15 mg/g and protein, 22.80 mg/g than those of khesari plant in the 5th week of fermentation. The treatments that augmented the level of sugar and protein were also found to enhance the cellobiase, carboxy methyl cellulase and avicelase activity of crude culture extracts. These results suggest that lime treatment and presoaking seem to increase the digestibility of the substrates by the fungal cellulolytic enzymes. During eight weeks of fermentation, relatively higher cellobiase activity was found as compared to that of carboxymethylcellulase and avicelase at 30 o C for the fungul strain. The results of the present study clearly indicate that fungal conversion with pretreatment transform these lignocellulosic agro-wastes to a nutritionally enriched animal feed. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-5-may-2014-2/
Influence of foliar fertilizing on stomata parameters in maize leaf (Zea mays...Innspub Net
In this research, the effects of foliar fertilizer Megegreen on stomata parameters of maize leaf (ZP 677) were studied. The experiment was performed on the experimental fields of the Institute of Agriculture, in Skopje, R. of Macedonia, during the 2008 and 2009. The foliar fertilizer was applied four times during the growing period in different concentrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% solution. Stomata density and size were measured on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface from randomly selected plants from each replication in stage of silking. Stomata counts were made on the impressions from microscopic fields using the colodium method. Analyses of variance indicated that the application of foliar fertilizer has significant influence on stomata features on corn leaves. Results from research, show higher stomata density on adaxial (176,19-182,32 stomata /mm2) and abaxial surface (289,12-293,12 stomata/mm2) at variants 3 and 4. Variant 3 has the highest stomata length on adaxial surface (59,75 μm), without significant difference and the highest average length on the abaxial surface (63,00 μm), which is significantly different from the control variant. With the highest average width on adaxial leaf surface was variant 4 with 11,56 μm and on the abaxial surface was variant 2, with 13,49 μm. A positive significant correlation was observed between stomata number on the adaxial and abaxial surface of leaf (R2= 0,856**). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Jatropha-based alley cropping system’s contribution to carbon sequestrationInnspub Net
The study was conducted to evaluate the total carbon stocks sequestered in a Jatropha – based alley cropping system treated with varying fertilizer applications. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The alley was planted with corn in two seasons Treatments include control (no fertilizer), organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer applied to the alley crops. Findings showed that the treatments with fertilizer applications had higher carbon stock in the jatropha hedges. The carbon content of the corn stover was also higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied treatments. However, highest soil carbon content was shown in treatments applied with organic fertilizer (4.28 Ton ha-1). The inorganic fertilizer treatment had the lowest soil carbon content with a mean of 4.28 Ton ha-1. In terms of total carbon stock of the entire jatropha-based alley cropping system, there was a significant difference among treatments with organic fertilizer application having the highest mean of 7.79 Ton ha-1 while the inorganic treated plots had 6.53 Ton ha-1. The no fertilizer treatment had the least carbon stocks with 6.53 Ton ha-1. This recent study revealed that the jatropha-based alley cropping system is a potential land-use for carbon sequestration. This farming system needs to be promoted in upland areas to function not only as soil and water conservation measures but also as a possible remedy for global warming. Get the Abstract and full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/jatropha-based-alley-cropping-systems-contribution-to-carbon-sequestration/
Grasslands play a critical role in the global storage of atmospheric carbon (C). Precise estimation of C contents in different plant components is essential to formulate a strategy for mitigating the atmospheric C. Biomass (B) and C of different herbaceous plant components at species, functional group and site levels from tropical grassland locating on the campus of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India were estimated. For this; 117 herbaceous species just-before flowering were harvested. B and C contents for each species and component were measured and statistically analyzed. The measured C (g plant-1) across the components varied from 0.08 to 31.12. On gm-2 basis; it varied between 29 (leaf) and 49 (root). Plant components, species and functional groups in isolation caused significant differences in the measured C. In the present study; the C content of stem was greater than the leaf and root. The perennial, erect, leguminous and native traits had greater C than the others. Therefore, this observation revealed that the perennial, erect, leguminous and native plants could be a better option for reducing the atmospheric CO2 by capturing it and then converting into B through photosynthesis. Further, the fitted regression equation between the root and shoot for B and C could be used for the extrapolation of B and C of the root component based on the shoot component. The conservative field measurement methods may give precise data on B and C but are destructive to grassland, difficult, time-consuming, and costly to cover at large scale. Hence, the present work could be substantial for the estimation of root C based on shoot component.
Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Partitioning in Chato Afromontane Forest: Its Cl...IJEAB
Forests trap carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, store in the form of carbon (C) and regulate climate change. In this study, C storage and climate change mitigation potential of Chato Afromontane forest was assessed from measurement of the major pools including the aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, dead tree biomass, plant litter and soil organic carbon (SOC). The result showed that biomass accumulation was comparatively larger for natural forest than plantations due to maturity, intactness and species diversity. The total C storage capacity of the forest ranged from 107.12 Mg ha-1 for acacia plantation to 453.21 Mg ha-1 for the intact natural forest. The mean C storage capacity by major pools ranged from 1.36 Mg ha-1 for the dead tree C to 157.95 Mg ha-1 for the aboveground C pool. The forest ecosystem accumulated a total of nearly 6371.30 Gg C in the vegetation plus soil to a depth of 60 cm. Conservation of the sacred forest will have an imperative implication to net positive C addition and regulation of climate change.
Formation Patterns of Acridid Communities in Urban Landscapes of TurkmenistanSryahwa Publications
Acridid communities of urbanized landscapes in Turkmenistan are described for the first time. General peculiarities of formation of acridid communities in urban landscapes are studying for the desert zone. The structure of the communities is determined by soil conditions, types of plant cover and the level of anthropogenic impact on the different urban biotopes.
Stressful environments such as salinity and drought was assessed on photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process of three oil plants canola (BrassicanapusL.), safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annusL) grown in different sites in Egypt (Suez road; North Coastal area; El-Kantra East) , is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses .
Growth and increase of a Pinuspatula plantation with fertilization and thinni...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Thinning and fertilization of forest plantations are forestry practices that are necessary to obtain an increase in the annual volume growth, mean increment and periodic increment (AMI and API) which allow shortening the commercial shift maintaining the same volumes at the time of harvest. In this study, the effect of thinning and fertilization on the growth and increase in Pinuspatula plantations was evaluated, which were established in 1998 in Huayacocotla, Veracruz, Mexico. A 22 factorial experiment was set up in the plantation in order to evaluate the thinning and fertilization factors with two levels each. The experimental unit was a 10x10 m plot. Three repetitions were established per treatment. An residual basal area of 21m2 ha-1was obtained in the thinned plots of the plantation. The average basal area in the unthinned plots was 42 m2 ha-1. The fertilization doses were: 1.4; 0.4; 8.34 kg of urea, calcium triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate, respectively. Fertilization (treatment 3) increased the volume and the AMI 2012, 2013 and 2014. Thinning (treatment 2) tended to increase the API slightly.
Morphological and physiological attributes associated to drought tolerance of...Innspub Net
The experiment was conducted to assess the differential morpho-physiological response to stimulated water deficit and to determine the relationship between some of these morphological and physiological traits and yield components of eighteen durum wheat genotypes grown in pots under lathhouse condition. Water deficit significantly affected gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It reduced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) measured both at anthesis and grain-filling stages. Similarly, the value of initial fluorescence (Fo) was increased while variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum fluorescence (Fm) and optimum quantum yield fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were decreased under water deficit. RWC of the leaves was decreased by 36.7% while SLA increased by 12.6% due to moisture stress relative to the well-watered control. No significant correlations were found between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and grain yield under water deficit condition. Similarly, no significant correlations were found between leaf gas exchange parameters and grain yield. On the other hand, peduncle length and excursion were positively correlated with grain yield while negatively correlated with drought susceptibility index under water deficit condition. Leaf posture and rolling had also a profound effect on grain yield and other attributes. Erect-leaved genotypes had more grain yield, HI, kernel numbers per spikelet and grain-filling rate but had lower kernel weight than droopy leaved. Similarly, genotypes exhibited strong leaf rolling under water deficit condition had more grain yield, kernel numbers per spike and water use efficiency. The genetic variability found for leaf posture, leaf rolling, peduncle length and excursion among the Ethiopian durum wheat genotypes suggests the opportunity for selection superior and adapted genotype in water-limited environments. These can be achieved by integrating these morphological traits as indirect selection in conjunction with other yield components. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-2-april-2011-2/
Green waste compost with wood ash additive improves physico-chemical and biol...AI Publications
A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste wood ash compost on a tropical acid soil. Four types of compost (prepared with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of wood ash prior composting) were used to amend an Oxisol from the centre region of Cameroon. The different composts were mixed with the soil in 1/4 proportions (w/w); the experimental design was a completely randomized block with three replicates per treatment. The different treatments were planted with soybean (Glycine max L.) for three month growing period. Compost amendment increased the soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Bacterial and fungal biomass together with cellulase and protease activities also increased in amended soil. Following soil chemical, physical and chemical parameters, plant growth and yield also improved in compost treated sols. However, compost prepared with 15% wood ash additive showed trends of inhibition of the soil microbiota. It can be concluded that green waste wood ash compost could be used as a suitable soil fertilizer for tropical acid soils, although precautions are to be taken when using these composts prepared with addition of wood ash ≥ 15%.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Mycorrhizal diversity and root colonization potential of agricultural soils –...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Underarid and semi-arid ecosystems where drought, soil salinity and low soil fertility considerably limit crop production. Under such stressful growing conditions, an appropriate management of mycorrhizae may have a determinant impact on plant production, on the improvement of soil quality and the diversification of cultivated crops. In this context, the diversity of the arbuscularmycorrhizae flora in semi-arid agricultural soils of OuledGhanem and SidiBennour sites of the Doukkala region, Morocco was evaluated and the impact of soil physico-chemical factors on their root-colonization potential studied. The two selected studied sites are respectively characterised by neutral to alkaline substrates, low level of organic matter but differed in their respective texture, sandy soil and muddy soil and their low to medium available P contents. The comparative analysis of the arbuscular mycorrhizal flora reveals a certain amount of shared species and is characterized in sandy soils by a good proportion of Diversisporales: Scutellosporacalospora, Acaulosporacavernata, Entrophosporainfrequens, Gigaspora margarita when the muddy soils are inhabited with a majority of Glomerales (Glomus.sp). Correlation between physico-chemical and biological soil data enlighted the negative impact of alkalinity and available phosphorus on the soil root colonization potential. The comparative data analyses bring in a critical look at the possible interaction between fungal diversity, mycotrophic plant and root colonization.
Valorization of agro-alimentary waste for a production of maggots like source...Innspub Net
An experimentation of production of maggots starting from agro-alimentary waste was led to the research station on the diversification of the pisciculture of the University of Abomey-Calavi (Benin). Seven substrates were used for the production: dejections of pigs (P), chicken viscera (V), and soybean oil cake (T) and their respective mixture dejections of pigs-chicken viscera (PV), dejections of pigs-soybean oil cake (PT), chicken viscera-soybean oil cake (VT) and chicken viscera-soybean oil cake-dejections of pigs (VTP). At the end of the experiment, the best productivities of maggots of 8.89 g.100g -1 and 7.20 g.100g -1 are respectively obtained with substrates VT and VTP. Low productivities of 2.62 and 3.20 g.100g -1 being obtained respectively with the dejections of pigs and the chicken viscera. It comes out from this study that the mixture of the soybean oil cake to the chicken viscera seems the best substrate having had a significant attractive effect on the flies and thus of productivity of maggots. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Solid state fermentation of Lathyrus sativus and sugarcane bagasse by Pleurot...Innspub Net
Lathyrus sativus (Khesari plant) and sugarcane bagasse are considered as agro wastes. Khesari plants are generally grown in fields as weeds and they have to be removed prior to cultivation. Taking this view in mind, we have investigated the conversion of these lignocellulosic agro-waste as an enriched feed stock for cattle via by solid state fermentation using a cellulolytic fungus, Pleurotus sajor-caju.The strain required 8 weeks to complete the fermentation on both the untreated and treated (with alkali, lime and presoaked) substrates at 30°C. Higher amounts of reducing sugar and soluble protein were found in each of the lime treated substrates than untreated substrates. Results also indicated that presoaked substrate contain higher amounts of reducing sugar and soluble protein than unsoaked substrate. Among the substrates, mixed substrate (khesari plant + sugarcane bagasse) was found to accumulate higher amount of sugar, 22.15 mg/g and protein, 22.80 mg/g than those of khesari plant in the 5th week of fermentation. The treatments that augmented the level of sugar and protein were also found to enhance the cellobiase, carboxy methyl cellulase and avicelase activity of crude culture extracts. These results suggest that lime treatment and presoaking seem to increase the digestibility of the substrates by the fungal cellulolytic enzymes. During eight weeks of fermentation, relatively higher cellobiase activity was found as compared to that of carboxymethylcellulase and avicelase at 30 o C for the fungul strain. The results of the present study clearly indicate that fungal conversion with pretreatment transform these lignocellulosic agro-wastes to a nutritionally enriched animal feed. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-5-may-2014-2/
Effect of Paddy Straw Based Integrated Nutrient Management Practices for Sust...iosrjce
The field experiments on Integrated Nutrient Management in rice were carried out ( Kharif
2010,2011 and 2012 and summer 2011 and 2012) in red loamy soil at Agricultural and Horticultural Research
Station, Kathalagere, Channagiri taluk, Davanagere district of Karnataka, India to develop suitable integrated
nutrient management practices for rice using organic and inorganic sources of nutrients through integration of
paddy straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @5 kg ha-1 +
Pleurotus sajor caju @ 5 kg ha-1
.The organic sources of nutrients used in the present study were FYM (Farm
yard manure), paddy straw and Gliricidia sipium. The results of the present investigation clearly indicated that
the supply of recommended dose of NPK with FYM or paddy straw treated with cow dung slurry @ 5% + T.
harizianum @5 kg ha-1 + P. sajor caju @ 5 kg ha-1
or Gliricidia yielded significantly positive response in
increasing yield attributes like grain and straw yield in rice. The pooled experimental data of five season
experimentation confirmed the results for sustainability of rice productivity
Improving the germination of somatic embryos in date palm Berhi cultivar in v...INNS PUBNET
Embryogenic suspension cultures of Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) allow mass propagation of somatic embryos; Partial desiccation (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours) and low temperature (0°C for 2 hr, 0°C for 4 hr, 4°C for 24 hr and 4°C for 48 hr) treatments were applied to improve germination of somatic embryos in vitro of date palm cultivar Berhi with or without AC. The highest germination percentage was achieved when embryos were desiccated for three hours as well as treatment of low temperature in 4°C for 24 hr. Also, the results proved that found activated charcoal) AC) in liquid media produced the highest somatic embryos number and weight and improving percentage of germination. Further, Partial desiccation and low temperature increased embryos proline content. The improvement of the germination of somatic embryos via low temperature and especially via partial desiccation embryos somatic is successful can be used for the purpose of commercial propagation especially for Berhi cultivar.
Effects of foliar application with salicylic acid on the biochemical paramete...INNS PUBNET
Low temperature is an important environmental factor that limits the survival, productivity and geographical distribution of plants. Oil seeds are the second global food resources among which Brassica napus L. is the third annual oil seed in the world. In cold stress, some biochemical and physiological reactions occur in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on total chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes activity and solute protein and proline contents were assessed in two canola varieties (Brassica napus L., cv RGS and LICORD) leaves exposed to cold stress during 0, 24, and 48 hours after salicylic acid treatment. They were first grown in a controlled growth room at 22/20 °C (day/night) for one month followed by SA spraying application (100, 200 and 400µM) and then plots were transferred to a cold environment (-2 °C) for 3 days. The results showed that the total chlorophyll content was decreased in RGS cultivars related to high salicylic acid concentration during the experiment. The results of antioxidant status showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and also lipid peroxidation were increased significantly after 48 hours compared first day. Catalase (CAT) activity was decreased 24 hours after salicylic acid treatment. Results showed an increase in protein content in both cultivars treated with SA, by contrast proline was greatly affected by salicylic acid treatment and its content was the highest 24 hours after treatment. According to the results of the present study indicated that application of salicylic acid has useful effects on the biochemical traits. Thereupon it may be effective for the improvement of plant growth in cold regions.
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...
Similar to Effect of some abiotic factors on the concentration of β- sitosterol of Prunus Africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman in the tropical forests of Cameroon
Impact of crop rotation on mycorrhizal fungi in irrigated soils of the Doukka...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study has been conducted on the soils of irrigated perimeter of Doukkala. It is to assess the impact of the rotation of a species not mycotrophic (Beta vulgaris) with cereals on the natural resources of the mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi whose profits for the growth of plants are known. The results obtained show that this type of culture has a negative effect on the richness of the soil in spores and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi, and on the content of arbuscules which are the places of exchanges between the partners. The authors offer recommendations on cultivation practices which can be modulated in order to preserve this natural resource.
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Fertility Levels of Soils under Selected Tree Vegetations for Efficient Agro-...AI Publications
In many parts of Nigeria, large areas of lands are dominated by tree crop vegetations for timber production and for fruits with land users not knowing the fertility status of soils in these vegetations. Continual evaluation of soil properties of these tree vegetations has become pertinent for agricultural sustainability. This study therefore was carried out to evaluate the fertility levels of soils under selected tree vegetations at National Horticultural Research Institute Okigwe, Imo State, Nigeria. Five tree vegetations that were over 20 years of establishment were selected namely: oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth), African breadfruit (Treculia africana), mango (Mangnifera indica), Ogbonu (Irvingia gabonensis) and orange (citrus spp). In each of these tree vegetations, four soil samples were collected at uniform depths (0 – 20, 20 – 40 and 40 – 60 cm) at different locations using soil auger. The samples were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. Data collected were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance. Results obtained showed that despite the ages of these vegetations, the soils were acidic, low in macronutrient and basic cation concentrations when compared to FAO standard. The highest exchangeable bases and organic matter (1.78%) was recorded on bread fruit vegetation. Therefore, there is need to increase the fertility status of these soils in these tree crop vegetations by adopting measures that will boost organic matter content of the soil irrespective of the duration of the vegetation and this will help in agro forestry and alley cropping.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Identification of Superior Cotton Genotypes for Seed and Fiber Yield based on...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted for evaluation of eleven cotton genotypes for morpho-phenological and fiber characteristics under two different growing environments in rain fed condition at research stations of Finkolo (11°16′5″N 5°30′40″W) and N’Tarla (12°35'N 5°42’W) during 2018. The experiment was laid out RCBD with four replications. The analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences among genotypes and recorded wide range of variations for morpho-phenological traits such as insertion node of the first sympodia, number of monopodia per plant, number of sympodia per plant, days to 50% maturity, number of bolls per plant, boll weight and plant height over environments. The analysis of variance indicated significant variability among the genotypes for days to 50% flower, seed cotton yield, ginning out-turn and seed index, but do not indicated variability between the locations. The genotypes BRS-293 and Y-331-B recorded the best mean seed cotton yield across locations, whereas genotypes NTA-P35 exhibited best lint yield across two environments. For fiber traits, the analysis revealed significant variability among the genotypes, and sites for all observed traits. The genotypes FK-64 and BRS-293 produced suitable fiber length while suitable fiber color grade was produced by NTA-P35 and NTA-P37 at across locations. These results suggest that any improvements of morpho-phenological traits and fiber qualities in cotton germplasm brought about through contributions of genotypes and favorable environmental conditions.
Growth and yield of 12 accessions of Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) as influenced ...Innspub Net
Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) has gained important commercial status in Nigeria due to its nutritional, medicinal and health benefits. In recent times, there is a growing preference for pure organic food due to the envisaged health and environmental benefits. Thus, a study was carried out on 12 selected accessions of pawpaw evaluated under three poultry manure (PM) application rates at the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The field experiment was a split plot in randomized complete block design of three replications. The main plot treatment was three PM application rates (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1) and the sub-plot treatment was 12 accessions of pawpaw. Accession Ijm-Cl-Ro significantly (p<0.05) produced the tallest plants (71.7, 87.3, 108.3, 127.4 and 150.0cm) at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months after transplanting (MAT), respectively. It had the greatest number of fruits (9.3) at 11 months after the onset of fruit formation, maximum fruit weight (7.15kg) and the highest fruit yield (23.83 t ha-1). Increasing PM rate increased growth traits of the pawpaw plants. Interaction of manure rate × accession on most of the growth attributes varied greatly, but showed no significant difference on yield traits. The accession Ijm-Cl-Ro with the application of 10 t ha-1 of PM which produced the best growth and highest fruit yield is recommended for improved productivity of pawpaw. The control plot produced no fruit throughout the study period, suggesting that manure application is crucial for sustained yield of pawpaw in the study area.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late b...Innspub Net
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the Far North Region, Cameroon is confronted with, diseases and pests. To improve the production of this plant, a study was carried out in Mouvou and Gouria to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on the development of late blight and early blight diseases of this plant. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block with 4 treatments: Mycorrhizae (MYC), NPK (20-10-10) chemical fertilizers, chicken droppings (CD) and a control (T). The plant material used was a local variety of potato (Dosa). Disease incidence and severity and rainfall were evaluated. Area Under Disease Progress Curve was calculated. At 60 DAS, mean incidences recorded for fertilizers were 5.7, 3.6, 1.8 and 0.8 % respectively for control, MYC, NPK and CD. In general, early blight severity decreased from 22.1% at 45 DAS to 0.3 % at 60 DAS. The highest AUDPC value of late blight at Mouvou site was observed in NPK treatment while potato in CD treatment had the lowest. The lowest AUDPC value of early blight was observed in CD treatment at both sites. AUDSIPC value for late blight was significantly higher in NPK treatment in both sites. The highest value of AUDPSIC of early blight was recorded in MYC treatment, 45 DAS in both sites. The average rainfall was higher in the Gouria site (716.5mm) than in Mouvou site (679 mm). The CD treatment can be recommended to the farmers for the phytosanitary protection of potatoes.
The effect of potassium on growth and yield of strawberry (FRAGARIA ANANASSA ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Fragaria ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier (Strawberry) variety chandler of Agriculture Research Station (ARS) Baffa, Mansehra was evaluated for different growth and yield parameters under five treatments. In this experiment Potassium was used in 5 different treatments of 3 replications (T0 = Control, T1 = 200 g/6.75m², T2 = 400 g/6.75m², T3 = 600 g/6.75m², T4 = 800 g/6.75m²). The results showed maximum value under T3 (405g/6.75m²) for characteristics like survival percentage (83.54%), plant height (32.05cm), canopy size (13.62cm), crown diameter (2.73cm), number of branches (35.83), number of leaves (67.00), leaf length (5.87cm), root length (3.51cm), total number of fruits (43.93), days to 50% fruiting (233.67), fruit diameter (3.96cm), fruit weight (411.40g). Moreover, transplanting date (20th Sep, 2013) is suitable to get maximum yield of strawberry variety “Chandler”. The findings of this experiment showed that great variations in morphological, physical and agronomic traits of strawberry variety and can be utilized to develop high yield and better quality of strawberry.
Microbiological and Physicochemical Assessment of Poultry Soil Samples in Aku...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Human activities such as animal production in many parts of the world, still impact negatively on the environment and biodiversity. This study was carried out to assess the microbiological and physicochemical parameters of poultry soil samples. Soil samples were collected from different poultry in Akure metropolis and soil samples from Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA) environment as control. Microbiological and physicochemical analyses were carried out using standard methods. The mean total viable bacterial count of poultry soil ranged from 9.02±0.511×105cfu/g in sample site A to 11.2±0.021×105cfu/g in sample site B and there were significant difference (p<0.05) between the bacterial count of poultry soil and control, mean highest fungal load is 6.05±0.301× 103sfu/g. Bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila ,Bacilllus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecium. Escherichia coli had the highest occurrence of 23.08% while Aeromonas hydrophila had the lowest occurrence of 5.13%. Fungi isolated were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigates and Saccharomyces species. Aspergillus niger 46.67% had the highest occurrence while Saccharomyces species had the lowest occurrence of 13.33%. Physiochemical analysis showed that poultry soil had mean pH, temperature and Organic Carbon of 7.92±0.34, 34±0.04oC and 14.88±0.56% respectively, Organic Matter is 5.50±0.61%, Nitrogen 1.27±0.03 mg/g, Phosphorus58.92±0.01 mg/g, Potassium55.48±0.23 mg/g, Sodium 41.77±0.91mg/g, Calcium 28.70±0.24mg/g, Magnesium 20.65±0.32 mg/g and Cation exchange capacity146.60±0.11%. The results obtained calls for proper discharge of poultry waste into the environment to prevent transmission of diseases by water borne pathogens.
Use of Raffias’ species (Raphia spp.) and its impact on socioeconomic charact...Open Access Research Paper
Raffias’ species are used in handcrafts, constructions, food processing etc. But in Benin, any quantitative ethnobotanical study was not evaluated for their use and socioeconomic impact of uses on average income. This study investigated the importance of use of raffias’ species and the impact of socioeconomic characteristics of informants on the household income. Ethnobotany quantitative approach was used and data on use, products prices and the quantity sold were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered during an interview. The result showed that raffias’ species in Benin are used principally for craft (CI = 1.41 for R. hookeri and 1.68 for R. sudanica), but R. hookeri was most important for people in Guinean zone than those in soudanian and soudano-guinean zones. The frequently uses were the beds, mats, baskets and roofs. The most part of the plant used is the rachis for both species and the less used is the nut. Education level, gender and main activities were socioeconomic variable which influenced the annual income from exploitation of raffias species. The uneducated, men and farmers took more income from raffias’ species than others. Also, the development level of areas where the species are found, influence the income from their exploitations. To evaluate better the contribution of raffias’ species to regional and national gross product, it will be necessary to study the value chain of the main products, but also take into account the informant categories defined in this study regarding operators.
Similar to Effect of some abiotic factors on the concentration of β- sitosterol of Prunus Africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman in the tropical forests of Cameroon (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Effect of some abiotic factors on the concentration of β- sitosterol of Prunus Africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman in the tropical forests of Cameroon
1. Tchouakionie et al. Page 1
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Effect of some abiotic factors on the concentration of β-
sitosterol of Prunus Africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman in the tropical
forests of Cameroon
Maurice Tchouakionie1*
, Emmanuel Youmbi2
, Michel Ndoumbe Nkeng3
, Siméon
Fogue Kouam4
, Marc Lamshôft5
, Michael Spiteller5
1
Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Environment, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of
Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box: 812 Yaounde, Cameroon
2
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box: 812 Yaounde.
Cameroon
3
Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Yaounde. P.O. Box: 2123 Yaounde,
4
Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box
47 Yaounde, Cameroon
5
Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Biology, Chair of
Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund Otto-Haln-Sir 6 D-14221
Dortmund, Germany
Article published on February 25, 2014
Key words: Prunus africana, phenotypic character, soils, β-sitosterol, altitude.
Abstract
Prunus africana is a medicinal plant which develops in the mountains of several African countries. β-sitosterol can be used as a
marker for the control of the product quality of the aforementioned plant in terms of phytotherapy. Farmers and public
authorities do not have information on the influence of altitude and chemical characteristics of soils on the concentration of β-
sitosterol of P. africana. To contribute to solve the problem, this research, carried out in Cameroon, aims to appreciate the
effect of abiotic factors on the above phenotypic character. In nine composite samples of barks taken at different altitudes, the
concentration of β-sitosterol is appreciated via qualitative analyses by Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Liquid
Chromatography and quantitative analyses by Gas Chromatography coupled with the Mass Spectrometry. The chemical
analyses of soils taken under the stems of the aforementioned trees were made. The statistics were carried out using the SAS
software. The concentration of β-sitosterol in each population of P. africana varies from zero to 38.65 µg/ml. There is
variability between the averages of the aforementioned concentration with respect to altitude and chemical elements of the soils
but the differences are not significant. The Ascending Hierarchical Clustering distributes populations into three groups. These
tools obtained are indispensable for the ground management, the products exploited from this tree species and the production
of seeds for creating forest and agro-forest plantations.
* Corresponding Author: Maurice Tchouakionie tchouakionie@yahoo.fr
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 1-11, 2014
2. Tchouakionie et al. Page 2
Introduction
Prunus africana (Hook. F.) Kalkman is a medicinal
plant which develops in the forests of mountains at
altitudes going from 700 m to more than 1000 m in
several countries of Africa (Avery et al., 2001). Its
bark is exploited and marketed internationally
because of its effectiveness in the treatment of benign
prostates and hyperplasia (Watt and Bryer, 1962,
Bankill, 1997, cit. by Hall et al., 2000).
In pecuniary terms of value, one Kilogram of rough
bark is bought at 300 F CFA from farmers and the
drawn extract from the aforesaid Kilogram costs 500
000 F. CFA in pharmaceutical industries (Vockins,
2000, cit. Avana et al., 2006).
P. africana is a component of biodiversity which
represents 6 % of the species used for forest and agro-
forest plantations in the agro-ecological zone of the
high plateaus of the West of Cameroon (Tchouakionie
et al, 2010).
To optimize the output of the plantations, it is
necessary to take into account the biotic and abiotic
factors relating to the P. africana. The small farmers
and public authorities do not have formal information
on the variability of the concentration of β-sitosterol,
the principal active matter of P. africana with respect
to altitude and the chemical characteristics of the
soils of the aforementioned species plantations.
The general objective of this study is to appreciate the
effect of some abiotic factors on the concentration of
β-sitosterol of P. africana within mount Cameroon
and the Bamenda high land areas. To achieve this
goal, three specific objectives were formulated:
To evaluate the effect of altitude on the concentration
of β-sitosterol of P. africana;
to appreciate the correlation between the chemical
characteristics of the soils and the concentration of
β-sitosterol of the aforementioned species;
to group the populations of P. africana according to
their concentration in β-sitosterol.
In the biological context, P. africana belongs to the
family of Rosaceae and are found practically only on
mountains (Letouzey, 1982).The detailed description
of the adult tree is materialized by characteristic
phytogenetic parts (fig. 1).
The stem (Fig.1.A) is a seed-bearer in an agro-
ecosystem in Akum, within Mezam Division, in the
North-West of Cameroon. The base of trunk presents
a simple footing of 8-10 cm (Fig.1. B). The young
seedlings are visible under this tree. These seedlings
come from two modes of pollination in particular:
self-fertilization and cross-pollinated parents.
Pollination here is primarily entomophilous. However
the implication of certain birds was noted (Avana,
2006). Flowering is irregular in P. africana and
occurs every 2 to 3 years. Fructification intervenes 2
to 3 months after the beginning of flowering. The
number of fruits per inflorescence varies from 1 to 6
units (Fig. 1.C).
The natural ecological zone of P. africana in
Cameroon is confined to the mountain and sub-
mountain forests of altitudes ranging between 1500-
3000 m (Vivien and Faure, 2011). The surface
distribution of the forests of P. africana planted from
1976 to 2007, reached 625 ha with at least 1.526.430
trees (Kadu et al., 2012). The peasants partly receive
seeds from non-governmental organizations and
official establishments.
Concerning the influence of biotic factors on the
development of P. africana, analyses carried out by
Dawson and Powell (1999) using molecular markers
indicated that the variation is quite effective at the
level of the genes (fig. 2).
There are quantitative and qualitative differences in
chemical compounds from the barks of P. africana
within geographically dispersed populations (Hall et
al., 2000). The concentration of β-sitosterol, the
major component of the bark of P. africana, varies
from 101 to 150 µg/ml between origins and 50 to
191µg/ml between individuals (Simons and Leakey,
2004, cit. Avana, 2006). One of the factors of the
3. Tchouakionie et al. Page 3
environment which has an influence on the behavior
of the plant is the physico-chemical composition of
the soils (Sant' Anna, 1980).
Sudberg (2005) established that β-sitosterol is the
most significant sterol chemical compound which
exists in the extract of P. africana. It can be used as a
marker for the control of the quality of barks of this
species. Kadu et al., (2012) established that most
chemical components of the bark of P. africana are
correlated between themselves. Environmental
parameters such as temperature, precipitation and
the altitude of the sites are not correlated with the
concentration of the aforesaid components. The
metabolic chart of β-sitosterol (Anonym, 2013) shows
that its empirical formula is C29H50 O and developed:
In a natural environment, plants are nourished, from
organic matter transformed beforehand into minerals
by the organisms present in the soils (Larouche,
1983). These soils minerals influence the aspect of
some phonotypic characters of the trees within its
ecosystem.
Materiels and methods
Zone of study
The zones of study (fig. 3) were targeted in two
administrative areas named the South-West and the
North-West Regions of Cameroon, country of Central
Africa.
The choice of these two areas is justified by the
presence of natural regeneration and plantations of P.
africana. In the South-West, the phytogenetic
samples of materials and soils were taken in the Fako
Division whose soils are ferralitic red. In the North-
West, sample selection was made in the Mezam
Division where soils are of the humid cambisol type
(Valerie, 1968).
Experimental field works
The tools used for data collection on the field
consisted of a GPS of GARMINT 5 mark used to
record various altitudes, a numerical camera of mark
HP Photosmart E 427, a digital meter of 7.5 m for
appreciating the circumference of the stem, plastic
bags for pocketing in a separate way the various
samples and a cutlass to carve out the selected
samples of bark and dig out soils.
The geographical co-ordinates of the sampled
populations are given (Table 1).
The experimental scheme is made up of nine
populations where nine composite samples of
phytogenetic and ground materials were collected.
The trees which were the subject of taking away of
bark were beforehand identified with focus on those
with ages varying between 19 and 22 years. Barking
took place under a rainy weather. Each sample of
bark (fig. 4) is removed on the stem, at the height of
1.30 m from the ground and on the face of the stem
exposed to the rays of the sun after midday.
Extraction and isolation of β-sitosterol
The chemical analyses related to the extraction and
isolation of β-sitosterol was carried out in
laboratories. The protocol related to the matter is
given (fig. 5).
The mechanical stages of the analysis related to the
composite bark of each population concerned the
splitting with the cutlass in bits of approximately 5 cm
x 5 cm. The bits are dried on cemented ground or
tarpaulin in the ambient air whose temperature varies
between 25 with 27° C, for seven days. The dried bits
are crushed for obtaining vegetable powder.
The stages of chemical handling related to steeping of
the powder and to filtering it using a special filter
paper. The various parameters of the rotary
evaporator are regulated for obtaining the organic
extracts of nine samples with ethyl-acetate (Fig.6).
Before the isolation of the β-sitosterol, two processes
4. Tchouakionie et al. Page 4
are used to be sure of the presence of this component
in the bark of P. africana:
The Thin Layer Chromatography which is a physical
technique of separation of chemical species. The
samples resulting from the extracts with the ethyl-
acetate are placed horizontally and on the same level
on paper with a thin layer. Each sample containing
one or more species is moved through a mobile
current phase along the stationary phase constituted
of polar paper with silica. The chemical species which
migrate and stop at the same height as that of the
standard sample of β-sitosterol informs about the
presence of the aforementioned active matter in the
samples under study;
The High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC) with UV detection wave length at 272 nm was
used for the isolation and qualification of β-sitosterol
of the barks of P. africana.
The quantification of the compound was achieved by
GC-MS through comparing the chromatographic and
spectroscopic data with an authentic standard.
Samples of soils analyses
Concerning edaphic matters, nine composite samples
of soils are obtained from 27 single samples collected
under P. africana trees. Laboratory analyses were
focused on seven characteristics of soils fertility.
Statistical data analyses
The statistical data treated with SAS software was
focused on chi-square test and the factorial
multivariable analyses.
Results and discusion
The effective isolation of β-sitosterol of the barks of P.
africana was carried out in two phases.
The chromatogram obtained from the Thin layer
Chromatography (CCM) is given (Fig. 7).
On the CCM plate, the compounds β-sitosterol of the
various samples of the barks migrated and were
stationed at the same height as that of β-standard
sitosterol. It is thus established that each sample of
bark taken in the area of South-West and the North-
West contains at least some molecules of β-sitostérol.
Table 1. Geo-references of the populations sampled for the barks and soils. NW = North-West, SW = South-
West, PEx = Population of bark x, where x represents the number of the aforementioned population.
N° Populations Longitude Latitude Altitude
(m)
Date of
plantation
Ecosystem or
environment
1 Population PE1
SW/Bova quarter/ Buea
0521604 0451332 885 1992 Agro-forest
plantation
2 Population PE2
SW/Bova quarter/ Buea
0521556 0451141 898 1992 Agro-forest
plantation
3 Population PE3
SW/Kuma-Bokwago /Buea
0521257 0457584 963 1993 Agro-forest
plantation
4 Population PE4
NW/ Majemba quarter/ Bambui
0642243 0661454 1249 1990 Agro-forest
plantation
5 Population PE5
NW/Fely quarter/
Bambui
0642000 0661601 1412 1993 Agro-forest
plantation
6 Population PE6
NW/Atunui quarter/ Bambui
0641448 0661653 1570 1992 Agro-forest
plantation
7 Population PE7
NW/ Water catchment
Bambui
0643760 0666762 1595 1993 Forest of water
catchment
protection
8 Population PE8
NW/ Water catchment
Banbui
0642111 0666516 1596 1993 Forest of water
catchment
protection
9 Population PE9
NW/Akum
0628128 0652407 1639 1992 Agro-forest
plantation
Average 1312 1992 -
5. Tchouakionie et al. Page 5
The HPLC chromatograms of nine samples of the
extract from the bark of P. africana are produced in
mobile phase and to 50% distilled methanol. The pH
is 6.5 and the ultraviolet detector of rays (UV) was
stabilized to 272 nm. The rays are optimized by
spectrometer using the visible ultraviolet rays. The
temperature is of 25°C and the volume of solvent
injected into the HPLC system is 20 µl. The retention
time for separating β-sitosterol of the barks of various
populations is that which is closest to standard (fig.
8a.), which is 15.501 min. The chromatograms
obtained (fig. 8b) show that, in general at least, the
chemical compound of β-sitosterol exists in all the
samples of barks of P. afrucana collected in the areas
of the South-West and North-West. The
superposition of nine chromatograms of the extract of
the barks from the various sites shows an inking
between those of the AE1, AE3, AE4, AE5, AE6, AE7
and AE8 whereas AE2 and AE9 resemble each other
but present a light difference with the seven others.
These qualitative analyses made it possible to be sure
of the presence of β-sitosterol in the samples of the
barks of P. africana. However, the precision on the
concentration of the aforesaid chemical compound
remains to be determined.
Table 2. Concentration of β-sitosterol in the barks of P. africana PEx = Population of bark x, where x represents
the number of the aforementioned population.
Populations PE1 PE2 PE3 PE4 PE5 PE6 PE7 PE8 PE9
Concentration of β-
sitosterol (µg/ml)
0.00 0.00 14.95 38.65 12.23 15.35 0.00 6.61 18.15
Table 3. Concentration of Lupéol in the barks of P. african PEx = Population of bark x, where x represents the
number of the aforementioned population.
Populations PE1 PE2 PE3 PE4 PE5 PE6 PE7 PE8 PE9
Concentration of
Lupéol (µg/ml)
0.73 0.67 0.28 10.52 0.21 0.49 0.77 0.38 0.17
Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass
Spectrometry (GC-MS) gave the result of the
quantitative analyses of β-sitosterol of the samples of
the barks of the populations of P. africana. The
appreciation of the concentration of β-sitosterol in the
barks of P. africana according to altitude is given
(Fig.9).
Table 4. Correlation between the concentration of β-sitosterol of P. africana and the characteristics of the soils.
Chemical characteristics of the soils Coefficient of correlation with the
concentration of β-sitosterol
Organic matter Total Organic matter (%) 0.01
Organic carbon (%) -0.45
Total Nitrogen (%) -0.42
C/N (%) -0.43
Acid phosphoric-Bray II Assimilable phosphorus (mg/kg) -0.08
Exchange acidity Al3+ + H+ (cmole/kg) -0.53
Exchangeable bases Ca²+ (cmole/kg) -0.40
Mg²+ (cmole/kg) -0.78
K+ (cmole/kg) -0.59
Na+ (cmole/kg) -0.14
S (cmole/kg) -0.77
T(CEC) (cmole/kg) -0.71
V=S/T (100) (cmole/kg) -0.55
Acid / Alkalinity pH.eau-1/2,5 0.14
pH.KCl- 1/2,5 -0.28
6. Tchouakionie et al. Page 6
From Fig.9, it is established that:
In the population PE1, located at 885 m of altitude in
the South-West area, the content of β-sitosterol is of
zero µg/ml in the sampled barks. The concentration
of β-sitosterol is also zero µg/ml in the barks of
population PE2 located at 898 m of altitude in the
South-West. This result shows that on the site of
mount Cameroon, there are barks of P. africana
which have excessively weak or even null
concentrations of β-sitosterol.
Fig. 1. Various parts for the summary identification
of the adult P. africana’s tree in situ. (A) Adult tree,
(B) Base of trunk and section of bark, (C) Leaves and
fruits.
In population PE3 located at 963 m of altitude on the
mount Cameroon area, the concentration of β-
sitosterol in barks of P. africanais is 14.95 µg/ml. It is
released from this result that the concentration of β-
sitosterol increases as altitude increases compared to
the site of population PE1.
Fig. 2. Genetic bonds in P. africana (Dawson and
Powell, 1999).
The barks of P. africana of the population PE4 at
1249 m of altitude have the biggest concentration of
β-sitosterol, which is 38.65 µg/ml. This result
establishes that the concentration of this active
matter varies according to altitude. The optimum
concentration of β-sitostérol is reached around 1249
m of altitude and beyond this point, the concentration
starts to decrease;
Fig. 3. Zone of study.
The barks of the population PE5 at 1412 m of altitude
at Fely quarter in Bambui in the North-West Region,
have a rate of 12.23 µg/ml. This concentration is in
decrease compared to that of altitudes below 1412 m.
This result shows that after the site of optimum
concentration, β-sitosterol rates drop as one
continues to go up in altitude.
Fig. 4. Cutting out of P. africana’s bark sample
within population PE1.
At 1570 m of altitude where the population PE6 is
found in Majamba quarter, within the peripheral zone
of the Bambui town, β-sitosterol concentration is
15.35 µg/ml. This rate remains weak compared to the
one of this active matter in the barks collected on the
site with maximum concentration. The tendency of
the decrease of β-sitosterol rate as one moves up in
altitude after 1240 m is confirmed.
In the population PE7 located at 1595 m of altitude, in
a forest plantation created for the protection of a
drinking water source locally called " Bambui Water
catchment", the rate of β-sitosterol falls down to zero
µg/ml.
7. Tchouakionie et al. Page 7
Fig. 5. General protocol of qualitative and
quantitative analyses of β-sitosterol of P. africana.
AEx = Extract with ethyl-acetate from bark x, where x
represents the number of population, CCM = Thin
layer Chromatography, HPLC=High Performance
Liquid Chromatography and GC-MS = Gas
Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry.
At 1596 m of altitude where the population PE8 is
located, still in another portion of the Water
catchment’s forest, the rate of β-sitosterol is 6.61
µg/ml. In spite of a light rise, the aforementioned
content remains very weak compared to that of the
optimum point:
The concentration of β-sitosterol of 18.15 µg/ml of the
population PE9 is found at 1639 m of altitude in the
Bamenda Highland forest. This concentration is high
compared to that of the preceding site.
In general, the concentration of β-sitosterol of the
nine composite samples of P. africana’s barks is given
(Table 2).
To consolidate this result which shows that the
content of β-sitosterol in the bark of P. africana
varies according to the altitude of the forest
plantation site, the quantitative analyses of Lupeol,
generally correlated with the aforementioned active
matter were carried out on the same samples. The
results of the analyses made from the GC-MS is given
(Tableau 3).
The optimum of the rate of Lupéol in the barks of P.
africana is also at 1249 m of altitude in population
PE4 like that of β-sitosterol. This second result
confirms that the rate of β-sitostιrol in the barks of P.
afrcana varies according to altitude.
Fig. 6. Organic extracts of the nine samples with
ethyl-acetate (AE).
The quantitative analysis carried out with GC-MS
establish the absence of β-sitostιrol in the samples of
the barks of populations PE1, PE2 and PE7.
Fig. 7. CCM profile of nine samples of population’s
bark of P. africana. S = β-standard sitosterol, 1 = AE1,
2 = AE2, 3 = AE3, 4 = AE5, 5 = AE6, 7 = AE7, 8 =
AE8, 9 = AE9 and AEx = Extracted with ethyl-acetate
of bark x, where x represents it’s number of the
population.
The result of the analyses of the composites of soil
samples taken under the stems of P. africana and
bearing on 16 X 9 equivalents to 144 physic or
chemical characters is obtained.
Statistical analyses carried out using SAS software
were obtained. ANOVA analyses allowed for
establishing that there is variability with respect to
altitude between the averages of the concentrations of
β-sitosterol of bark of P. africana throughout the
populations; but the differences are not significant.
The chi-square test confirms that locally, there is a
very weak and non-significant correlation (r = 0.17)
between the concentration of β-sitosterol of the bark
8. Tchouakionie et al. Page 8
of P. africana and the environmental parameter
which is altitude.
Fig. 8a. HPLC Chromatogram of the standard β-
sitosterol.
The regrouping of the populations of P. africana
sampled according to their concentration in β-
sitosterol is carried out. The Analysis in Principal
Components (PCA) targeted on the Ascending
Hierarchical Clustering (CAH) was used for the data
processing. The dendrogram resulting from the CAH
is given (Fig. 10).
Fig. 8b. HPLC Chromatograms of nine samples of
the P. africana’s bark extract. PEx = Population of
bark x, where x represents the number of the
aforementioned population.
The aforementioned dendrogram shows overall three
groups of P. africana’s populations according to the
rate of β-sitosterol of their barks.
The first group is made up of the stems of populations
PE1, PE2, PE7 and PE8. The first two sites of this
group are along the mount Cameroon in the South-
West Region. The populations PE7 and PE8 are in the
North-West Region. The barks sampled in these
populations have the characteristic that their
phenotypic characters materialized by the rate of β-
sitosterol lies between zero and 6.61 µg/ml. The
second group relates to populations PE3, PE5, PE6
and PE9. The barks of the tree of this group have a
rate of β-sitosterol which varies from 12.23 to 14.95
µg/ml. The population PE3 is on the side of mount
Cameroon whereas the other populations of this
group, in particular PE5, PE6 and PE9 are in the area
of the North-West. The third group consists of the
population PE4. The barks of the forest present the
strongest concentration of β-sitosterol which is 38.65
µg/ml. This site is in Bambui in the area of the North-
West.
Fig. 9. Variation of the concentration of β-sitosterol
of P. africana with respect to altitude. PEx =
Population of bark x, where x represents the number
of the aforementioned population.
In accordance with the regrouping resulting from the
CAH, it is established that the best seed-bearing ones
with respect to β-sitosterol concentration are in the
populations of group II and III.
Correlation between the rate of β-sitosterol of P.
africana and the chemical characteristics of the soils
is given (Table 4.).
Fig. 10. Dendrogram resulting from the CAH of the
concentration of β-sitosterol in the bark of P.
africana.
The table shows 15 coefficients of correlation between
the chemical characteristics of the soils and the
concentration of β-sitosterol of P. africana. With the
exception of two coefficients, particularly that
between the total organic matter (r = 0.01) as well as
pH KCL (r = 0.14) and the content of β-sitosterol
9. Tchouakionie et al. Page 9
which are positive but non-significant, the thirteen
others which vary from -0.78 to -0.14 are negative
and non-significant. It is thus established that in the
natural environment, there is no relevant correlation
between the chemical elements of the soils and the
concentration of β–sitosterol. The phenotypic
character materialized by the concentration of β-
sitosterol of P. Africana is thus influenced much more
by genetic parameters than environmental factors. In
other words, the abiotic factors have a weak influence
on the content of β-sitosterol of this forest species.
Discussion
Contrary to the results of Sudberg, (2005) who found
a concentration in β-sitosterol from 29.10 to 32.43
µg/ml in three samples of the bark of P. africana, the
present study highlights that rate of β-sitosterol in the
extract of the bark of P. africana varies from zero (0)
to 38,65 µg/ml. This result is relevant as the barks
collected on the stems of populations PE1, PE2 and
PE7 do not contain β-sitosterol and cannot
consequently give the satisfaction discounted within
the framework of phytotherapy. The genetic bond can
justify the bringing together of populations PE1 and
PE2 having a rate of zero in a site in the South-West
and population PE7 in the North-West area. The
seeds which were used with the installation of the
above-mentioned populations can result from the
same source. This study confirms the result of Kadu
et al., (2012) which established that the
environmental parameters are not generally
correlated with the concentration of the chemical
components of bark of P. africana. It even adds that
the chemical elements of the soils have a very weak
influence on the concentration of β-sitosterol of P.
africana. Pilate (2002) establishes that for forest
trees, characters targeted for selection such as the
volume of the barrel or the density of wood are
strongly or fairly influenced by the environment. This
means that they are less heritable; but the
concentration of β-sitosterol could rather be a
phenotypic character with heritable prevalence.
Conclusion
The qualitative analyses of β-sitosterol of barks of P.
africana shows the presence at least in trace of this
bioactive constituent in all samples of the plants
collected in the areas of the South-West and the
North-West of Cameroon. The quantitative analyses
however establish that the populations of P. africana,
PE1, PE2 and PE7 have barks which do not contain
the β-sitosterol. This result is relevant because the
barks collected within the above-mentioned
populations cannot give the satisfaction discounted
within the framework of phytotherapy. Locally, there
is no significant correlation between the
concentration of β-sitosterol of barks of P. africana
and the environmental parameter which is altitude.
The CAH set out the populations in three groups. The
first group is made up of the stems of populations
PE1, PE2, PE7 and PE8. The phenotypic character
materialized by the concentration of β-sitosterol of
this group varies from zero to 6.61 µg/ml. The second
group relates to populations PE3, PE5, PE6 and PE9.
The rate of β-sitosterol of the tree barks of this group
varies from 12.23 to 14.95 µg/ml. The third group is
made up of the population PE4 whose concentration
of β-sitosterol reaches 38.65 µg/ml.
There is no relevant correlation between the chemical
elements of the soils and the concentration of β-
sitosterol of P. africana. Consequently, the
aforementioned phenotypic character is influenced
much more by genetic parameters than
environmental factors.
The tools thus obtained are essential for the
management of the ground and the exploited
products of this species, as well as the production of
the seeds for the installation of forest and agro-forest
plantations.
In prospect, the creation of the plantations of P.
africana starting from seeds coming from the stems
of populations PE1, PE2 or PE7 could lead to the
establishment of forest trees whose barks do not have
the principal bioactive matter, characteristic of this
medicinal plant. In the short term, it will be advisable
to carry out the sensitizing of the peasants and public
authority for the collection of the seeds preferably
10. Tchouakionie et al. Page 10
within the populations of the second and third group.
On the long run, it is necessary to carry out a research
on the production of seeds by in vitro culture whose
explants will come from better stems of populations
PE3, PE4, PE5, PE6 and PE9 and thus, improve the
current practice of sylviculture in Cameroon.
Acknowledgements
We present our gratitude to the Center of
Environmental and Social Management (CEGES),
with the members of the scientific teams of the
Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Environment
of the University of Yaounde I and those of the
Laboratory of the Natural Substances of the Higher
Teachers’ Training College (ENS) of Yaounde all in
Cameroon, as well as the Institute of Environmental
Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and
Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and
Analytical Chemistry in Germany, for their multiform
contributions.
References
Anonym. 2013. Showing metabocard for Beta-
sitosterol (HMDB00852), Canada.5 p.
Avana TML. 2006. Domestication de Prunus
africana (Hook, f.) Kalkam (Rosaseae) : Etude de la
germination et du bouturage.Thèse de Doctorat
(Ph.D), Université de Yaoundé I. 8-115.
Avery R, Wirsly E, Etorie M, Ewane D. 2001.
Prunus: A Booklet for Extension Workers, Limbe
Botanic Garden. 6-21.
Dawson IK, Powell W. 1999. Genetic variation in
the afromontane tree Prunus africana, an
endangered medicinal species. Molecular Ecology,
Nairobi. 123-156.
Letouzey R. 1982. Manuel de Botanique Forestière
Afrique Tropicale, Tome 2A, Centre Technique
Forestier Tropical. 169 -170.
Hall JB, O'Brien EM, Sinclair FL. 2000. Prunus
africana: a monograph. School of Agricultural and
Forest Sciences: University of Wales, Publication
Number 18, 55 -104.
Kadu CA, Parich A, Schueler S, Konrad H,
Mulund G.M, Eyog-Hatig O, Muchugi A,
Williams VL, Ramamoniisca L, Kapinga C,
Foahom B, Katsyanga C,Hafashimana D,
Obama C, Vinceli B, Schumacher R, Geburk T.
2012. Bioactive constituents in Prunus africana:
geographical variation through out Africa and
associations with environmental and genetic
parameters, Elsevier, Federal Research Centre for
Forests, Department of Forest Genetics, Vienna,
Austria. 10 -18.
Larouche AR. 1983. La matière organique et ses
décomposeurs : l'équipe par. Excellence en jardinage,
Projets pour une agriculture écologique. Collège
Macdonald, Université McGill, Québec, Canada. 4-10.
Pilate G, Pâques M, Leplé JC, Plomion C. 2002.
Les biotechnologies chez les arbres forestiers, outils et
méthodes : Unité Amélioration, Génétique et
Physiologie forestières INRA-Orléans. France. 12-20.
Sant'Anna R. 1980. Major soils for food production
in Africa, FAO: Natural Resource Management and
Environment Department, Rome, Italy. 14-22.
Sudberg S. 2005. Optimization of extraction
methods of some of the pentacyclictriterpenes, sterols
and linear alcohols and quantification of β-sitosterol
in Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman [Rosaceae] by
High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography
(HPTLC) with comparative analysis by HPLC,
Alkemists Pharmaceuticals, Inc: the plant
authentication experts, Florida, USA. 22-33.
Tchouakionie M, Youmbi E, Amougou Akoa,
NdoumbeNkeng M. 2010. Study of phenotypic
characters of Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman
relating to altitudes in two regions of Cameroon, Book
of abstracts, Cameroon Biosciences Society (CBS),
Yaounde, Cameroon. 49-50.
11. Tchouakionie et al. Page 11
Valérie M. 1968. Notice explicative: carte
pédologique du Cameroun Occidental au 1/1000.000,
Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique
Outre-mer (O.R.S.T.O.M), Centre de Yaoundé 165,
69-70.
Vivien J, Faure JJ. 2011. Arbres des forêts denses
d’Afrique Centrale, COMIFAC, GIZ et la Fondation
pour la Tri-National de la Sangha (TNS), Project
Resource Management (PRM), Rouen, France. 652-
653.