This document discusses the refining of crude oil. It begins by describing crude oil as a complex mixture of hydrocarbons found in the Earth's crust. The refining process separates crude oil into fractions using fractional distillation based on differences in boiling points. Major fractions include petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, lubricating oil, and fuel oil. Further processing using thermal cracking and catalytic cracking converts heavier fractions into more valuable products like liquefied petroleum gas and gasoline. Refineries are upgraded in response to market demands and clean air regulations.

1. REFINING OF CRUDE OIL
SUBMITTED BY-ARUN
KUMAR
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
ROLL NO -1304351901

2. CONTENT
• Characteristic of crude oil
• Refining process of crude oil
• Technologies for achieving “clean fuels”
• How fuel is distributed?

3. WHAT IS CRUDE OIL?
 Crude oil, also known as black
gold, is a thick, dark brown or
greenish flammable liquid, which
is found in the upper strata of
some regions of the Earth's crust.
 It is a complex mixture of various
hydrocarbons, (mainly, alkanes),
along with traces of other
chemicals and compounds.
 Crude oil can be categorized as
either "sweet crude" ( sulphur
content less than 0.5%) or "sour
crude," ( sulphur content is at
least 2.5%)

4. HYDROCARBONS IN CRUDE OIL
• Alkane (Paraffin’s) – methane, ethane, propane,
butane, etc.
• Aromatics – benzene, naphthalene
• Naphthenic or Cycloalkanes – cyclohexane,
methyl cyclopentane
• Alkenes – ethylene, butene, isobutene
• Dynes and Alkynes – acetylene, butadiene's

5. COMPOSITION OFCRUDE OIL
– Carbon – 84%
– Hydrogen – 14%
– Sulfur – 1 to 3%
– Nitrogen - <1%
– Oxygen - <1%
– Metals - <1% (nickel, iron,vanadium, etc.)
– Salts - <1%

6. What is Oil Refining ?
- In oil refining process crude oil
is converted in to more useful
petroleum products, such as
gasoline(petrol), diesel oil, asphalt
base, fuel oil, kerosene, and
liquefied petroleum gas by
fractional distillation.

7. REFINING PROCESS
• Distillation separates crude oil
into various components
(fractions) using the difference
in boiling temperatures
• Chemical processing breaks
longer chain hydrocarbons into
shorter ones – makes diesel
into gasoline, for example.

8. DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL
• Separate the components of crude oil by the differences in
their boiling points. This is done by simply heating up
crude oil, allowing it to vaporize, and then letting the
vapor to condense at different levels of the distillation
tower. This process is called fractional distillation and
the products of the fractional distillation of crude oil is
called fractions.
• A fraction from crude oil can be categorized into two
categories:
– Refined Product: A crude oil fraction which contains a lot of
individual hydrocarbons (e.g. gasoline, asphalt, waxes, and
lubricants)
– Petrochemical Product: A crude oil fraction which contain one
or two specific hydrocarbons of high purity (e.g. benzene,
toluene, and ethylene).

10. PRODUCTS FROM REFINING
• Petroleum Gas – used for heating, cooking,
making plastics
• Naphtha – an intermediate product used to
make gasoline
• Gasoline – motor fuel
• Kerosene – fuel for jet engines and tractors
and a starting material for making other
products

11. PRODUCTS FROM REFINING
• Gas Oil or Diesel – used for diesel fuel and heating oil
and a starting material for making other products
• Lubricating Oil – used for motor oil, grease, other
lubricants
• Heavy Gas or Fuel Oil – used for industrial fuel and a
starting material for making other products
• Residuals – coke, asphalt, tar, waxes, and a starting
material for making other products

12. Chemical process
• There are two types-
(1) The thermal conversion processes
(2) Catalytic conversion process
• (1)The thermal conversion processes
-The larger hydrocarbons are decomposed at
elevated temp. to form material of lower
molecular weight.
• Thermal cracking– heat large hydrocarbons
at high temperature until they break apart.

13. THERMAL CRACKING

14. (2) Catalytic conversion processes
It is a catalytic conversion processes for
converting heavy gas oil, into more valuable
products such as LPG, gasoline, cycle oil etc.
- Fluid catalytic cracking
-Hydro cracking

15. Fluid catalytic cracking

16. REFINING CAPACITIES

17. World Oil Consumption
World Oil Consumption (millions of barrels per day) -2013
>10 7-10 4-7 2-4 1-2 <1
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration

18. WHY UPGRADE AN OIL REFINARY ?
 Oil refining releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
 Response to changing market demands for certain products
 Government regulations
 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA90)
 Changing consumer demand for better and different products
 Decrease the number of non-hydrocarbons, impurities, and other
constituents
 Potential physical, mechanical, chemical, and health hazards are
recognized in air