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Danielle Carlock
   When conducting a search for evidence, there
    are many types of articles you may run into.
     Primary research articles
     Review articles
     Case studies
     Others (news, editorials, etc)


   It is imperative to be able to distinguish
    between these different article types
   Present findings/results of a research study

   The authors conducted the actual research (i.e.
    primary)

   The article will include:
     Why-why are we doing this study
     How-detailed description of how carried out
     What-what was found and what does it mean

   2nd example

   Published in scholarly journals & undergo peer review
   Expert in the field of study (peers) evaluate an
    article’s methodology, merit, and overall
    unique contribution to knowledge PRIOR to
    publication
   In the sciences and medicine, research is
    almost universally peer reviewed
   A critical evaluation of recent research on a topic

   Are considered secondary sources

   Generally are subject to peer review

   Three main types:
     Literature reviews
     Systematic reviews
     Meta analyses
   An overview of a topic written by an expert in
    the field

   No new contributions to research; instead are
    summarizing the work of others

   In some ways similar to a research paper you
    might write in college

   Example
   Uses a rigorous, pre-planned process to find and
    synthesize the results of many primary studies

   Involves a search of the literature using
    inclusion/exclusion criteria and then a
    systematic synthesis of the results

 Considered a high level of evidence
 Example
1. A systematic review is carried out to locate
    high quality primary research on a topic

2. The results from these studies are
  statistically combined in order to
   summarize the overall outcome.

   Example
   A detailed report on one patient/case

   Draws conclusions only on one patient in one
    context-i.e. not generalizable

   Descriptive

   Goal is to offer new directions for research;
    ask new questions

   Example
Type of article   Coverage         Authorship         Article ITSELF   Article type
                                                      is peer          appears in peer
                                                      reviewed         reviewed
                                                                       journals


Case study        Describes        Authors are        Sometimes,       Yes
                  one individual   reporting on       depends on the
                  patient          their own case     journal

Primary           Describes one    Authors are        Yes              Yes
research          study            reporting on
                                   their own study

Review            Summaries        Authors are        Usually          Yes
                  many studies     reporting on the
                                   research of
                                   others
   News articles
   Letters
   Editorials
   Book reviews
   Job announcements
   Obituaries of prominent members of the field
TYPES OF ARTICLES                      HOW REVIEWED

Primary research (primary)

                                       By peers (peer review)
Review articles (secondary)


Editorials/commentaries (secondary)

News items (secondary)

Letters (secondary)                    By editor (i.e. no peer review)

Book reviews (secondary)

Any other article which is secondary
(including magazine articles)


     NOTE: ALL OF THESE ARTICLE TYPES CAN APPEAR IN A PEER REVIEWED
                                 JOURNAL
   News
                               **Research articles
   Letters to the editor
                               **Review articles
   Job announcements

   Obituaries
                            **=peer reviewed
   Book reviews

   Advertisements
Is the author
                   presenting their own
                         research?



          Yes                                        No




                                      It is a Secondary article.
 It is a Primary article                     Is it a summary or
and it is peer reviewed.                    critique of previous
                                                   research?



                                      Yes                          No




                               It is peer reviewed        It is not peer reviewed

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Article types review

  • 2. When conducting a search for evidence, there are many types of articles you may run into.  Primary research articles  Review articles  Case studies  Others (news, editorials, etc)  It is imperative to be able to distinguish between these different article types
  • 3. Present findings/results of a research study  The authors conducted the actual research (i.e. primary)  The article will include:  Why-why are we doing this study  How-detailed description of how carried out  What-what was found and what does it mean  2nd example  Published in scholarly journals & undergo peer review
  • 4. Expert in the field of study (peers) evaluate an article’s methodology, merit, and overall unique contribution to knowledge PRIOR to publication  In the sciences and medicine, research is almost universally peer reviewed
  • 5. A critical evaluation of recent research on a topic  Are considered secondary sources  Generally are subject to peer review  Three main types:  Literature reviews  Systematic reviews  Meta analyses
  • 6. An overview of a topic written by an expert in the field  No new contributions to research; instead are summarizing the work of others  In some ways similar to a research paper you might write in college  Example
  • 7. Uses a rigorous, pre-planned process to find and synthesize the results of many primary studies  Involves a search of the literature using inclusion/exclusion criteria and then a systematic synthesis of the results  Considered a high level of evidence  Example
  • 8. 1. A systematic review is carried out to locate high quality primary research on a topic 2. The results from these studies are statistically combined in order to summarize the overall outcome.  Example
  • 9. A detailed report on one patient/case  Draws conclusions only on one patient in one context-i.e. not generalizable  Descriptive  Goal is to offer new directions for research; ask new questions  Example
  • 10. Type of article Coverage Authorship Article ITSELF Article type is peer appears in peer reviewed reviewed journals Case study Describes Authors are Sometimes, Yes one individual reporting on depends on the patient their own case journal Primary Describes one Authors are Yes Yes research study reporting on their own study Review Summaries Authors are Usually Yes many studies reporting on the research of others
  • 11. News articles  Letters  Editorials  Book reviews  Job announcements  Obituaries of prominent members of the field
  • 12. TYPES OF ARTICLES HOW REVIEWED Primary research (primary) By peers (peer review) Review articles (secondary) Editorials/commentaries (secondary) News items (secondary) Letters (secondary) By editor (i.e. no peer review) Book reviews (secondary) Any other article which is secondary (including magazine articles) NOTE: ALL OF THESE ARTICLE TYPES CAN APPEAR IN A PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL
  • 13. News  **Research articles  Letters to the editor  **Review articles  Job announcements  Obituaries **=peer reviewed  Book reviews  Advertisements
  • 14. Is the author presenting their own research? Yes No It is a Secondary article. It is a Primary article Is it a summary or and it is peer reviewed. critique of previous research? Yes No It is peer reviewed It is not peer reviewed