La pintura española del Renacimiento se caracterizó principalmente por temas religiosos y retratos, con influencias inicialmente flamencas e italianas. Artistas notables incluyen a Juan de Juanes, conocido por su obra La Última Cena que muestra influencia italiana, y Luis Morales "El Divino" reconocido por sus representaciones de La Piedad y La Dolorosa. Otro pintor importante fue Sánchez Coello, retratista de la corte que creó obras como los retratos de Felipe II e Isabel Clara Eugenia. El Greco se
The Northern Renaissance spread humanist ideas from Italy to Northern Europe through war, trade, travel, and the new printing press technology. Ideas were adapted to local tastes and needs. French architecture blended Gothic and classical styles in grand chateaux. Trade with Italy exposed Northern elites to humanism, growing an educated middle class. Desiderius Erasmus was the most important Northern thinker, advocating education and Christian reform. Painters like Van Eyck, Durer, and Brueghel blended Italian and Northern styles across portraits, landscapes, and scenes of everyday life.
This document provides information about Greek art and the lost wax process of metal casting. It discusses key Greek sculptural works from the 5th century BC made of marble and bronze. The document also examines the debate around the Elgin Marbles and whether cultural heritage is national or universal. Various Greek architectural styles (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) are defined and the attitudes of Athenian society reflected in 5th century BC sculpture and architecture are explored.
The three major Bronze Age civilizations in the Aegean region were the Cycladic civilization based on the Cyclades islands, the Minoan civilization centered on Crete, and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland. The Minoans built impressive palaces like Knossos with its central courtyard and frescoes, suggesting an advanced society with prominent female roles. However, Minoan culture declined around 1450 BCE while the Mycenaeans erected fortified hilltop citadels and tombs containing rich artifacts. These civilizations preceded Archaic Greece and influenced later Greek culture, architecture, and religion.
This document provides a brief history of sculpture from the Paleolithic period to modern times. It highlights important works such as the Löwenmensch statuette from 35,000 BCE, the Great Sphinx of Giza from 2500 BCE, Laocoön and His Sons from the Early Classical period, the Colossus of Constantine after Christianity became the official Roman religion, Gothic sculptures like the gargoyles of Notre Dame, Michelangelo's Pieta from the Renaissance, Auguste Rodin's The Thinker in the 19th century, and Pablo Picasso's Cubist sculptures in the early 20th century. It also discusses influential Filipino sculptors like Guillermo Tolentino and his Bonif
La pintura española del Renacimiento se caracterizó principalmente por temas religiosos y retratos, con influencias inicialmente flamencas e italianas. Artistas notables incluyen a Juan de Juanes, conocido por su obra La Última Cena que muestra influencia italiana, y Luis Morales "El Divino" reconocido por sus representaciones de La Piedad y La Dolorosa. Otro pintor importante fue Sánchez Coello, retratista de la corte que creó obras como los retratos de Felipe II e Isabel Clara Eugenia. El Greco se
The Northern Renaissance spread humanist ideas from Italy to Northern Europe through war, trade, travel, and the new printing press technology. Ideas were adapted to local tastes and needs. French architecture blended Gothic and classical styles in grand chateaux. Trade with Italy exposed Northern elites to humanism, growing an educated middle class. Desiderius Erasmus was the most important Northern thinker, advocating education and Christian reform. Painters like Van Eyck, Durer, and Brueghel blended Italian and Northern styles across portraits, landscapes, and scenes of everyday life.
This document provides information about Greek art and the lost wax process of metal casting. It discusses key Greek sculptural works from the 5th century BC made of marble and bronze. The document also examines the debate around the Elgin Marbles and whether cultural heritage is national or universal. Various Greek architectural styles (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) are defined and the attitudes of Athenian society reflected in 5th century BC sculpture and architecture are explored.
The three major Bronze Age civilizations in the Aegean region were the Cycladic civilization based on the Cyclades islands, the Minoan civilization centered on Crete, and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland. The Minoans built impressive palaces like Knossos with its central courtyard and frescoes, suggesting an advanced society with prominent female roles. However, Minoan culture declined around 1450 BCE while the Mycenaeans erected fortified hilltop citadels and tombs containing rich artifacts. These civilizations preceded Archaic Greece and influenced later Greek culture, architecture, and religion.
This document provides a brief history of sculpture from the Paleolithic period to modern times. It highlights important works such as the Löwenmensch statuette from 35,000 BCE, the Great Sphinx of Giza from 2500 BCE, Laocoön and His Sons from the Early Classical period, the Colossus of Constantine after Christianity became the official Roman religion, Gothic sculptures like the gargoyles of Notre Dame, Michelangelo's Pieta from the Renaissance, Auguste Rodin's The Thinker in the 19th century, and Pablo Picasso's Cubist sculptures in the early 20th century. It also discusses influential Filipino sculptors like Guillermo Tolentino and his Bonif
The Egyptian Museum in Cairo houses the world's most extensive collection of pharaonic antiquities, including over 160,000 objects spanning 5000 years of Egyptian history. Some of its most famous exhibits are the treasures of Tutankhamun, such as his golden mask and sarcophagus, as well as wooden models of daily life, statuettes of gods, and portraits from Fayum. A visit to the museum provides visitors with the opportunity to see artifacts that represent ancient Egyptian culture and religion.
Il paesaggio come elemento centrale dell'estetica romantica nelle opere di Constable, Turner e Friedrich. Da elemento decorativo e sfondo accessorio, il paesaggio diventa il protagonista dello sguardo pittorico soprattutto grazie ai pittori del Nord Europa.
The document provides an overview of Northern Renaissance art from 1500-1600 in Northern Europe and Spain. It discusses major artists and styles that emerged in this period in countries like Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Spain. Key figures mentioned include Matthias Grünewald, Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein, Hieronymus Bosch, and El Greco. The document also examines how the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation impacted religious art in different regions.
This document provides an overview of 16th century art in Northern Europe and Spain during the Protestant Reformation. It discusses key events like the rise of Protestantism led by Martin Luther and the resulting Catholic Counter-Reformation. Important artists from this period like Durer, Cranach, Holbein and others are mentioned along with their works that explored religious and political ideas through imagery. Architecture from this time in countries like France, Germany and the Netherlands is also summarized.
Chapter 27 - Contemporary Art and GlobalizationPetrutaLipan
This document provides information on several contemporary artists from around the world and how their work relates to themes of globalization and cultural identity. It discusses artists such as Jimmie Durham, Shirin Neshat, Shahzia Sikander, Mariko Mori, Takashi Murakami, El Anatsui, and others, summarizing their backgrounds, artistic practices, and how they address issues of identity and culture in a globalized world through various mediums. The document also mentions photographers Candida Höfer and Thomas Struth who have captured cultural institutions and museums, as well as the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao designed by Frank Gehry.
The document discusses the Spanish Inquisition which began in 1478 and lasted until 1834. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella established the Inquisition to maintain Catholicism in Spain and inspect the genuineness of conversions after Jews and Muslims had decided to convert to Christianity to escape persecution in previous years. The Inquisition used methods like censorship, torture, and burning people at the stake to establish political and religious unity as well as weaken the monarchy's opponents and do away with power of religious minorities.
This document provides an overview of major art movements throughout European history from the Middle Ages to the late 20th century. It describes the key themes, characteristics, areas of influence, and example artists for each movement. The movements discussed include Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Dada, Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, Op Art, and Photorealism.
This document provides an overview of ancient Greek history and culture from 900 BCE to 30 BCE. It discusses the major periods from the Geometric period to the Hellenistic period. During these times, Greek civilization developed across the mainland and islands, with early cultures like the Minoans and Mycenaeans. Key city-states like Athens flourished during the Classical period, though wars often erupted between rival cities. The period saw advances in art, architecture, philosophy and more that formed the basis of Western culture. Greek influence also spread widely through the conquests of Alexander the Great.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art from the late 16th to early 18th centuries. It discusses key artists and styles that emerged in Italy, the Habsburg lands, Flanders/Netherlands, and France during this period. In Italy, Bernini and Borromini pioneered dramatic Baroque sculpture and architecture, while Caravaggio introduced tenebrism in painting. The Dutch Golden Age saw the rise of portrait and genre paintings by artists like Rembrandt and Vermeer. Under the "Sun King" Louis XIV, France emerged as the new center of European art and culture in the 17th century.
El Museo de Victoria y Albert en Londres es el museo de arte y diseño más grande del mundo. Fue fundado en 1852 y alberga más de 4 millones de objetos que abarcan desde pinturas y esculturas hasta cerámica, textiles y más. La colección de escultura se centra en piezas europeas occidentales desde el siglo IV hasta el siglo XIX e incluye obras de artistas como Donatello, Bernini, Canova y Rodin.
Baroque art developed in the early 17th century in Rome as a reaction to the perceived perfection of Renaissance art. It later spread across Europe, with each country adding its own style. A key characteristic was the use of light and shadow to elicit an emotional response from viewers. Major patrons included wealthy individuals and merchants seeking art for their homes. The movement emphasized dynamism and emotion over rationality. The two main branches were Catholic Baroque in countries like Italy and Flanders, featuring huge religious works, and Protestant Baroque in Holland and England, which focused more on landscapes, still lifes and portraits with little religious content.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Greek art from the 9th to 5th centuries BCE. It discusses the Geometric and Orientalizing periods where Greek art was influenced by other cultures. During the Archaic period, Greek sculpture developed the kouros and kore styles. Architecture began using the Doric and Ionic orders. Black and red figure vase painting flourished. The Classical period saw a refinement of the human form in sculpture following Polykleitos' canon, as seen in the Temple of Zeus at Olympia.
This chapter discusses various types and methods of sculpture. It begins by defining sculpture as a 3-dimensional art form using various materials such as metal, wood, stone, and new materials like plastic and fiberglass. The four basic sculpture methods covered are modeling, assembling, carving, and casting. Modeling involves adding clay or other materials, assembling combines found objects, carving removes material from an initial block, and casting involves pouring liquid into a mold. The chapter also discusses installation art, relief sculpture, and earthworks that are site-specific sculptures made using natural materials. Key artists mentioned include Rodin, Michelangelo, Ghiberti, Serpent Mound, Christo, and Jeff Koons.
El documento describe el período barroco en la música y las artes. Se caracterizó por el desarrollo de nuevas formas musicales como la ópera y el oratorio, y por el uso de la técnica contrapuntística y los acordes tónicos y dominantes. Algunos de los compositores más importantes fueron Bach, Haendel, Vivaldi y Monteverdi.
This document provides an overview of prehistoric and early civilizations from around the world. It describes Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures and some of the earliest examples of art, architecture, writing systems, legal codes, and religious beliefs. Key developments discussed include cave paintings from Lascaux, France dated 15,000-10,000 BCE; the earliest clay vessels from Japan dated 14,000 BCE; early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and sub-Saharan Africa; and the epics of Gilgamesh from Mesopotamia and the Egyptian Book of the Dead.
Ancient Africa Powerpoint Shayna Christina Tombassmanb
The document provides an overview of ancient African art and culture from 8000 BCE to the late 19th century CE. It summarizes major time periods and styles including Saharan rock art from 8000 BCE, Nok culture from 500 BCE-200 CE known for terra cotta figures, Ife bronze sculptures from the 9th-10th century CE showing naturalistic portraits of rulers, and the brass memorial heads of the Benin kingdom from the 15th-19th century CE which became increasingly stylized over time. It also discusses influential artworks such as textiles with resist dye techniques and personal adornments including body painting, scarification and materials like gold, shells and beads indicating status.
El documento describe el estilo rococó y el neoclasicismo en arquitectura, escultura y pintura. El rococó fue un estilo decorativo que floreció en Francia en la década de 1730, mientras que el neoclasicismo surgió como reacción al decorativismo barroco, buscando inspiración en la antigüedad griega y romana. Artistas como David, Canova y Mengs fueron figuras clave en la pintura y escultura neoclásica, caracterizada por la búsqueda de la belleza clásica, el orden
The Egyptian Museum in Cairo houses the world's most extensive collection of pharaonic antiquities, including over 160,000 objects spanning 5000 years of Egyptian history. Some of its most famous exhibits are the treasures of Tutankhamun, such as his golden mask and sarcophagus, as well as wooden models of daily life, statuettes of gods, and portraits from Fayum. A visit to the museum provides visitors with the opportunity to see artifacts that represent ancient Egyptian culture and religion.
Il paesaggio come elemento centrale dell'estetica romantica nelle opere di Constable, Turner e Friedrich. Da elemento decorativo e sfondo accessorio, il paesaggio diventa il protagonista dello sguardo pittorico soprattutto grazie ai pittori del Nord Europa.
The document provides an overview of Northern Renaissance art from 1500-1600 in Northern Europe and Spain. It discusses major artists and styles that emerged in this period in countries like Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Spain. Key figures mentioned include Matthias Grünewald, Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein, Hieronymus Bosch, and El Greco. The document also examines how the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation impacted religious art in different regions.
This document provides an overview of 16th century art in Northern Europe and Spain during the Protestant Reformation. It discusses key events like the rise of Protestantism led by Martin Luther and the resulting Catholic Counter-Reformation. Important artists from this period like Durer, Cranach, Holbein and others are mentioned along with their works that explored religious and political ideas through imagery. Architecture from this time in countries like France, Germany and the Netherlands is also summarized.
Chapter 27 - Contemporary Art and GlobalizationPetrutaLipan
This document provides information on several contemporary artists from around the world and how their work relates to themes of globalization and cultural identity. It discusses artists such as Jimmie Durham, Shirin Neshat, Shahzia Sikander, Mariko Mori, Takashi Murakami, El Anatsui, and others, summarizing their backgrounds, artistic practices, and how they address issues of identity and culture in a globalized world through various mediums. The document also mentions photographers Candida Höfer and Thomas Struth who have captured cultural institutions and museums, as well as the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao designed by Frank Gehry.
The document discusses the Spanish Inquisition which began in 1478 and lasted until 1834. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella established the Inquisition to maintain Catholicism in Spain and inspect the genuineness of conversions after Jews and Muslims had decided to convert to Christianity to escape persecution in previous years. The Inquisition used methods like censorship, torture, and burning people at the stake to establish political and religious unity as well as weaken the monarchy's opponents and do away with power of religious minorities.
This document provides an overview of major art movements throughout European history from the Middle Ages to the late 20th century. It describes the key themes, characteristics, areas of influence, and example artists for each movement. The movements discussed include Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Dada, Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, Op Art, and Photorealism.
This document provides an overview of ancient Greek history and culture from 900 BCE to 30 BCE. It discusses the major periods from the Geometric period to the Hellenistic period. During these times, Greek civilization developed across the mainland and islands, with early cultures like the Minoans and Mycenaeans. Key city-states like Athens flourished during the Classical period, though wars often erupted between rival cities. The period saw advances in art, architecture, philosophy and more that formed the basis of Western culture. Greek influence also spread widely through the conquests of Alexander the Great.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art from the late 16th to early 18th centuries. It discusses key artists and styles that emerged in Italy, the Habsburg lands, Flanders/Netherlands, and France during this period. In Italy, Bernini and Borromini pioneered dramatic Baroque sculpture and architecture, while Caravaggio introduced tenebrism in painting. The Dutch Golden Age saw the rise of portrait and genre paintings by artists like Rembrandt and Vermeer. Under the "Sun King" Louis XIV, France emerged as the new center of European art and culture in the 17th century.
El Museo de Victoria y Albert en Londres es el museo de arte y diseño más grande del mundo. Fue fundado en 1852 y alberga más de 4 millones de objetos que abarcan desde pinturas y esculturas hasta cerámica, textiles y más. La colección de escultura se centra en piezas europeas occidentales desde el siglo IV hasta el siglo XIX e incluye obras de artistas como Donatello, Bernini, Canova y Rodin.
Baroque art developed in the early 17th century in Rome as a reaction to the perceived perfection of Renaissance art. It later spread across Europe, with each country adding its own style. A key characteristic was the use of light and shadow to elicit an emotional response from viewers. Major patrons included wealthy individuals and merchants seeking art for their homes. The movement emphasized dynamism and emotion over rationality. The two main branches were Catholic Baroque in countries like Italy and Flanders, featuring huge religious works, and Protestant Baroque in Holland and England, which focused more on landscapes, still lifes and portraits with little religious content.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Greek art from the 9th to 5th centuries BCE. It discusses the Geometric and Orientalizing periods where Greek art was influenced by other cultures. During the Archaic period, Greek sculpture developed the kouros and kore styles. Architecture began using the Doric and Ionic orders. Black and red figure vase painting flourished. The Classical period saw a refinement of the human form in sculpture following Polykleitos' canon, as seen in the Temple of Zeus at Olympia.
This chapter discusses various types and methods of sculpture. It begins by defining sculpture as a 3-dimensional art form using various materials such as metal, wood, stone, and new materials like plastic and fiberglass. The four basic sculpture methods covered are modeling, assembling, carving, and casting. Modeling involves adding clay or other materials, assembling combines found objects, carving removes material from an initial block, and casting involves pouring liquid into a mold. The chapter also discusses installation art, relief sculpture, and earthworks that are site-specific sculptures made using natural materials. Key artists mentioned include Rodin, Michelangelo, Ghiberti, Serpent Mound, Christo, and Jeff Koons.
El documento describe el período barroco en la música y las artes. Se caracterizó por el desarrollo de nuevas formas musicales como la ópera y el oratorio, y por el uso de la técnica contrapuntística y los acordes tónicos y dominantes. Algunos de los compositores más importantes fueron Bach, Haendel, Vivaldi y Monteverdi.
This document provides an overview of prehistoric and early civilizations from around the world. It describes Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures and some of the earliest examples of art, architecture, writing systems, legal codes, and religious beliefs. Key developments discussed include cave paintings from Lascaux, France dated 15,000-10,000 BCE; the earliest clay vessels from Japan dated 14,000 BCE; early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and sub-Saharan Africa; and the epics of Gilgamesh from Mesopotamia and the Egyptian Book of the Dead.
Ancient Africa Powerpoint Shayna Christina Tombassmanb
The document provides an overview of ancient African art and culture from 8000 BCE to the late 19th century CE. It summarizes major time periods and styles including Saharan rock art from 8000 BCE, Nok culture from 500 BCE-200 CE known for terra cotta figures, Ife bronze sculptures from the 9th-10th century CE showing naturalistic portraits of rulers, and the brass memorial heads of the Benin kingdom from the 15th-19th century CE which became increasingly stylized over time. It also discusses influential artworks such as textiles with resist dye techniques and personal adornments including body painting, scarification and materials like gold, shells and beads indicating status.
El documento describe el estilo rococó y el neoclasicismo en arquitectura, escultura y pintura. El rococó fue un estilo decorativo que floreció en Francia en la década de 1730, mientras que el neoclasicismo surgió como reacción al decorativismo barroco, buscando inspiración en la antigüedad griega y romana. Artistas como David, Canova y Mengs fueron figuras clave en la pintura y escultura neoclásica, caracterizada por la búsqueda de la belleza clásica, el orden
Lezione di storia del servizio in tavola tra fine Seicento e inizio Ottocento attraverso la porcellana, soprattutto del Museo di palazzo Pitti. Adatto alle classi dell'istituto alberghiero. esclusivo uso didattico. Con fonti.
A lesson about history of spices and beverages between Roman time and XVIII century, simplyfied from the F. Antinucci's essay " Spezie: una storia di scoperte, avidità e lusso" (Laterza, 2014).
1. L’ARTE DA ASSAGGIARE
progetto realizzato da Silvia Bosio per la manifestazione
«E se... la storia fosse cibo» progettata da Francesco Marino
2. L’OTTOCENTO
A cavallo tra il XIX e il XX secolo prese il via una vera e propria
rivoluzione. Già nel 1748 William Cullen propose uno schema
di frigorifero, ma dovettero passare più di cento anni per
vederne realizzato uno ed altri cinquanta affinché si diffondesse
nelle famiglie. Fu forse il primo elettrodomestico.
Successivamente, ad opera di Clarence Birdseye, apparve
anche il congelatore e si affermò la tendenza a consumare gli
alimenti non più freschi. Nel 1802 Nicolas Appert inventò il cibo
in scatola, che permise la conservazione degli alimenti anche
per anni. Cinquant'anni dopo Louis Pasteurmise a punto la
pastorizzazione, usata ancora oggi, ad esempio per la
conservazione del latte.
Nel si progressi scientifici e tecnologici provocano grandi cambiamenti
sociali ed economici; in particolare, la popolazione si concentra sempre
più nelle grandi città (processo di urbanizzazione), mentre le campagne
iniziano ad essere abbandonate. Le nuove tecnologie determinarono nel
secolo XIX l’industrializzazione delle pratiche agricole, con un
considerevole aumento dei raccolti, dovuto anche all'impiego dei primi
fertilizzanti chimici. Di conseguenza, le più importanti novità
dell'Ottocento in campo alimentare si identificano con la maggiore
disponibilità di generi alimentari e con l'ampliamento dei mercati, dovuto
ai miglioramenti registrati nel campo dei trasporti grazie alla macchina a
vapore.
3. Nell''800, con il blocco
commerciale napoleonico,
la polvere di cacao fu
sostituita con farina di
nocciole e solo il 20% di
cacao: nacquero così i
gianduiotti, mentre la
tavoletta di cioccolata fu
inventata in America nel
1831 e il cioccolato al latte
nel 1875 in Svizzera.
Nell'Ottocento il caffè, che nel
secolo precedente era divenuto
bevanda simbolo degli
illuministi, degli artisti, delle
avanguardie culturali e della
nuova borghesia, diventa un
prodotto di più ampio consumo,
anche grazie alla notevole
diminuzione del prezzo.
Si trasforma in uno strumento di
ospitalità e socializzazione
anche domestica; un elemento
catalizzatore del dopo pranzo o
del dopo cena per molte
famiglie borghesi e diventa
bevanda destinata anche alle
donne.
Nel 1868 Silvestro Lega, uno dei maggiori esponenti
del gruppo dei “macchiaioli” dipinge Un dopo pranzo che
rappresentato come un rito del caffè pomeridiano,
servito nel cortile di una signorile casa di campagna.
La caffettiera d'argento recata dalla cameriera
suggerisce l'ambiente signorile; il ventaglio ci racconta
di una calda estate, dove il tempo sembra rallentato.
Il caffè più famoso nella storia dell'arte è probabilmente il
caffè in Place du Forum, ad Arles, dipinto in versione
notturna da Van Gogh (1888).
4. Il vero picnic nacque come stile di pasto legato alla caccia, poiché
durante la giornata di sport era comune, di tanto in tanto, offrirsi una
pausa bevendo e consumando qualche rinfresco, spesso su una
tovaglia direttamente appoggiata sul terreno.
Tale costume permetteva un contatto diretto con la natura, consentendo
anche a gentiluomini e gentildonne una maggiore libertà rispetto alla
tavola, ove l'etichetta imponeva nel contegno rigide costrizioni formali.
Nella pittura del '700 il riferimento al picnic compare spesso associato
alle scene di caccia, come svago aristocratico.
1879 “l'Ora della colazione” chiamata
anche “Dinette”, cioè “Stoviglie da gioco è
un'opera di Albert Auker in cui i bambini
sono impegnati in un gioco che imita la
vita.
Nei secoli successivi questo rituale alimentare si diffuse, e anche la pittura impressionista lo
immortalò. Il “déjeunerm sur l'herbe” ottocentesco venne rappresentato non in riferimento
all'attività venatoria, ma quale sofisticato diversivo urbano, abitudine di gentiluomini, artisti e
intellettuali desiderosi di evadere dal caotico ambiente cittadino.
5. In Italia, intanto, l'alimentazione può contare su una
cucina certamente meno complessa e raffinata di
quella francese, ma sicuramente più varia e ricca di
sapori. La sua caratteristica principale, ancor oggi
fortemente presente, è la varietà delle diverse cucine
regionali, ciascuna collegata alle sue tradizioni e ai
suoi prodotti locali, che contribuiscono alla genuinità e
all'originalità dei piatti tipici di ogni territorio.
Così li descrive Van Gogh: “Ho voluto... far capire che
questa povera gente.. ha zappato essa stessa la terra, dove
poi le patate sono cresciute; il quadro, dunque, evoca il lavoro
manuale e lascia intendere, che quei contadini hanno
onestamentemeritatodimangiareciòchemangiano”.
6. Con il XIX secolo in seguito alle scoperte scientifiche
applicate all'industria e all'agricoltura l'alimentazione
cambia profondamente. All'inizio dell'ottocento viene
impiantata in Francia la prima industria di lavorazione
della barbabietola: grazie a questo ora diventa normale
avere lo zucchero in tavola. Le teorie di Pasteur sulla
fermentazione permettono progressi in campo enologico e
caseario, quindi migliora la qualità dei vini e dei formaggi.
L'abitudine del pranzo come occasione di riunione e festa si
diffonde in tutte le classi sociali.
La rivoluzione in scatola
Sarà soprattutto la scoperta
di nuovi metodi per la
conservazione dei cibi a
mutare le ricette: a partire
dalla metà dell'Ottocento
nasce una vera e propria
industria per la
refrigerazione.
Nell'Ottocento si completa la diffusione, almeno per le
classi agiate, delle buone maniere a tavola, con
l'affermarsi definitivo delle forchette, del piatto piano
(invece della fetta di pane o del tagliere di legno) e di
posate e bicchieri individuali, con il divieto di mettere le
dita nei piatti comuni, con evidenti vantaggi igienici. I
cereali comunque, anche in questo secolo, occuparono
un ruolo assolutamente preponderante, perpetuandosi
la tendenza alla malnutrizione delle popolazioni.
