The document discusses different concepts related to shape and value in art: 1) It defines shapes as 2D or 3D areas defined by lines or edges, and describes geometric and organic shapes. 2) It introduces the concepts of positive and negative shapes. 3) It explains that value refers to the lightness or darkness of an area, and that value can be used to create emphasis, focal points, and the illusion of depth through light and shadow. 4) It describes techniques for creating value through shading, hatching, cross-hatching, and the use of light and dark colors.

1. Chapter 4 Shape, Value, Shading, Shadow

2. Geometric Shapes 2D shapes on the left 3D shapes on the right Square Triangle Circle Box Pyramid Sphere

7. Value

8. Value Hatching and cross-hatching Rembrandt

9. Value Dramatic use of light creates value. Light is used to attract our attention to the most important part of the painting Chiaroscuro effect The relative lightness or darkness is the value. A black-and-white photo or movie involves not only black and white, but also different values of gray.

10. Value refers to the relative lightness or darkness of a certain area. Value can be used for emphasis. Variations in value are used to create a focal point for the design of a picture. A light figure on a dark background will be immediately recognized as the center of attention, similarly for a dark figure on a mostly white background. Gradations of value are also used to create the illusion of depth. Areas of light and dark can give a three-dimensional impression, such as when shading areas of a person's face.

11. Value Scale The above graphic is called a Value Scale. Tonal graduations in color from light to dark produce perspective. Graduation of tone can add interest to a shape. A graduation from light to dark will cause the eye to move along the shape. Using black and white paint, many artists make a rectangular value scale with ten values. Pure white will be at one end, then mix varying amounts of black and white to create eight shades of gray, increasing in value, ending with pure black.

12. Cast shadows are the dark shapes that emanate from an object onto another surface, revealing the direction and quality of the light source.