The document discusses the crime of arson, including its definition, elements, degrees, investigation process, causes, statistics, and prevention. Some key points:
- Arson is the intentional, unlawful burning of property. It may include buildings, vehicles, land, and more.
- Elements of arson include the malicious burning of another's dwelling. Degrees depend on factors like occupancy and intent (e.g. first degree involves occupied structures).
- Arson investigations follow protocols to determine origin and cause, looking at factors like burn patterns and witness accounts. It aims to distinguish intentional from accidental fires.
- Arson is frequently committed and costly, with over $17,000 in damages on average.
This document discusses definitions related to fire investigation, including the definitions of fire, activation energy, and arson. It then covers the chemistry of fire and the tetrahedron model. The rest of the document outlines the process of investigating a potential arson scene, including identifying the point of origin, presence of accelerants, and analytical methods like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to detect accelerants in fire debris.
This document provides information on various types of explosives. It discusses low explosives like gunpowder that burn rapidly versus high explosives like TNT, RDX, and PETN that detonate supersonically. It describes the components of explosives including containers, initiators, and fillers. It explains concepts such as deflagration, detonation, and classification of explosives based on sensitivity, velocity, and composition. Specific high explosives are described in detail including their chemical formulas, uses, and historical background. The effects of explosions like pressure, fragmentation, heat and shock are also outlined.
Firing marks left on bullets and cartridge cases can be used to identify the firearm used. There are several types of marks including:
1. Rifling marks on the bullet from the grooves in the barrel. These marks are unique to each gun.
2. Firing pin marks on the primer from the firing pin striking it. Imperfections in the firing pin can be transferred.
3. Breech face marks on the cartridge from the cartridge striking the breech face on firing. Imperfections are imprinted.
4. Extractor and ejector marks on the cartridge case from the mechanisms removing the spent case from the firearm.
This document discusses arson, including its definition, investigation, causes, and laws around it. Arson is the deliberate act of burning property and is difficult to solve due to planning by the perpetrator. A fire investigator's role is to analyze evidence from the scene to determine if the fire was accidental or intentional. There are various motives for arson such as vandalism, crime concealment, and profit. Laws define degrees of arson based on the property burned. Fire investigations aim to determine the cause to prevent future fires and identify those responsible.
This document discusses the topic of internal ballistics, which is the science of what occurs inside a firearm when it is discharged. It begins with a brief history of ballistics and defines internal ballistics. Some key phenomena of internal ballistics discussed include ignition, combustion of propellants, barrel length, atmospheric conditions, the shape of cartridge cases, and heat problems during combustion. Lock time and barrel time are also defined. The document provides details on each of these topics as they relate to internal ballistics and ballistic performance.
This document discusses tyre and skid marks which are important evidence in criminal investigations. It describes how tyre impressions and tread patterns can help identify vehicles involved in crimes. Skid marks created when brakes are applied provide information about a vehicle's speed. The length of skid marks depends on factors like vehicle weight, road conditions, tyre condition and braking efficiency. Careful measurement and analysis of tyre and skid marks is important for determining vehicle details and reconstructing criminal events.
This document discusses definitions related to fire investigation, including the definitions of fire, activation energy, and arson. It then covers the chemistry of fire and the tetrahedron model. The rest of the document outlines the process of investigating a potential arson scene, including identifying the point of origin, presence of accelerants, and analytical methods like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to detect accelerants in fire debris.
This document provides information on various types of explosives. It discusses low explosives like gunpowder that burn rapidly versus high explosives like TNT, RDX, and PETN that detonate supersonically. It describes the components of explosives including containers, initiators, and fillers. It explains concepts such as deflagration, detonation, and classification of explosives based on sensitivity, velocity, and composition. Specific high explosives are described in detail including their chemical formulas, uses, and historical background. The effects of explosions like pressure, fragmentation, heat and shock are also outlined.
Firing marks left on bullets and cartridge cases can be used to identify the firearm used. There are several types of marks including:
1. Rifling marks on the bullet from the grooves in the barrel. These marks are unique to each gun.
2. Firing pin marks on the primer from the firing pin striking it. Imperfections in the firing pin can be transferred.
3. Breech face marks on the cartridge from the cartridge striking the breech face on firing. Imperfections are imprinted.
4. Extractor and ejector marks on the cartridge case from the mechanisms removing the spent case from the firearm.
This document discusses arson, including its definition, investigation, causes, and laws around it. Arson is the deliberate act of burning property and is difficult to solve due to planning by the perpetrator. A fire investigator's role is to analyze evidence from the scene to determine if the fire was accidental or intentional. There are various motives for arson such as vandalism, crime concealment, and profit. Laws define degrees of arson based on the property burned. Fire investigations aim to determine the cause to prevent future fires and identify those responsible.
This document discusses the topic of internal ballistics, which is the science of what occurs inside a firearm when it is discharged. It begins with a brief history of ballistics and defines internal ballistics. Some key phenomena of internal ballistics discussed include ignition, combustion of propellants, barrel length, atmospheric conditions, the shape of cartridge cases, and heat problems during combustion. Lock time and barrel time are also defined. The document provides details on each of these topics as they relate to internal ballistics and ballistic performance.
This document discusses tyre and skid marks which are important evidence in criminal investigations. It describes how tyre impressions and tread patterns can help identify vehicles involved in crimes. Skid marks created when brakes are applied provide information about a vehicle's speed. The length of skid marks depends on factors like vehicle weight, road conditions, tyre condition and braking efficiency. Careful measurement and analysis of tyre and skid marks is important for determining vehicle details and reconstructing criminal events.
Explanation of ballistics, various fields of ballistics, Forensic Ballistics,Firearms and its components, Ammunition and its components, firing mechanism of firearm, Identification & individualization.
A comparison microscope allows two specimens to be viewed simultaneously through two connected microscopes. This avoids having to switch between specimens under a single microscope. Comparison microscopes are useful in fields like forensics, paleontology, and archaeology for comparing ballistics evidence, tool marks, and other small objects. They were pioneered in firearms examination in the 1920s and allow examiners to compare unique striations on bullets and cartridge casings to link them to specific guns. The microscope uses an optical bridge between two microscopes to combine their images into a single eyepiece for side-by-side comparison.
Portrait Parle via Bertillon System By G S ShaktawatG.S Shaktawat
The individualization of the human is very hard thing from the ages. People had done or invented certain ways for the proper individualization of the person. The Bertillon System is the first anthropological technique for individualization invented by Sir Bertillon.
This PPT contains the content mainly from the history to the decline of the Bertillon system. And the center point of the PPT is the Portrait Parle or Bertillonage.
The document discusses questioned documents and provides definitions and examples of different types of questioned documents. It covers two levels of information that can be obtained from documents - superficial and deeper evidence. It also lists different types of evidence that can be analyzed from documents, including identifying the author or determining authenticity. The document provides a brief history of the field and discusses tools and techniques used in analysis, such as ultraviolet light, infrared examination, video spectral comparator, and electrostatic detection apparatus.
This document discusses primers and propellants used in firearms. It defines a primer as the chemical or device that initiates propellant combustion, propelling a projectile out of the gun barrel. There are two main types of primers: Boxer and Berdan. The primer contains an impact-sensitive lead styphnate igniter that ignites when struck by the firing pin. Propellants like black powder or smokeless powder fill the cartridge and generate gas pressure when ignited by the primer to push the bullet down the barrel. Forensic analysis of primers and propellants can help identify bullets and link firearms to crime scenes.
Fingerprint - Everything You Need To Know About FingerprintsSwaroopSonone
A detailed fingerprint presentation. Fingerprint is one of the most important criminal investigation tools due to their two significant features- uniqueness and persistence. The unique features of friction ridge skin persist from before birth, i.e. during fetal development to the decomposition after death...
The document discusses various techniques used in handwriting and document analysis. It covers topics such as historical dating of documents, fraud investigation, analysis of paper/ink, techniques for examining forgeries and alterations, and comparing handwriting samples. The core techniques include analyzing characteristics of handwriting style, paper fibers, ink composition, indentations, and marks from copying/printing devices. The goal is to determine the authenticity and origin of questioned documents through scientific examination and comparison with known samples.
Forensic Science - 07 Casts and impressionsIan Anderson
This document discusses different types of impression evidence, including patent impressions, latent impressions, and plastic impressions. It also covers shoe impressions, tire tread impressions, and dental patterns. Shoe impressions can provide information about a person's size, weight, activities, and gait. Tire tread impressions can indicate the make and model of a vehicle. Dental patterns can be used to identify remains or link a bite mark to a suspect. The case of Ted Bundy is discussed as an example where dental impressions from a bite mark left on a victim were used to identify and convict Bundy.
Gunshot residue analysis examines tiny particles of primer and gunpowder that are expelled from guns when fired. These particles can be detected on clothing using chemical tests that identify compounds like barium, antimony, and lead which are components of primer, as well as nitrates from gunpowder. The sodium rhodizonate, Walker, Greiss, Marshall, and Tewari tests are chemical methods used to detect these compounds and determine if gunshot residue is present. If found, the location, shape, and appearance of any gunshot residue patterns on clothing can provide information about a shooting incident.
Bullets come in a variety of shapes, constructions, and materials depending on their intended application. They can be categorized based on their manufacturing process or shape. In terms of manufacturing, bullets include unjacketted bullets made of hardened lead, jacketed bullets with a metallic jacket enclosing a lead core, wire-patched bullets with a copper wire envelope, and paper-patched bullets formerly made with paper jackets. They also include armor-piercing, tracer, and incendiary bullets. Bullets are further distinguished by their shape, such as hollow-point, sharp nose, round nose, boat-tailed, and split-nose bullets. The type of bullet chosen depends on the gun used and its intended range.
Physical evidence collected from crime scenes can be used to reconstruct the events of a crime. There are several types of evidence including trace evidence, biological evidence, and direct evidence like fingerprints. It is important that evidence is properly documented, collected, packaged, labeled, and maintained in the chain of custody. A thorough search and documentation of the crime scene helps investigators form a hypothesis of what occurred.
The document discusses ridge counting and tracing techniques used in fingerprint analysis. Ridge counting involves drawing an imaginary line between a fingerprint's delta and core and counting the number of ridges that cross the line. Ridge tracing follows a single ridge from the left delta to determine if the fingerprint pattern is an inner, meeting, or outer whorl based on the number of intervening ridges between the traced ridge and right delta. Specific rules are provided for accurately applying these methods.
This document discusses principles and practices of firearm identification in forensic science. It defines key ballistics terms and describes how class and individual characteristics can be used to identify firearms. Specific characteristics examined include rifling marks, firing pin impressions, breech face marks, and striations. Methods of comparing bullets and cartridge cases using comparison microscopes, stereomicroscopes, test firing, and automated databases like NIBIN and IBIS are summarized. The document provides an overview of the field of forensic ballistics and firearm identification.
This document discusses various methods for examining documents to detect alterations or forgeries. It describes how erasures, overwritten text, and chemical treatments can be detected through microscopic analysis, ultraviolet light, infrared photography, and digital image processing. Chromatography and ink libraries can be used to match ink between known and questioned documents. Paper composition can also provide clues through features like watermarks.
This document discusses latent fingerprint development and analysis techniques used in criminal investigations. It begins with definitions of fingerprints and latent prints. It then discusses the chemical composition of latent print residue and why fingerprints are important evidence. The document outlines where latent prints can be found and the contents of a fingerprint field kit. It describes both physical methods like powdering and chemical methods like silver nitrate and ninhydrin staining to develop latent prints and make them visible for analysis.
The document provides guidance on sketching a crime scene, including the purpose of crime scene sketches, the types of sketches (rough and finished), necessary materials, and step-by-step instructions. It emphasizes accurately documenting the location and relationships of objects and evidence through measurement and notation. Sample sketches and measurements from a virtual crime scene are provided for the reader to practice creating their own rough and finished sketches.
This document discusses gunshot residue (GSR) and its detection in forensic investigations. It defines GSR as chemical and particulate components released when a gun is fired. GSR can be found on hands, skin, clothing, and nearby surfaces. Various techniques are described for collecting and detecting GSR, including dry collection methods using wax or tape lifts, wet collection using swabs or solvent washes, and analytical detection using microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, chemical tests for nitrates, lead and barium. The composition of GSR depends on factors like the gun's propellant and projectile materials. Detection of GSR can help answer questions in shooting investigations like whether a suspect fired a gun or if a wound was caused by
This document provides information about the analysis of charred documents in 3 sections. It describes the characteristics of charred documents, the methodology for handling, stabilizing, separating, and preserving charred documents. It also discusses photographic and visual decipherment methods to analyze and extract information from charred documents.
The document discusses various torts including negligence, trespass, nuisance, and defamation. It defines each tort, outlines their key elements, and discusses applicable defenses. Specifically, it notes that to prove negligence, four elements must be established including duty of care, breach of duty, causation of damages. For trespass, intentional interference with person or property must be shown. Nuisance differs from trespass in requiring proof of damages from indirect interference. Defamation involves making a false statement that damages reputation, and can be libel if published or slander if spoken.
This document discusses the various justifications and exceptions in tort law, including voluntary assumption of risk, act of God, necessity, private defense, statutory authority, and judicial acts. It provides definitions and examples for each of these. For voluntary assumption of risk, it explains that consent must be freely given and cannot be for an illegal act. For act of God, the occurrence must be extraordinary and not reasonably foreseeable. Private defense allows reasonable force in self-defense of person or property. Statutory authority and judicial acts provide immunity for actions carried out within official capacity. Contributory negligence can reduce damages if the plaintiff was also at fault.
Explanation of ballistics, various fields of ballistics, Forensic Ballistics,Firearms and its components, Ammunition and its components, firing mechanism of firearm, Identification & individualization.
A comparison microscope allows two specimens to be viewed simultaneously through two connected microscopes. This avoids having to switch between specimens under a single microscope. Comparison microscopes are useful in fields like forensics, paleontology, and archaeology for comparing ballistics evidence, tool marks, and other small objects. They were pioneered in firearms examination in the 1920s and allow examiners to compare unique striations on bullets and cartridge casings to link them to specific guns. The microscope uses an optical bridge between two microscopes to combine their images into a single eyepiece for side-by-side comparison.
Portrait Parle via Bertillon System By G S ShaktawatG.S Shaktawat
The individualization of the human is very hard thing from the ages. People had done or invented certain ways for the proper individualization of the person. The Bertillon System is the first anthropological technique for individualization invented by Sir Bertillon.
This PPT contains the content mainly from the history to the decline of the Bertillon system. And the center point of the PPT is the Portrait Parle or Bertillonage.
The document discusses questioned documents and provides definitions and examples of different types of questioned documents. It covers two levels of information that can be obtained from documents - superficial and deeper evidence. It also lists different types of evidence that can be analyzed from documents, including identifying the author or determining authenticity. The document provides a brief history of the field and discusses tools and techniques used in analysis, such as ultraviolet light, infrared examination, video spectral comparator, and electrostatic detection apparatus.
This document discusses primers and propellants used in firearms. It defines a primer as the chemical or device that initiates propellant combustion, propelling a projectile out of the gun barrel. There are two main types of primers: Boxer and Berdan. The primer contains an impact-sensitive lead styphnate igniter that ignites when struck by the firing pin. Propellants like black powder or smokeless powder fill the cartridge and generate gas pressure when ignited by the primer to push the bullet down the barrel. Forensic analysis of primers and propellants can help identify bullets and link firearms to crime scenes.
Fingerprint - Everything You Need To Know About FingerprintsSwaroopSonone
A detailed fingerprint presentation. Fingerprint is one of the most important criminal investigation tools due to their two significant features- uniqueness and persistence. The unique features of friction ridge skin persist from before birth, i.e. during fetal development to the decomposition after death...
The document discusses various techniques used in handwriting and document analysis. It covers topics such as historical dating of documents, fraud investigation, analysis of paper/ink, techniques for examining forgeries and alterations, and comparing handwriting samples. The core techniques include analyzing characteristics of handwriting style, paper fibers, ink composition, indentations, and marks from copying/printing devices. The goal is to determine the authenticity and origin of questioned documents through scientific examination and comparison with known samples.
Forensic Science - 07 Casts and impressionsIan Anderson
This document discusses different types of impression evidence, including patent impressions, latent impressions, and plastic impressions. It also covers shoe impressions, tire tread impressions, and dental patterns. Shoe impressions can provide information about a person's size, weight, activities, and gait. Tire tread impressions can indicate the make and model of a vehicle. Dental patterns can be used to identify remains or link a bite mark to a suspect. The case of Ted Bundy is discussed as an example where dental impressions from a bite mark left on a victim were used to identify and convict Bundy.
Gunshot residue analysis examines tiny particles of primer and gunpowder that are expelled from guns when fired. These particles can be detected on clothing using chemical tests that identify compounds like barium, antimony, and lead which are components of primer, as well as nitrates from gunpowder. The sodium rhodizonate, Walker, Greiss, Marshall, and Tewari tests are chemical methods used to detect these compounds and determine if gunshot residue is present. If found, the location, shape, and appearance of any gunshot residue patterns on clothing can provide information about a shooting incident.
Bullets come in a variety of shapes, constructions, and materials depending on their intended application. They can be categorized based on their manufacturing process or shape. In terms of manufacturing, bullets include unjacketted bullets made of hardened lead, jacketed bullets with a metallic jacket enclosing a lead core, wire-patched bullets with a copper wire envelope, and paper-patched bullets formerly made with paper jackets. They also include armor-piercing, tracer, and incendiary bullets. Bullets are further distinguished by their shape, such as hollow-point, sharp nose, round nose, boat-tailed, and split-nose bullets. The type of bullet chosen depends on the gun used and its intended range.
Physical evidence collected from crime scenes can be used to reconstruct the events of a crime. There are several types of evidence including trace evidence, biological evidence, and direct evidence like fingerprints. It is important that evidence is properly documented, collected, packaged, labeled, and maintained in the chain of custody. A thorough search and documentation of the crime scene helps investigators form a hypothesis of what occurred.
The document discusses ridge counting and tracing techniques used in fingerprint analysis. Ridge counting involves drawing an imaginary line between a fingerprint's delta and core and counting the number of ridges that cross the line. Ridge tracing follows a single ridge from the left delta to determine if the fingerprint pattern is an inner, meeting, or outer whorl based on the number of intervening ridges between the traced ridge and right delta. Specific rules are provided for accurately applying these methods.
This document discusses principles and practices of firearm identification in forensic science. It defines key ballistics terms and describes how class and individual characteristics can be used to identify firearms. Specific characteristics examined include rifling marks, firing pin impressions, breech face marks, and striations. Methods of comparing bullets and cartridge cases using comparison microscopes, stereomicroscopes, test firing, and automated databases like NIBIN and IBIS are summarized. The document provides an overview of the field of forensic ballistics and firearm identification.
This document discusses various methods for examining documents to detect alterations or forgeries. It describes how erasures, overwritten text, and chemical treatments can be detected through microscopic analysis, ultraviolet light, infrared photography, and digital image processing. Chromatography and ink libraries can be used to match ink between known and questioned documents. Paper composition can also provide clues through features like watermarks.
This document discusses latent fingerprint development and analysis techniques used in criminal investigations. It begins with definitions of fingerprints and latent prints. It then discusses the chemical composition of latent print residue and why fingerprints are important evidence. The document outlines where latent prints can be found and the contents of a fingerprint field kit. It describes both physical methods like powdering and chemical methods like silver nitrate and ninhydrin staining to develop latent prints and make them visible for analysis.
The document provides guidance on sketching a crime scene, including the purpose of crime scene sketches, the types of sketches (rough and finished), necessary materials, and step-by-step instructions. It emphasizes accurately documenting the location and relationships of objects and evidence through measurement and notation. Sample sketches and measurements from a virtual crime scene are provided for the reader to practice creating their own rough and finished sketches.
This document discusses gunshot residue (GSR) and its detection in forensic investigations. It defines GSR as chemical and particulate components released when a gun is fired. GSR can be found on hands, skin, clothing, and nearby surfaces. Various techniques are described for collecting and detecting GSR, including dry collection methods using wax or tape lifts, wet collection using swabs or solvent washes, and analytical detection using microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, chemical tests for nitrates, lead and barium. The composition of GSR depends on factors like the gun's propellant and projectile materials. Detection of GSR can help answer questions in shooting investigations like whether a suspect fired a gun or if a wound was caused by
This document provides information about the analysis of charred documents in 3 sections. It describes the characteristics of charred documents, the methodology for handling, stabilizing, separating, and preserving charred documents. It also discusses photographic and visual decipherment methods to analyze and extract information from charred documents.
The document discusses various torts including negligence, trespass, nuisance, and defamation. It defines each tort, outlines their key elements, and discusses applicable defenses. Specifically, it notes that to prove negligence, four elements must be established including duty of care, breach of duty, causation of damages. For trespass, intentional interference with person or property must be shown. Nuisance differs from trespass in requiring proof of damages from indirect interference. Defamation involves making a false statement that damages reputation, and can be libel if published or slander if spoken.
This document discusses the various justifications and exceptions in tort law, including voluntary assumption of risk, act of God, necessity, private defense, statutory authority, and judicial acts. It provides definitions and examples for each of these. For voluntary assumption of risk, it explains that consent must be freely given and cannot be for an illegal act. For act of God, the occurrence must be extraordinary and not reasonably foreseeable. Private defense allows reasonable force in self-defense of person or property. Statutory authority and judicial acts provide immunity for actions carried out within official capacity. Contributory negligence can reduce damages if the plaintiff was also at fault.
This document provides an overview of the tort of trespass and its categories in Australian law. It discusses trespass to goods, land, and the person. For trespass to goods, the plaintiff must prove possession of the goods and direct, intentional interference. Defences include lack of possession or unintentional act. Trespass to land requires direct interference with exclusive possession of land. Defences include consent or authorised access. Trespass to the person encompasses assault, battery, and false imprisonment, each requiring proof of intent and direct contact or restraint without consent. Defences include plaintiff consent or actions in certain contexts like contact sports.
This document provides guidance on fire safety in high-rise buildings. It discusses identifying potential fire hazards such as ignition sources, fuels, and oxygen sources. It also discusses identifying people at risk, such as those asleep or with disabilities. The document evaluates the risk of a fire occurring and the risk to people if a fire does occur. It explains how fires can spread through convection, conduction, and radiation. The goal is to remove, reduce, and protect from fire risks.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and elements of crime that students need to understand for the HSC Core Crime syllabus. It defines crime and outlines the main areas of criminal law, including investigation, prosecution and sentencing. The document discusses the elements of most crimes - actus reus and mens rea. It also covers strict liability offenses, categories of crimes like homicide, assault and treason, and types of offenses such as drug, driving and public order offenses. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the concepts.
This document discusses different types of trespass including trespass to person and property. Trespass to person includes battery and assault, while false imprisonment requires unlawful confinement. Trespass to property involves unlawful entry onto land or interference with goods. The elements of each type are described. Defenses to trespass claims include acts of God, statutory authority, inevitable accident, the plaintiff being the wrongdoer, necessity, and volenti non fit injuria.
The document discusses capital punishment and methods of execution. It provides definitions and examples of crimes that may warrant the death penalty, such as murder, terrorism, and child trafficking. Both religious and secular justifications for and against capital punishment are outlined. Modern methods of execution described include lethal injection, electrocution, and hanging.
The document discusses three types of inchoate offenses: criminal attempt, criminal conspiracy, and criminal abetment. It provides definitions and explanations of each offense. Criminal attempt involves acts done toward committing a crime that fail to complete the crime. Criminal conspiracy involves two or more people agreeing to commit a crime. Criminal abetment involves instigating or assisting another person to commit a crime. Lesser punishments are imposed for inchoate offenses than completed crimes.
Civil law defines and protects private citizen rights through areas like contracts, torts, property, and family law. It originated from ancient Roman laws and codes. Tort law is a branch of civil law dealing with personal injury and property damage from wrongful acts, seeking monetary compensation. There are three tort categories: negligence, intentional torts, and strict liability. Negligence involves a duty, breach of duty through unreasonable actions, causation of damages. Contract law governs agreements where parties have obligations and can be liable for breach. Property law distinguishes personal and real property, addressing torts like trespass and conversion. Family law handles marriage, divorce, child custody, and other domestic issues.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts of criminal liability under Malaysian law, including the definition of a crime, elements of a crime (actus reus and mens rea), and discussions of actus reus. It defines a crime and notes that every crime has its own specific definition. It explains that for criminal liability to exist, there must generally be an unlawful act (actus reus) accompanied by a blameworthy state of mind (mens rea). The document then discusses actus reus in depth, including that it can involve an act, omission, or circumstance, and must be voluntary. It provides examples of when an omission can form the basis of criminal liability and discusses the defense of automat
This chapter discusses legal issues pertaining to a fire investigator's right to access and remain at a fire scene. It describes Supreme Court cases like Michigan v. Tyler and Michigan v. Clifford that established investigators can search for the origin and cause without a warrant but need an administrative warrant to return later. Consent from the property owner is also sufficient but can be rescinded, requiring a warrant. The chapter outlines the difference between legislative laws, case laws, and exigent circumstances that allow warrantless entry during an emergency. It stresses the importance for investigators to understand applicable laws and seek legal counsel.
The document discusses the elements and key aspects of the crimes of robbery, theft, estafa, and bouncing checks under Philippine criminal law. It defines robbery as taking property through violence/intimidation and notes it is more serious than theft. Theft is taking property without consent. Estafa involves abuse of confidence and deceit. Bouncing checks involves issuing a check knowing there are insufficient funds to cover it. The document provides details on how each crime is committed and elements that must be proven for conviction.
Ll.b i lot u 1 origin, nature and scope of law of tortRai University
This document provides an introduction to the law of torts. It defines a tort as a civil wrong arising from a breach of a duty imposed by law. The essential elements of a tort are a wrongful act, legal damage to another, and a legal remedy. Torts are distinguished from crimes in that torts involve private wrongs and civil actions for compensation, while crimes involve public wrongs and criminal prosecution. Torts are also distinguished from breaches of contract in that tort duties are imposed by law rather than an agreement between parties, and tort damages are unliquidated rather than contractual damages. The document outlines general elements of torts and the differences between torts, crimes, and breaches of trust.
1) The document discusses various defenses that can be used in tort law to avoid liability, including volenti non fit injuria, plaintiff as the wrongdoer, inevitable accident, act of God, private defense/self-defense, mistake, necessity, and statutory authority.
2) It provides examples and case law illustrations for each defense. For inevitable accident, it discusses situations involving unexpected medical emergencies of drivers that resulted in car accidents.
3) For act of God, it notes this defense applies when damage is caused solely by natural forces like floods, storms, or earthquakes without any human involvement. It cites a case where a dam break was ruled not an act of God due to evidence of negligent
This document discusses the legal definition and elements of involuntary manslaughter in the UK. It is defined as an unlawful killing without intent, distinguished from murder by the lack of intent. The sentence can range from life imprisonment to a non-custodial sentence depending on the judge's view of the case. There are three main ways involuntary manslaughter can occur: unlawful act manslaughter, gross negligence manslaughter, and reckless manslaughter. Unlawful act manslaughter, also called constructive manslaughter, involves doing a dangerous unlawful act that results in death, even if unintended. The unlawful act must be an objective danger and directly cause the death. Case law examples explore what constitutes a dangerous unlawful act and how proximate the causation must be.
Tort law provides citizens with legal recourse for private civil wrongs committed against them. It aims to compensate victims for harm caused by others through monetary damages awards. The most common tort is negligence, which involves the failure to act with reasonable care. Intentional torts involve deliberate interference with a person's rights and include assault, battery, false imprisonment, defamation, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Property rights are also protected through intentional torts like trespass, conversion, nuisance, and disparagement. While tort law is a civil matter, some torts like assault may also be criminal offenses.
Property crime involves damaging or unlawfully benefiting from someone else's property and includes arson, shoplifting, burglary, vehicle theft, and vandalism. Property law falls under criminal law, and property crime cases in Papua New Guinea are tried in the national court, with potential verdicts including sentences of several years without bail.
Property crime involves damaging or stealing another's property for unlawful gain. Examples include arson, shoplifting, burglary, vehicle theft, and vandalism. Property law, which falls under criminal law, governs property crime and it is dealt with seriously. The National Court has jurisdiction over property crime cases in Papua New Guinea, with potential verdicts including sentences of several years without bail.
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
Digital Detoxing in Smart Cities.
Digital Detox for Sustainability: Unplugging/Redesigning technologies of Smart Cities for a Sustainable Future
“How a small Village in Maharashtra, India teaching importance of Digital detoxing to Mega Smart cities of India”
Digital Detoxing in Smart Cities
Digital Detox for Sustainability: Unplugging/Redesigning technologies of Smart Cities for a Sustainable Future
“How a small Village in Maharashtra, India teaching importance of Digital detoxing to Mega Smart cities of India”
The document discusses the importance of premarital screening or testing before marriage. It explains that premarital screening involves testing prospective spouses for infectious diseases, genetic disorders, and compatibility to help ensure a healthy marriage and family. Compatibility is assessed through both traditional Indian kundli matching of astrological charts as well as modern medical testing. While kundli matching provides useful information, medical screening can detect diseases and identify health risks that could impact a couple's well-being and ability to have children. The document recommends couples undergo premarital screening through blood tests, physical exams, and counseling to aid in informed decision making.
A polymath is defined as a person with expertise in various fields of science, humanities, and the arts. Historically, polymaths included great Renaissance thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci and Benjamin Franklin who made significant contributions across multiple disciplines. Nowadays, it is difficult to find true polymaths due to the ever-increasing specialization of knowledge. However, the document outlines characteristics of polymaths such as cultivating curiosity, multiple passions and interests, and not worrying about perfection in order to bring back the Renaissance ideal of a well-rounded thinker.
Godfather-like figures organize complex crash for cash schemes involving staged, induced, and ghost crashes to fraudulently obtain insurance payouts. They recruit drivers, passengers, and professional enablers like doctors and repair shops to carry out the schemes, which can net up to £30,000 per crash. The schemes cost insurers millions each year and ultimately increase premiums for all policyholders.
The document discusses arguments for and against lowering the minimum voting age. It notes that while most countries have the age set at 18, some have it as low as 16. Advocates argue that 16-year-olds have adult responsibilities and should have a say, and research shows lower ages increase youth participation without lowering vote quality. However, others argue younger people lack maturity. Countries experimenting with lower ages often do so incrementally. Overall it is a complex debate that intersects with issues of children's rights.
The document provides an overview of the ecological footprint concept. It defines ecological footprint as a method that measures human demand on nature against the Earth's biological capacity to regenerate resources and absorb waste. Key points include:
- Humanity's ecological footprint has exceeded the Earth's biocapacity since the 1970s, meaning more than 1 Earth is needed each year to replenish what is used.
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2. Introduction
• Arson is the criminal act of burning or
charring property on purpose.
• The act of arson may include such acts as
setting fire to a property maliciously, or
burning a property with the intent to collect
insurance money.
• While most people consider arson to be the
burning of buildings, it may also be the
burning of cars, boats, personal property, and
land.
4. Definition of Arson
• The act of recklessly or intentionally setting
fire to personal or real property for an
unlawful reason
• The malicious burning of personal or real
property with fraudulent or criminal intent.
6. Elements of Arson
• According to common law, there are certain elements
required to determine a fire to be caused by arson.
These elements of arson include:
• (1) the malicious,
• (2) burning,
• (3) of a dwelling,
• (4) belonging to another.
• While common law has its roots in the birth of the
nation, legislation has changed through the years,
expanding the definition of arson to include the
burning of a person’s own property, as well as the
burning of personal property, vehicles, and land.
8. Aggravated Arson
• In many states, a charge of arson may be upgraded
to “aggravated arson,” which takes into account
such factors was whether the accused anticipated a
person being inside the building when they started the
fire.
• The primary consideration in classifying aggravated
arson is malicious intent. Intent may be caused by
financial distress, anger, and other issues fraught with
emotion.
• Aggravated arson is the same as First Degree Arson
in some states, and may include the burning of a
building to obtain an insurance settlement, or the
setting of a fire for the purpose of harming another
person, or to cause fear.
9. “Aggravated Arson,” which takes into account such factors
was whether the accused anticipated a person being inside the
building
10. Reckless Arson
• While most people consider arson to be the
intentional setting of fires, reckless
behaviour that leads to the destruction of
property by fire may also lead to arson
charges.
12. Accidental Fire
• Not all fires fall under the category of arson.
Sometimes fires are started accidentally, even
though the person tried to be careful.
13. Accidental Fire
• In cases such as this, it is up to investigators to
determine whether the fire was accidental or caused
by an intentional act.
• When investigators cannot determine the cause of the
fire or its origin, they may regard it as “suspicious” and
continue with the arson investigation.
• For a person to be convicted of arson in a court of
law, the elements of arson must be proven beyond a
reasonable doubt. Unfortunately, this is not always a
simply matter, as it can be difficult to prove a fire
was set intentionally.
15. Arson Investigation
• An arson investigation begins when fire-
fighters are called to the scene of a fire, then
follows specific protocols.
• Specially trained arson investigators personally
review the scene and physical evidence, and
interview witnesses as well as fire-fighters
regarding their observations at the time of the
fire.
17. Arson Investigation
• Some important considerations in any arson
investigation include:
• Colour of Flames and Smoke – various substances and
accelerants produce different colours of flames and smoke
• Alarms and Sprinklers – where alarms and fire
suppression sprinklers were located on the property, and
whether they were disabled before the fire
• Speed of the Fire – how rapidly the flames spread may
indicate use of accelerants
• Suspects at the Fire – whether or not witnesses saw
familiar faces at the scene of the fire
• Removal of Property – whether valuable or sentimental
items were removed from the property just prior to the fire
may indicate intent
19. Arson and Insurance Fraud
• It is not uncommon for people to set fires in order to
benefit from the insurance benefits covering the
property.
• It is for this reason that insurance companies give great
weight to arson investigation reports, and even employ
their own arson investigators. Insurance fraud occurs in
both residential and commercial arson.
• A person found guilty of setting a fire with the goal
of collecting insurance money may face arson
charges, and be convicted of both arson and
insurance fraud.
21. Punishment for Arson
• Each state has specific penal codes that specify
the sentences offenders may face if they are
found guilty or arson.
• While punishment for arson varies by
jurisdiction, the severity of each sentence takes
into consideration the amount of damages
caused by the fire, whether the fire was set with
the intent to commit insurance fraud, and whether
injuries or deaths occurred as a result of the
crime.
23. Punishment for Arson
• For example, in California, the sentences handed down
for an arson conviction include:
• Arson that causes bodily injury is punishable by
imprisonment for five, seven, or nine years.
• Arson that involves an inhabited structure is punishable
by imprisonment for three, five, or eight years.
• Arson of a structure or forest land is punishable by
imprisonment for two, four, or six years.
• When a person commits the crime of arson and it results
in the death of another person, it can be classified as
felonious murder in most states. This holds true even if the
death was unintentional.
25. Degrees of Arson
• Most states define different degrees of arson
depending on the circumstances surrounding
the act.
• This includes factors such as whether the
building was occupied at the time of the fire, or
whether the act was committed in order to
commit fraud. Another factor taken into
consideration in the determination of degrees of
arson is the amount of damages caused by the
crime.
27. Degrees of Arson
• The common degrees of arson include:
• First Degree Arson– an act in which a person
sets a fire to an occupied home or building
• Second Degree Arson– an act in which a
person sets fire to an empty or abandoned
structure
• Third Degree Arson– an act in which a
person sets fire to an abandoned area of space
such as a vacant lot or field
28. The law defines First Degree Arson as:
A person knowingly sets fire to, burns, causes to be burned, or by the use of
any explosive damages or destroys, or causes to be damaged or destroyed,
any building or occupied structure of another without his consent.
29. The law defines Second Degree Arson as:
When a person knowingly sets fire to, burns, causes to be burned or by the
use of any explosive damages or destroys, or causes to be damaged or
destroyed, any property of another without his consent, other than a building
or occupied structure.
30. The law defines Third Degree Arson as when:
A person who, by means of fire or explosives, intentionally
damages any property with intent to defraud
31. Arson in the Fourth Degree.
law defines Fourth Degree Arson as:
A person knowingly or recklessly starts or maintains a fire or causes an explosion,
on his own property or that of another, and by so doing places another in danger of
death or serious bodily injury or places any building or occupied structure of another
in danger of damage
32. Additional Punishment for Arson
• In addition to a punishment of incarceration, a
person found guilty of arson may be fined or
ordered to pay restitution.
• This is often determined by the amount of
damages caused by the fire. For instance, if Lisa
burned a building down and the resulting
damage was $100,000, she could be ordered to
pay the owner the entire amount of damages.
33. Additional Punishment for Arson
• If a person commits another crime in conjunction
with the arson, additional penalties may be imposed.
For example:
• Jack forcefully enters another person’s home by kicking
in the front door. He steals the homeowner’s valuable
jewellery and the money from their safe before starting
a fire to cover up the crime. Jack is arrested a short time
later and faces the following charges:
• Breaking and entering
• Larceny
• Arson
35. Arson Statistics
• Although the penalties are stiff, arson is a
frequently committed crime. Some facts and
statistics concerning arson include:
• Arson involving buildings accounts for over 45
percent of arson offenses.
• Arson involving other types of property accounts
for over 29 percent of arson offenses.
• The average loss per arson offense is around
$17,000.
• In the United States, there are around 20 arson
offenses per 100,000 people.
36. Arson Statistics
• Sixty-five percent of structure fires caused
by arson include occupied homes or
buildings.
• Half of all intentionally set home fires take
place in the evening and night time hours.
• From 2007 to 2011, 420 people died due to
arson and 1,360 people suffered injuries.
• Two out of five people charged with arson
are under the age of 18.
37. The Crime of Arson in Indian Laws
• Arson is defined as a crime of intentionally and
maliciously setting fire to buildings, wild land areas,
abandoned homes, vehicles or other property with the
intention of causing damage.
• It is distinguished from other causes such
as spontaneous combustion, accidental fires, and
natural wildfires.
• Arson often involves fires deliberately in setting to the
property of another or to one's own property for
collecting compensation of the insurance. A person who
will be committing this crime is termed as an arsonist.
More often than not, arsonists use accelerants to
ignite, propel and directionalize fires.
39. The crime of arson is defined in the IPC Section 435
and IPC Section 436 and it is stated below:
• Section 435 in The Indian Penal Code
• 435. Mischief by fire or explosive substance with
intent to cause damage to amount of one hundred or
(in case of agricultural produce) ten rupees.—
Whoever commits mischief by fire or any explosive
substance intending to cause, or knowing it to be likely
that he will thereby cause, damage to any property to
the amount of one hundred rupees or upwards 1[or
(where the property is agricultural produce) ten rupees
or upwards], shall be punished with imprisonment of
either des c r i p tion for a term which may extend to
seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.
41. The crime of arson is defined in the IPC Section 435
and IPC Section 436 and it is stated below:
• Section 436 in The Indian Penal Code
• 436. Mischief by fire or explosive substance with
intent to destroy house, etc.—Whoever commits
mischief by fire or any explosive substance, intending
to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby
cause, the destruction of any building which is
ordinarily used as a place of worship or as a human
dwelling or as a place for the custody of property, shall
be punished with 1[imprisonment for life], or with
imprisonment of either des c r i p tion for a term
which may extend to ten years, and shall also be
liable to fine.
43. How to Prevent Arson in Your Community?
• Arson robs communities of its valuable
assets, lives, and property. Arson destroys
more than buildings; it can devastate a
community resulting in the decline of the
neighbourhood through increased insurance
premiums, loss of business revenue, and a
decrease in property values.
44. How to Prevent Arson in Your
Community?
• Communities can develop a Watch Program,
partnering with their local fire department,
law enforcement, insurance providers, business
leaders, churches, and local community
groups.
• Neighbourhoods can reduce the likelihood of
arson occurring by promoting neighbourhood
watches, educating people about recognizing and
reporting unusual activities, and implementing
improved internal and external security for homes
and businesses.
46. How to Prevent Arson in Your
Community?
• A community Arson Watch Program can
put the neighbour back into neighbourhood
by creating a sense of cooperation.
• It brings the fire service, law enforcement, and
citizens together to reduce the crime of arson.
48. Establishing a Community Arson
Watch Program
• Analyze the specific local problem and collect
related data. Strategies that address the problems
in a given area must be mapped out. From the
outset, it is essential to facilitate neighbours
working together.
• This effort provides an opportunity for
neighbours to meet and get to know each other,
something that has become less common lately.
Yet, it is crucial to include neighbourhood
involvement for the process to be successful.
49. Build a partnership between fire and emergency
services, the police and other law enforcement
agencies, and the residents.
• This is often the most difficult step to hurdle
because there is usually angst between the
residents and law enforcement for the existing
crime problem that exists in their community.
50. Build a partnership between fire and emergency
services, the police and other law enforcement
agencies, and the residents.
51. Assess the needs of a given neighbourhood and in the
case of arson, how the fire and police departments
can work with the residents
• Neighbourhood Watch in the USA states,
“In many cases, law enforcement and
community members do not have the same
focus. For instance, law enforcement may be
focusing their attention on a problem that the
neighbourhood is not concerned about, such as
attempting to address major crimes throughout
the city.
52. Assess the needs of a given neighbourhood and in the
case of arson, how the fire and police departments
can work with the residents
53. Assess the needs of a given neighbourhood and in the
case of arson, how the fire and police departments
can work with the residents
• On the other hand, community members
may be more concerned about crimes such
as bicycle thefts or graffiti, which are
considered minor from a police standpoint.”
An effective Neighbourhood Arson Watch
program will combine the needs of the fire and
police departments with those of the
neighbourhood when determining which
problems to focus on and the methods used to
address them.
54. Set up a Neighbourhood Watch program by
choosing and training a dynamic group of volunteers
that are led by organized and motivated leaders.
• If the group leaders are devoid of
motivation and organization, the volunteers
may be uninspired to participate and will
quickly quit out of disappointment and
frustration.
• Select the leaders wisely and give the leaders
reasons to be proud of their role.
55. Set up a Neighbourhood Watch program by choosing and
training a dynamic group of volunteers that are led by
organized and motivated leaders.
56. Develop meaningful projects specific to the
identified problem
• Often, after a Neighbourhood Watch has
addressed its original issue, members lose
interest. It is important for leaders to remain
passionate and committed for the long term.
• One way to accomplish this is to design new
projects so that there is always a goal towards
which the team of volunteers is aspiring.
• Arson prevention projects should focus on
identifying and removing what could burn or
materials that an arsonist could use to start a fire,
such as
57. Develop meaningful projects specific to the
identified problem
• Clean up the neighbourhood by removing
all garbage, material, and excess vegetation
that is capable of being ignited.
59. Develop meaningful projects specific to the
identified problem
• Remove all possible sources of ignition such
as flammable liquids and unused gas
containers.
61. Develop meaningful projects specific to
the identified problem
• Remove abandoned vehicles (Cars).
According to the USFA’s NFIRS data and the
NFPA, there is an annual estimated average of
25,328 intentional fires involving vehicles.
Most car fires are started to cover up other
criminal activity or simply as an act of
vandalism. An abandoned car is a target for
arson.
63. Develop meaningful projects specific to
the identified problem
• Secure abandoned and vacant homes which
are potential arson targets.
• This may be comprised with additional locks
or the boarding up of broken windows or other
openings with plywood.
• Communicate with the owner that
authorities are concerned about the vacant
home and explain why.
65. Develop meaningful projects specific to
the identified problem
• Encourage the fire department to conduct
frequent fire code inspections.
66. Develop meaningful projects specific to
the identified problem
• Contact public works to disconnect all
utilities at the street.
• This includes natural gas, water, and
electricity. If there are liquefied petroleum gas
tanks, they should be disconnected and
removed.
68. Develop meaningful projects specific to
the identified problem
• Encourage Neighbourhood Watch members
to patrol these areas and write down
descriptions, license plates of suspicious
vehicles, and potential suspect descriptions.
70. Arson Prevention: Businesses
• Each year there are over 500 arson attacks
on eating and drinking establishments,
stores, mercantile properties, and office
buildings. You can help prevent your business
from becoming one of these statistics with a
few straightforward safety measures.
72. Arson Prevention: Businesses
• Identify all of the means in which someone
could deliberately start a fire inside or
outside your business or office. Bathrooms
are the leading area of origin for intentional
structure fires that occurred in stores or offices.
75. Arson Prevention: Businesses
• Be aware that small fires are all too often a
warning of worse events to come. Have there
been small fires in your business previously?
Have you heard about other fires occurring
locally?
76. Arson Prevention: Businesses
• Be on the lookout for other forms of
vandalism, including graffiti or damage to
nearby businesses.
78. Arson Prevention: Businesses
• Remind employees and staff of the threat of
arson and have them report any suspicious
behaviour. Be sure to teach them how to
identify suspicious behaviours
80. Arson Prevention: Businesses
• Perform a risk assessment. Piles of trash,
rubbish, or recyclables leave the business
particularly vulnerable to an arsonist providing
an accessible fuel for a fire.
82. Arson Prevention: Businesses
• Analyze the vulnerability of your office or
business by looking at the building and
what goes on within it. Note possible ways in
which fires could be started deliberately.
84. Arson Prevention: Businesses
• Identify the susceptible points both inside
and outside the buildings and in the
external areas within the building
perimeter. In addition, consider the area in
which your business or office is located in
order to assess the likelihood of an arson attack
in the neighbourhood.
86. Arson Prevention: Businesses
• Remove all possible sources of ignition such
as flammable liquids and gases, combustible
materials including trash, furnishings, and
other combustible elements of the structure.
88. Arson Prevention: Businesses
• Equip your business or office with fire
sprinklers. If a fire is set, having sprinklers
installed is the best way to save lives and to
protect your property.
90. The International Association of
Arson Investigators (IAAI)
• The International Association of Arson Investigators
(IAAI) is a group of professional individuals who aid
in fire investigations.
• They also provide resources such as training, research,
and up-to-date technology to fire departments and
investigators around the world. As of 2014, there are
over 8,000 members of the IAAI throughout the United
States. In addition to performing investigation and
training duties, the organization works to help those
impacted by arson.
• https://www.firearson.com/
92. Related Legal Terms and Issues
• Larceny – the act of stealing someone’s
personal property.
• Breaking and Entering – using force to enter
a home or business without permission from
the owner.
• Restitution –compensation paid to a person or
entity for their injuries or losses.
• Arsonist- a person who commits arson.
93. References
• Arson
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson
• Arson
• What is Arson?
• https://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-charges/arson.html
• Arson: The Crime And The Law
• https://www.firehouse.com/leadership/article/10545543/arson-the-crime-and-the-law
• Arson Investigation
• http://ifsr.in/audio-video-forensics/arson-investigation/
• Forensic investigations in an arson case
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7776870
• How to Prevent Arson in Your Community
• https://www.wikihow.com/Prevent-Arson-in-Your-Community
• The Crime of Arson in Indian Laws
• http://www.pathlegal.in/-The-Crime-of-Arson-in-Indian-Laws-blog-1298839