This document discusses antitussive drugs, which suppress coughing. It defines antitussives and expectorants, and describes the mechanism of cough production and cough center in the brain. It outlines various animal models used to test antitussive activity, including those using guinea pigs, cats, and dogs exposed to irritants. Common antitussive drugs like codeine, hydrocodone, dextromethorphan, and benzonatate are explained along with their mechanisms of action and side effects.
This document provides information about antimuscarinic agents. It discusses their classification, sources, examples like atropine and scopolamine, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. Antimuscarinic agents work by blocking the effects of acetylcholine, especially at muscarinic receptors. They have various applications like as antisecretory agents, to treat peptic ulcer, asthma, and Parkinson's disease. However, common side effects include constipation, blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention and confusion in elderly.
Antidotes are substances that counteract the toxic effects of poisons or xenobiotics. They work through physical, chemical, or physiological mechanisms. Physically, antidotes can adsorb or coat toxins to prevent absorption. Chemically, antidotes can complex or interact with toxins to make them soluble and able to be eliminated. Physiologically, antidotes can produce effects opposite to toxins, compete with toxins for receptor sites, or aid in restoring normal function. Activated charcoal is a common physical antidote that adsorbs many toxins in the gastrointestinal tract.
Activated charcoal is produced from charcoal using steam or air at high temperatures. It has a large surface area and small pore size, allowing it to adsorb thousands of times its own weight in toxins and poisons. Activated charcoal is used as an antidote for drug and chemical overdoses, poisonings, and to treat conditions like ulcers or infections by binding toxins in the digestive system. It works by adsorbing substances through chemical bonding to its carbon surface. Activated charcoal can be administered orally or topically and is considered safe, with no serious side effects.
In this presentation there is a discussion on very rare topic of atropine poisoning with brief introduction , nomenclature , toxic concentration of tropane alkaloids ,pathophysiology of poisoning , intoxication , causes of poisoning , clinical symptoms , diagnosis and treatment .
It is heavy metal and bright silvery in appearance.It is liquid and is non poisonous if swallowed. However, it volatilizes at room temp and inhalation of vapors is toxic. It gets widely distributed throughout the body and causes toxic damage to brain, kidney, peripheral nervous system, mucous membranes etc
This document discusses antitussive drugs, which suppress coughing. It defines antitussives and expectorants, and describes the mechanism of cough production and cough center in the brain. It outlines various animal models used to test antitussive activity, including those using guinea pigs, cats, and dogs exposed to irritants. Common antitussive drugs like codeine, hydrocodone, dextromethorphan, and benzonatate are explained along with their mechanisms of action and side effects.
This document provides information about antimuscarinic agents. It discusses their classification, sources, examples like atropine and scopolamine, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. Antimuscarinic agents work by blocking the effects of acetylcholine, especially at muscarinic receptors. They have various applications like as antisecretory agents, to treat peptic ulcer, asthma, and Parkinson's disease. However, common side effects include constipation, blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention and confusion in elderly.
Antidotes are substances that counteract the toxic effects of poisons or xenobiotics. They work through physical, chemical, or physiological mechanisms. Physically, antidotes can adsorb or coat toxins to prevent absorption. Chemically, antidotes can complex or interact with toxins to make them soluble and able to be eliminated. Physiologically, antidotes can produce effects opposite to toxins, compete with toxins for receptor sites, or aid in restoring normal function. Activated charcoal is a common physical antidote that adsorbs many toxins in the gastrointestinal tract.
Activated charcoal is produced from charcoal using steam or air at high temperatures. It has a large surface area and small pore size, allowing it to adsorb thousands of times its own weight in toxins and poisons. Activated charcoal is used as an antidote for drug and chemical overdoses, poisonings, and to treat conditions like ulcers or infections by binding toxins in the digestive system. It works by adsorbing substances through chemical bonding to its carbon surface. Activated charcoal can be administered orally or topically and is considered safe, with no serious side effects.
In this presentation there is a discussion on very rare topic of atropine poisoning with brief introduction , nomenclature , toxic concentration of tropane alkaloids ,pathophysiology of poisoning , intoxication , causes of poisoning , clinical symptoms , diagnosis and treatment .
It is heavy metal and bright silvery in appearance.It is liquid and is non poisonous if swallowed. However, it volatilizes at room temp and inhalation of vapors is toxic. It gets widely distributed throughout the body and causes toxic damage to brain, kidney, peripheral nervous system, mucous membranes etc
Copper is an essential metal that has been used by humans for thousands of years. It plays important roles in the body as a component of enzymes and as a conductor of electricity. However, excess copper can be toxic and is absorbed through various sources like industrial work, supplements, and cookware. Symptoms of copper toxicity include acne, headaches, and neurological or psychological issues. Diagnosis involves tests of copper levels in blood, liver, or hair. Chelation therapies can help remove excess copper from the body. Genetic disorders also exist that impact copper metabolism.
Arsenic is commonly found in groundwater and can cause serious health effects. The document discusses arsenic's properties, major sources like groundwater, and health impacts like skin lesions and cancers. It also provides information on limits and standards, noting the WHO drinking water guideline of 10 μg/L, as well as strategies for control and prevention like installing arsenic removal systems and educating the public.
This document provides an overview of sedative and hypnotic drugs. It begins with definitions of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. It then discusses the history of sedative drugs from antiquity through modern times. It covers the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of major classes of sedative-hypnotics including barbiturates and benzodiazepines.
This document discusses arsenic poisoning. It begins by defining arsenic and describing its characteristics, including that it is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It then discusses sources of arsenic exposure like contaminated water or food, occupational exposure, and arsenic's movement in the environment. The document outlines both acute and chronic health effects of arsenic poisoning, including cancers, neurological effects, and vascular disease. It provides details on treatment options like chelation therapy and hemodialysis. In the end, it discusses some case studies on arsenic exposure in Latin America and links between high exposure levels and various adverse health outcomes.
This document discusses drugs used to treat cough. It begins by defining cough and classifying it based on duration and characteristics. Nonspecific therapies for cough include demulcents to soothe the throat, expectorants to enhance mucus secretion or reduce viscosity, and antitussives to suppress the cough center. Demulcents include lozenges and cough drops. Expectorants include bronchial secretagogues like guaifenesin and mucolytics like bromhexine that break down mucus. Antitussives include opioids like codeine, nonopioids like dextromethorphan, and antihistamines. Specific treatments depend on the underlying cause of cough such as antibiotics for infection
1) Filariasis is caused by parasitic roundworms transmitted through mosquito bites. It affects lymphatic vessels and can cause elephantiasis.
2) There are several antifilarial herbs and drugs used to treat filariasis including diethylcarbamazine citrate, ivermectin, Vitex negundo, Zingiber officinale, and Melia azadirachta.
3) Diagnosis involves tests to detect filarial antigens or microfilariae in blood samples. Treatment requires multiple doses of antifilarial drugs over time to eliminate microfilariae and prevent further infection.
This slide deck give detail presentation on symptoms and management of Heavy metal poisoning such as lead, arsenic and mercury poisoning.
For all II video lecture series of this topic click:
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba_NYBb4neDWLXrnf1ulq4Y
- For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to My YouTube Channel.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5o-WkzmDJaF7udyAP2jtgw/featured?sub_confirmation=1
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Pharmacology Short Notes and Mnemonics By Muhammad Ramzan Ul Rehmaan.pdfHadiaHadia3
This document appears to be the introduction or preface section of a book on pharmacology mnemonics and short notes. It provides background on the author and their motivation for writing the book. The book is intended to help students and teachers of pharmacology by providing short notes, mnemonics, pictures, and tricks to aid in learning and teaching the subject in a more palatable way for students. The author welcomes feedback to improve the book.
This document summarizes the properties of atropine, a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist. It is found naturally in plants like deadly nightshade and is also synthesized. Atropine acts both centrally and peripherally, blocking muscarinic receptors. This leads to effects like dilated pupils, dry mouth, constipation, difficulty focusing, and increased heart rate. Atropine is used clinically to dilate pupils, treat poisoning from cholinesterase inhibitors, and relieve symptoms of Parkinson's, asthma, COPD, and urinary incontinence. Adverse effects include tachycardia, dry eyes/mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, flushing, and delirium in overdose.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of malaria. It begins by describing the life cycle and species of the Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria. It then outlines who is most at risk of malaria and the clinical classification of uncomplicated and severe malaria. The major sections cover antimalarial drug classes, treatment guidelines for uncomplicated and severe malaria caused by different parasite species, and prevention through insecticide-treated bed nets, repellents and chemoprophylaxis in travelers.
Clinical symptoms and management of Arsenic poisoningSoujanya Pharm.D
This presentation includes Introduction & physical appearance of arsenic, usual fatal dose, toxicokinetics and mode of action of arsenic, Clinical (toxic) symptoms, diagnosis and management of Arsenic poisoning
This document discusses opioid analgesics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, and effects. It begins by defining analgesics, opioids, opiates, and narcotics. It then discusses the opioid morphine in depth, including its pharmacological effects in the central nervous system and peripherally. Other opioids discussed include pethidine, methadone, tramadol, endogenous opioid peptides, and opioid receptor antagonists such as naloxone. The document provides an overview of the classification, properties, uses, and adverse effects of various opioid analgesics.
- Anthelmintic drugs are used to treat helminth (parasitic worm) infections which affect over two billion people worldwide.
- Some common anthelmintic drug classes include benzimidazoles (e.g. mebendazole, albendazole), piperazines, and avermectins (e.g. ivermectin).
- Mebendazole and albendazole are good choices for treating roundworm, hookworm, pinworm and whipworm infections. Praziquantel is used for tapeworm infections while ivermectin is effective for strongyloidiasis.
The patient was brought to the emergency ward with a history of rashes, blebs on the skin mainly on the arms and feet, tingling and numbness in the hands and feet. He had consumed water from his workplace for the past 3 days and had been suffering from severe gastroenteritis. On examination, he had nail changes, sensory loss, dermatitis and went into shock, requiring admission to the ICU.
This document discusses antidotes, which are substances that counteract toxins and poisons. It defines antidotes and explains that some are made by injecting toxins in animals and extracting resulting antibodies. The document classifies antidotes into physical, chemical, and pharmacological categories based on their mechanisms of action. It provides examples of specific antidotes for various toxins and poisons like paracetamol, morphine, cyanide, and more. The document aims to explain what antidotes are and how they work to neutralize different toxins.
Poisons and principle for treatment of poisoningM Ramzan Baloch
Poisons are substances that cause harm to organisms through chemical reactions or molecular activity when absorbed in sufficient quantities. The principles for treating poisoning include identifying the poison, preventing further absorption, eliminating the poison from the body, and providing supportive care. Prevention of further absorption can be achieved through induced vomiting, gastric lavage, or activated charcoal. Elimination involves altering urine pH, dialysis, use of cathartics or specific antidotes, and supportive measures focus on ensuring patient wellbeing and fast recovery.
This document discusses toxicities and management of poisonings due to heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and iron. It provides details on the symptoms of poisoning from each metal, as well as common chelation therapies used to treat heavy metal poisoning, including dimercaprol, calcium disodium edetate, penicillamine, deferoxamine, and deferiprone. The document emphasizes that heavy metal poisoning can be acute or chronic and the metals may enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through skin or mucous membranes.
This document discusses antidiarrheal drugs and their mechanisms of action. It begins by defining diarrhea and describing the relevant pathophysiology of electrolyte and water absorption and secretion in the intestines. It then covers therapeutic measures for diarrhea including rehydration, nutrition, antimicrobial drugs for specific infections, probiotics, drugs for inflammatory bowel disease like 5-aminosalicylic acid compounds, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and TNF inhibitors. Finally, it discusses nonspecific antidiarrheal drugs that work by absorption, decreasing secretion, or decreasing motility, such as loperamide, diphenoxylate, and codeine.
This document discusses several cardiac poisons:
1. Aconite, found in Himalayan regions, causes arrhythmias through ion imbalance and symptoms include gastrointestinal issues, numbness, hypotension, and paralysis leading to heart or respiratory failure.
2. Quinine from cinchona bark is used to treat malaria but can cause hypotension, arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest through sodium channel blocking. Symptoms include headache, dilated pupils, vomiting, and coma.
3. Nicotine from tobacco is rapidly absorbed and initially stimulates but then depresses autonomic ganglia, causing nausea, vomiting, weakness, and potentially arrhythmia or respiratory failure.
4. Oleander
This document summarizes information on various poisons, including arsenic, mercury, copper sulfate, lead acetate, aluminium phosphide, aconite, nicotine, digitalis, croton tiglium, ricin, abrus precatorius, semecarpus anacardium, datura, opium, cannabis indica, nux vomica, and alcohol. For each poison, it provides the fatal dose, fatal period, antidotes, and potential medicolegal importance. The document serves as a reference for poison identification and treatment.
Copper is an essential metal that has been used by humans for thousands of years. It plays important roles in the body as a component of enzymes and as a conductor of electricity. However, excess copper can be toxic and is absorbed through various sources like industrial work, supplements, and cookware. Symptoms of copper toxicity include acne, headaches, and neurological or psychological issues. Diagnosis involves tests of copper levels in blood, liver, or hair. Chelation therapies can help remove excess copper from the body. Genetic disorders also exist that impact copper metabolism.
Arsenic is commonly found in groundwater and can cause serious health effects. The document discusses arsenic's properties, major sources like groundwater, and health impacts like skin lesions and cancers. It also provides information on limits and standards, noting the WHO drinking water guideline of 10 μg/L, as well as strategies for control and prevention like installing arsenic removal systems and educating the public.
This document provides an overview of sedative and hypnotic drugs. It begins with definitions of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. It then discusses the history of sedative drugs from antiquity through modern times. It covers the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of major classes of sedative-hypnotics including barbiturates and benzodiazepines.
This document discusses arsenic poisoning. It begins by defining arsenic and describing its characteristics, including that it is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It then discusses sources of arsenic exposure like contaminated water or food, occupational exposure, and arsenic's movement in the environment. The document outlines both acute and chronic health effects of arsenic poisoning, including cancers, neurological effects, and vascular disease. It provides details on treatment options like chelation therapy and hemodialysis. In the end, it discusses some case studies on arsenic exposure in Latin America and links between high exposure levels and various adverse health outcomes.
This document discusses drugs used to treat cough. It begins by defining cough and classifying it based on duration and characteristics. Nonspecific therapies for cough include demulcents to soothe the throat, expectorants to enhance mucus secretion or reduce viscosity, and antitussives to suppress the cough center. Demulcents include lozenges and cough drops. Expectorants include bronchial secretagogues like guaifenesin and mucolytics like bromhexine that break down mucus. Antitussives include opioids like codeine, nonopioids like dextromethorphan, and antihistamines. Specific treatments depend on the underlying cause of cough such as antibiotics for infection
1) Filariasis is caused by parasitic roundworms transmitted through mosquito bites. It affects lymphatic vessels and can cause elephantiasis.
2) There are several antifilarial herbs and drugs used to treat filariasis including diethylcarbamazine citrate, ivermectin, Vitex negundo, Zingiber officinale, and Melia azadirachta.
3) Diagnosis involves tests to detect filarial antigens or microfilariae in blood samples. Treatment requires multiple doses of antifilarial drugs over time to eliminate microfilariae and prevent further infection.
This slide deck give detail presentation on symptoms and management of Heavy metal poisoning such as lead, arsenic and mercury poisoning.
For all II video lecture series of this topic click:
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba_NYBb4neDWLXrnf1ulq4Y
- For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to My YouTube Channel.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5o-WkzmDJaF7udyAP2jtgw/featured?sub_confirmation=1
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/asacademylearningforever
Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
Pharmacology Short Notes and Mnemonics By Muhammad Ramzan Ul Rehmaan.pdfHadiaHadia3
This document appears to be the introduction or preface section of a book on pharmacology mnemonics and short notes. It provides background on the author and their motivation for writing the book. The book is intended to help students and teachers of pharmacology by providing short notes, mnemonics, pictures, and tricks to aid in learning and teaching the subject in a more palatable way for students. The author welcomes feedback to improve the book.
This document summarizes the properties of atropine, a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist. It is found naturally in plants like deadly nightshade and is also synthesized. Atropine acts both centrally and peripherally, blocking muscarinic receptors. This leads to effects like dilated pupils, dry mouth, constipation, difficulty focusing, and increased heart rate. Atropine is used clinically to dilate pupils, treat poisoning from cholinesterase inhibitors, and relieve symptoms of Parkinson's, asthma, COPD, and urinary incontinence. Adverse effects include tachycardia, dry eyes/mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, flushing, and delirium in overdose.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of malaria. It begins by describing the life cycle and species of the Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria. It then outlines who is most at risk of malaria and the clinical classification of uncomplicated and severe malaria. The major sections cover antimalarial drug classes, treatment guidelines for uncomplicated and severe malaria caused by different parasite species, and prevention through insecticide-treated bed nets, repellents and chemoprophylaxis in travelers.
Clinical symptoms and management of Arsenic poisoningSoujanya Pharm.D
This presentation includes Introduction & physical appearance of arsenic, usual fatal dose, toxicokinetics and mode of action of arsenic, Clinical (toxic) symptoms, diagnosis and management of Arsenic poisoning
This document discusses opioid analgesics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, and effects. It begins by defining analgesics, opioids, opiates, and narcotics. It then discusses the opioid morphine in depth, including its pharmacological effects in the central nervous system and peripherally. Other opioids discussed include pethidine, methadone, tramadol, endogenous opioid peptides, and opioid receptor antagonists such as naloxone. The document provides an overview of the classification, properties, uses, and adverse effects of various opioid analgesics.
- Anthelmintic drugs are used to treat helminth (parasitic worm) infections which affect over two billion people worldwide.
- Some common anthelmintic drug classes include benzimidazoles (e.g. mebendazole, albendazole), piperazines, and avermectins (e.g. ivermectin).
- Mebendazole and albendazole are good choices for treating roundworm, hookworm, pinworm and whipworm infections. Praziquantel is used for tapeworm infections while ivermectin is effective for strongyloidiasis.
The patient was brought to the emergency ward with a history of rashes, blebs on the skin mainly on the arms and feet, tingling and numbness in the hands and feet. He had consumed water from his workplace for the past 3 days and had been suffering from severe gastroenteritis. On examination, he had nail changes, sensory loss, dermatitis and went into shock, requiring admission to the ICU.
This document discusses antidotes, which are substances that counteract toxins and poisons. It defines antidotes and explains that some are made by injecting toxins in animals and extracting resulting antibodies. The document classifies antidotes into physical, chemical, and pharmacological categories based on their mechanisms of action. It provides examples of specific antidotes for various toxins and poisons like paracetamol, morphine, cyanide, and more. The document aims to explain what antidotes are and how they work to neutralize different toxins.
Poisons and principle for treatment of poisoningM Ramzan Baloch
Poisons are substances that cause harm to organisms through chemical reactions or molecular activity when absorbed in sufficient quantities. The principles for treating poisoning include identifying the poison, preventing further absorption, eliminating the poison from the body, and providing supportive care. Prevention of further absorption can be achieved through induced vomiting, gastric lavage, or activated charcoal. Elimination involves altering urine pH, dialysis, use of cathartics or specific antidotes, and supportive measures focus on ensuring patient wellbeing and fast recovery.
This document discusses toxicities and management of poisonings due to heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and iron. It provides details on the symptoms of poisoning from each metal, as well as common chelation therapies used to treat heavy metal poisoning, including dimercaprol, calcium disodium edetate, penicillamine, deferoxamine, and deferiprone. The document emphasizes that heavy metal poisoning can be acute or chronic and the metals may enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through skin or mucous membranes.
This document discusses antidiarrheal drugs and their mechanisms of action. It begins by defining diarrhea and describing the relevant pathophysiology of electrolyte and water absorption and secretion in the intestines. It then covers therapeutic measures for diarrhea including rehydration, nutrition, antimicrobial drugs for specific infections, probiotics, drugs for inflammatory bowel disease like 5-aminosalicylic acid compounds, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and TNF inhibitors. Finally, it discusses nonspecific antidiarrheal drugs that work by absorption, decreasing secretion, or decreasing motility, such as loperamide, diphenoxylate, and codeine.
This document discusses several cardiac poisons:
1. Aconite, found in Himalayan regions, causes arrhythmias through ion imbalance and symptoms include gastrointestinal issues, numbness, hypotension, and paralysis leading to heart or respiratory failure.
2. Quinine from cinchona bark is used to treat malaria but can cause hypotension, arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest through sodium channel blocking. Symptoms include headache, dilated pupils, vomiting, and coma.
3. Nicotine from tobacco is rapidly absorbed and initially stimulates but then depresses autonomic ganglia, causing nausea, vomiting, weakness, and potentially arrhythmia or respiratory failure.
4. Oleander
This document summarizes information on various poisons, including arsenic, mercury, copper sulfate, lead acetate, aluminium phosphide, aconite, nicotine, digitalis, croton tiglium, ricin, abrus precatorius, semecarpus anacardium, datura, opium, cannabis indica, nux vomica, and alcohol. For each poison, it provides the fatal dose, fatal period, antidotes, and potential medicolegal importance. The document serves as a reference for poison identification and treatment.
This document discusses the 400-year history of the discovery and study of curare, an arrow poison used by South American indigenous peoples. It describes how:
1) Early Spanish explorers in the 1500s witnessed indigenous groups using poison-tipped arrows.
2) In the 1700s, French explorer Charles de la Condamine was the first to bring samples of curare back to Europe for scientific study.
3) In the 1800s, Alexander von Humboldt and Sir Robert Schomburgk identified the source of curare as various Strychnos liana plants and documented how indigenous groups prepared the poison.
4) Early laboratory experiments in the 1700-1800s revealed curare's
This document describes the poisonous plant Cerbera thevetia. It is native to Central and Southern Mexico. All parts of the plant are poisonous, containing cardiac glycosides like thevetin that can cause vomiting, diarrhea, fainting, and death from heart failure within 2-3 hours of ingestion. The seeds are sometimes used for suicide, homicide, or to poison cattle. Treatment involves washing out the stomach, administering sodium lactate, atropine, adrenaline, and antiarrhythmic drugs.
The document discusses several poisonous plants including tobacco, digitalis, oleander, yellow oleander, and aconite. It describes the toxic constituents of each plant such as nicotine, cardiac glycosides, and aconitine. The symptoms of poisoning and treatment approaches are provided for each plant. Common effects include gastrointestinal issues, arrhythmias, respiratory failure and death. Stomach washing, activated charcoal, and antidotes like atropine and digoxin antibody fragments can be used as treatment in some cases.
This document summarizes several plant-derived toxins that cause organic irritant poisoning, including ricin from Ricinus communis, crotin from Croton tigilium, and abrin from Abrus precatorius. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, such as ricin inhibiting RNA polymerase and abrin inhibiting protein synthesis. The document also discusses toxins from other plants like ergotamine from ergot fungi, capsaicin from Capsicum annum, and cantharidin from blister beetles.
This document discusses neuromuscular blockers (muscle relaxants) including their physiology, classification, and role in surgery. It describes how muscle relaxants work by blocking acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, classifying them as depolarizing or non-depolarizing. Specific muscle relaxants are outlined, their mechanisms of action, durations, and side effect profiles. The document also briefly discusses centrally-acting muscle relaxants and direct acting drugs like dantrolene. Choice of muscle relaxant depends on factors like required duration, excretion route, and side effect risks.
1. Strychnos Nux Vomica seeds contain the toxic alkaloids strychnine and brucine, which act as spinal poisons by competitively blocking inhibitory receptors in the spinal cord, causing widespread muscle spasms and convulsions.
2. Curare acts as a peripheral nerve poison by blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing flaccid paralysis.
3. Conium Maculatum (Hemlock) contains the toxic alkaloid coniine and causes progressive motor paralysis through its effects.
Isolation and Characterization of Colchicine from Physostigma VenenosiumIOSR Journals
This document describes the isolation and characterization of colchicine from the Nigerian medicinal plant Physostigma venenosium. Researchers extracted the seeds of P. venenosium with ethanol to obtain a crude extract. This extract was partitioned to yield chloroform, water, methanol, and petroleum ether fractions. Thin layer chromatography revealed that the chloroform fraction contained the highest number of compounds. Column chromatography of this fraction led to the isolation of a pure yellow compound identified as colchicine based on infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance data including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY, and DEPT experiments. The isolation of colchicine from P. ven
The chief vegetable purgatives are aloes, colocynth, gamboge, jalap,
scammony, seeds of castor-oil plant, croton-oil, elaterium, the
hellebores, and colchicum. All these have, either alone or combined,
proved fatal. The active principle in aloes is aloin; of jalap, jalapin;
of white hellebore, veratria; and of colchicum, colchicin. Morrison's
pills contain aloes and colocynth; aloes is also the chief ingredient in
Holloway's pills
Neuromuscular junction blockers are useful in general anesthesia and surgery by causing muscle paralysis. The earliest known muscle relaxant was curare, used as arrow poison by indigenous peoples in South America. Modern neuromuscular blockers include atracurium and tubocurarine. There are two main types - non-depolarizing blockers that compete with acetylcholine for receptors, and depolarizing blockers that act like acetylcholine but resist breakdown.
Digitális történetmesélés és kiterjesztett valóság – újszerű lehetőségek az i...Balázs Czékmán
A mobil eszközök térnyerése számos új lehetőségeket teremt a nyelvoktatás számára is. A MALL (Mobile Assisted Language Learning) egyre népszerűbb mind a nyelvoktatók, mind a tanulók körében. A hagyományos IKT-alapú módszerek mellett újszerű módszereket is használhatnak a tanárok a mindenhol elérhető mobileszközök (okostelefonok, táblagépek és notebook-ok) és internet-hozzáférésnek köszönhetően.
A digitális történetmesélés nem csupán a digitális kompetenciafejlesztés miatt tekinthető hatékony módszernek, hanem számos további kompetencia fejlesztését is támogatja. Castañeda és Rojas-Miesse (2016) szerint a digitális történetmesélés alkalmazása az idegennyelv oktatásban lehetőséget teremt a tanulók számára az írásos önkifejezésre, az idegen nyelven történő projekt munkára, és a valós, életszerű szituációkban történő fejlődésre. Ribeiro (2015) megállapítja, hogy a digitális történetmesélés egy olyan integrált megközelítést biztosít, amely a nyelvtanulás négy alapvető összetevőjét (szövegértés, szövegalkotás, hallás utáni értés és beszéd) egyaránt mozgósítani képes a tevékenység folyamat során.
A kiterjesztett valóság, mint a mobil eszközök elterjedésével hozzáférhetővé vált új technológia, nagy motiváló erővel bír a tanulók részére, és jól kiegészíti a digitális történetmesélés lehetőségeit. Fontos kiemelnünk, hogy a konstruktív pedagógiai elvek alapján nem a tartalomfogyasztást, hanem a tartalom készítését tartjuk elsődlegesnek ezen esetekben (lásd módosított Bloom-taxonómia magasabb rendű gondolkodási folyamatokat kívánó szintjei), amely a fentiekben már említett komplex kompetenciafejlesztésen kívül a tanulók közötti együttműködést és az elkészített tartalmak közreadását is lehetővé teszi.
Előadásunkban néhány gyakorlati példát, illetve folyamatban lévő projektet is bemutatunk a fentiek illusztrálására.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness. It occurs in approximately 2 out of every 100,000 people and can affect people of any age, sex, or race. The hallmark symptoms include muscle weakness that increases with activity and improves with rest, often affecting muscles around the eyes, face, neck, and throat. It is caused by antibodies blocking or destroying acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction, interrupting communication between nerves and muscles. While there is no cure, treatment options can help strengthen muscles and suppress antibody production.
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness of skeletal muscles that worsens with exertion. It results from antibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, reducing their numbers and impairing signal transmission. Clinical presentation includes weakness of extraocular, facial, bulbar, and limb muscles. Diagnosis involves testing for acetylcholine receptor antibodies and electrodiagnostic studies. Treatment includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, immunomodulating therapies like prednisone, plasmapheresis, and thymectomy.
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigability. It is caused by antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing muscle contraction. Symptoms vary widely and can include weakness of the eye muscles, facial muscles, limbs, and respiratory muscles. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests to detect antibodies, and electrodiagnostic tests. Treatment options include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, and thymectomy.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and fatigability of skeletal muscles. It results from antibodies that block or destroy acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, reducing signal transmission from nerves to muscles. Common symptoms include ptosis, diplopia, and weakness of proximal limb muscles or bulbar muscles. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, electrodiagnostic testing showing decremental response to repetitive nerve stimulation, and presence of acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Treatment options include anticholinesterase medications, immunosuppression, plasmapheresis, IVIg, and thymectomy.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies that interfere with signal transmission at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies are typically against acetylcholine receptors or muscle-specific kinase. This disrupts muscle contraction and causes weakness that fluctuates and worsens with activity. Symptoms usually start in extraocular muscles and may progress to other areas. Thymic abnormalities are seen in many cases and thymectomy can aid treatment.
There are two main types of neuromuscular blockers: competitive antagonists like curare and depolarizing blockers like succinylcholine. Competitive antagonists work by competitively binding to nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction, while depolarizing blockers cause sustained depolarization of the end plate. Neuromuscular blockers differ in their mechanism of action, duration and speed of onset/offset, selectivity, and side effect profiles. Common examples include succinylcholine, atracurium, pancuronium and vecuronium.
Medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years and are the source of many important drugs. The document outlines several key plant families and species that have provided medically active compounds like terpenes, alkaloids, and steroids. It summarizes the historical use and isolation of important drugs from plants such as quinine from cinchona for malaria, ephedrine from ephedra, salicylic acid/aspirin from willows, cocaine from coca, steroids from dioscorea, cardiac glycosides from foxglove, and morphine from opium poppy.
Medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years and are the source of many important drugs. Terpenoids, alkaloids, and other chemical compounds from plants are the basis of many modern medicines. Some key plants and compounds discussed include quinine and malaria treatment from cinchona bark, morphine and codeine from opium poppy, digitalis for heart conditions, taxol as an anticancer drug from yew trees, and ergot alkaloids used to treat migraines that were also once responsible for poisoning outbreaks. Medicinal plants continue to be important sources for new drug discovery and development.
medicinal plants importance in daily life.
medicinal plants importance in daily life.
medicinal plants importance in daily life.
medicinal plants importance in daily life.
medicinal plants importance in daily life.
anukta dravya with respect to namarupaVaidya Ganga
The document discusses Anukta Dravyas (undocumented plants) in Ayurveda. It provides context on the evolution of medicinal plant knowledge in India from Vedic times. Key Ayurvedic texts like Dhanvantari Nighantu and Raja Nighantu are mentioned which describe plants. The concept of Namarupa (naming and identification) of plants in Ayurveda is explained. Methods of studying and determining the properties of unknown plants are outlined. Examples of newly identified plants from field studies are given along with their naming in Ayurveda based on different criteria.
The Amaranthaceae family includes around 175 genera and more than 2,500 species of herbs and subshrubs distributed worldwide. Key characteristics include simple leaves with entire margins, small clustered flowers, five merged stamens, and an utricle fruit. While many species are weeds, some genera like Amaranthus and Celosia are used as vegetables, medicines, dyes, or ornamentals. Several endemic Indian species are threatened, while others like Alternanthera philoxeroides have become invasive aliens. Representative plants found on the MCC campus include the medicinal Achyranthes aspera and edible Amaranthus spinosus.
Medicinal Plants with special reference to Chhattisgarh (1).pptxDrShriramKunjam1
Medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years in various medical traditions like Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. India is considered rich in medicinal plant diversity with over 8,000 plant-based remedies codified in Indian systems of medicine. Some common medicinal plants found in India and their uses include Catharanthus roseus which is a source of anti-cancer alkaloids, Azadirachta indica (neem) which has antimicrobial properties, and Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) which is used to increase strength and boost immunity.
In Herbology class over 10 weeks, students learned about various magical and non-magical plants. They studied essential herbs like Gillyweed, Valerian Root, Knotgrass and Dittany. Students also learned about dangerous plants such as Mandragora, Devil's Snare, and Bubotuber. The class covered Rat Root, Bouncing Bulb, Gurdyroot, Wolfsbane, and Absinthe. Weeks also focused on how plants are used in Potions and the importance of non-magical plants.
Studies on plants helping in febrifuge activityDr. sreeremya S
This document reviews several plants that have traditionally been used for their febrifuge (fever-reducing) properties, including Centaurium erythrae (fever herb), Copalchi bark, Caesalpinia bonducella, and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum, known as holy basil). It discusses how the medical understanding of fever has changed over time and provides details on the traditional uses of these plants to treat fever in various regions of the world. The review is intended to provide information on specific plants that can help reduce fever.
Ethno veternary medicinal plants A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used in Pakistan. It provides details on 32 plants, including their local name, family, location found, plant part used, and traditional veterinary uses. Some key points include that ethnoveterinary medicine considers traditional veterinary practices to be legitimate. Plants discussed have a long history of traditional use for veterinary purposes dating back thousands of years. Traditional remedies are practical, effective, cheap, and use locally available materials.
- Amaranthus is a genus of herbs that includes approximately 60 species. Several species are considered weeds but others are valued as leafy vegetables, grains, and ornamentals.
- Amaranthus shows morphological diversity both within and among species. It was formerly classified into 2 subgenera but is now recognized to include 3 subgenera and 70 species.
- Several amaranth species are cultivated as grains or leafy vegetables in many parts of the world. Amaranth grain provides protein and minerals and was a staple crop for ancient civilizations like the Aztecs and Incas. Leaves are used as vegetables in Asian, African, and Caribbean cuisines.
This document provides information on the plant Dioscorea deltoidea. It discusses the plant's classification (genus Dioscorea, family Dioscoreaceae), synonyms, geographical distribution in Nepal and northwest Himalayas, morphology and microscopic characteristics of its tubers/rhizomes. It also covers the plant's cultivation, chemical constituents including diosgenin, traditional medicinal uses to treat gastric issues, dysentery and as a source of steroidal drugs, and formulations/dosage. Safety of D. deltoidea is considered relatively low risk.
This document discusses the various types of value that species can provide, including instrumental value which relates to the benefits species provide to humans, and intrinsic value which relates to a species' inherent right to exist. It then examines these values in more depth, describing the food, medicinal, economic, ecological, and other values provided by microorganisms, plants, insects, birds, mammals and other animal species. Examples are given for many different types of species. The document also discusses species' recreational, spiritual and indicator values and how they are important for research, education and ecosystem functioning.
This document contains information on the identifying features and medicinal uses of several plants, including Arctium, Artemisia princeps, kudzu, common chickweed, and Shepherd's purse. It describes their scientific classifications, distinguishing physical traits, traditional herbal applications, and in some cases modern research on medicinal compounds and properties. Key uses include as diuretics, to treat migraines, inflammation, skin conditions, and hemorrhaging.
Nerium indicum, commonly known as karaveera, is a poisonous plant used in Ayurvedic medicine. It contains toxic compounds like oleandrin but is used to treat conditions like worms, itching, and skin diseases when processed properly. The plant grows widely in South Asia and its roots, leaves, and flowers are used medicinally after processing like swedana to remove toxicity. While it has therapeutic effects at proper doses, consuming large amounts can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and even death from cardiac failure. Both Ayurvedic and modern treatments focus on decontamination and supportive care in case of poisoning.
This document discusses the field of ethnopharmacology, which is the scientific study of medicinal substances used by different cultural groups. It provides examples of many plants and the indigenous medicinal uses of those plants, including yew, coca, willow, opium poppy, and ginseng. It also describes how some modern pharmaceuticals were developed from studying ethnopharmacological substances, such as aspirin from willow bark, quinine from cinchona, and taxol from yew trees.
Biodiversity and conservation efforts in plantation, spices, and medicinal crops are crucial for preserving ecosystems and sustaining agriculture. These efforts focus on maintaining genetic diversity within plant species, protecting endangered species, and promoting sustainable farming practices.
In plantation agriculture, such as tea, coffee, and rubber, conserving biodiversity involves preserving natural habitats, preventing deforestation, and implementing agroforestry practices that support a variety of plant and animal species. This can help maintain ecological balance and ecosystem services like pollination and pest control.
In the case of spices, which often come from diverse plant species grown in different regions, conservation efforts may include protecting natural habitats where these plants grow, promoting sustainable harvesting practices, and supporting local communities that depend on spice cultivation.
For medicinal crops, biodiversity conservation is essential to safeguarding the genetic diversity of plants used in traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals. This involves preserving natural habitats, preventing overharvesting of wild medicinal plants, and promoting cultivation of medicinal crops using sustainable methods.
Overall, biodiversity and conservation efforts in plantation, spices, and medicinal crops are vital for ensuring the long-term sustainability of agriculture, protecting ecosystems, and supporting human well-being.
In March 2015, Dr. Quave presented: "Deadly Cures: Medical Discoveries from Poisonous Plants" as a ticketed public lecture at Fernbank Museum in Atlanta, GA as part of their special exhibit "The Power of Poison". In this talk, she discussed the reasons why plants produce poisonous compounds and the myriad ways that humans have used these chemicals for both health and harm.
Abstract:
Plants produce a fascinating mixture of biologically active compounds for the purposes of defense against threats in their environment. Over time, mankind has discovered ingenious ways to transform and make use of plant poisons ranging from applications in agriculture, fishing, hunting, and traditional medicine. Oftentimes, the distinction between poison and medicine comes down to two simple points: dose and intent. In this lecture, Dr. Quave will discuss how the scientific study of poisonous plants has led to the discovery of some of the leading pharmaceutical drugs in use today.
A full review of the talk is available here: http://www.destinationhealtheu.org/healthemory/an-overview-of-dr-cassandra-quaves-lecture-on-medicinal-and-poisonous-plants-at-fernbank
Ethnobotany - Relation between Plants and Human M Nadeem Akram
Ethnobotany is the study of relationships between people and plants. It examines how plants are used across cultures for food, medicine, textiles, and other purposes. Some key points in the document include:
- Ethnobotany aims to document, describe, and explain complex relationships between cultures and plant uses.
- Several important figures contributed to the early history and development of ethnobotany, including Dioscorides, Fuchs, Ray, and Linnaeus.
- The document provides examples of ethnobotanical uses for several plants from India, including Nigella sativa, Achyranthes aspera, Phoenix dactylifera, Cannabis sativa
Grasshoppers are small winged insects found on all continents except Antarctica. They live in dry, open habitats with grass and low plants. Grasshoppers go through life stages from egg to nymph to adult, taking around 9 weeks to mature. They are herbivores that eat grasses and leaves. Grasshoppers help control plant growth and are a food source for some animals and humans. Their habitats are threatened by human development.
Science And Technology Capacity And The Knowledge SocietySD Paul
This document discusses the transition to a global knowledge society and the need to build science and technology capacity worldwide. It notes that the 21st century will be driven by knowledge and innovation. However, wide gaps exist between developed and developing nations in areas like human capital, infrastructure, and access to information that are critical in the new knowledge economy. The document outlines strategies needed to strengthen science education, access to scientific literature, and international cooperation to help build science and technology capabilities in all countries.
Greenhouse Effect, Carbon Cycle & Rising TemperaturesSD Paul
The document discusses the greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, and rising global temperatures. It notes that scientists have debated whether temperature rise is natural or human-caused. The 2007 IPCC report concluded global warming is very likely due to human activities like fossil fuel use that emit greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, disrupting the natural carbon cycle. The greenhouse effect occurs as certain gases trap infrared radiation emitted from the Earth's surface, and rising CO2 levels from activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels are enhancing the greenhouse effect.
Global Warming , Greenhouse Gases and ClimateSD Paul
The document discusses evidence that the Earth's surface temperature has increased about 1 degree Fahrenheit over the past century, with accelerated warming in recent decades. This warming is largely attributable to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. However, some uncertainties remain about how the climate responds to these gases. The document also notes there is debate around how much human activities versus natural variations are contributing to increased temperatures. Skeptics argue the data does not clearly show man-made warming or that temperatures have in some cases cooled in recent decades.
- The document discusses the greenhouse effect and the Earth's energy budget. It explains that the Earth's surface absorbs around 48% of incoming solar radiation and that the remaining 52% is either reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere.
- It describes the three main types of atmospheric scattering - Rayleigh, Mie, and non-selective scattering - and explains that Rayleigh scattering causes the blue color of the sky and reddish-orange sunsets.
- The greenhouse effect is caused by gases like CO2, CH4, and H2O that absorb outgoing longwave radiation. Methane is an important greenhouse gas because it is 23 times more potent than CO2 and livestock are a major source.
Identity & Current Status of Nomadic Sedentary Pastoral Tribes SD Paul
Nomadic and sedentary pastoral tribes traditionally relied on livestock rearing as their main livelihood. However, over time they lost political influence and access to resources. Pre-colonial, they had high social and economic importance as breeders and knowledge holders. During colonial rule, exploitation increased as they lost interest in governance. Post-independence, the state's atrocities increased further as pastoralists were ignored politically and faced loss of grazing lands and indigenous knowledge transfer. Now pastoralists are working to strengthen customary institutions, reclaim grazing lands, and advocate for policies that recognize their land rights and livelihoods.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
3. OUTLINE:
ARROW POISONS AND CURARES
Arrow poisons
o Chondrodendron (Menispermaceae)
+ used medicinally
+ usually a "tube" curare
o Strychnos (Loganiaceae)
+ usually a "calabash" curare
Other curares
Chemistry
Iboga
5. Introduction
• Many plant products are used in "primitive
societies" to capture or kill game. These
range from those used to coat or tip arrows
and spears to those used to poison or stun
fish (sometimes called piscicides or
barbascos).
• Although we don't often consider it, we have
benefited from these unusual (to us) uses in
that we use these compounds medicinally
and for insecticides.
6.
7. Curares or arrow poisons
• Arrow poisons have been used by almost all
primitive societies. Similar substances also
were used in Western Europe several
thousand years ago. They are still used in
South America, some parts of Africa, and in
Southeast Asia.
• The term curare is from a South American
aboriginal word. The plants upon which the
arrow poisons are based, the method of
preparation and the utilization of the materials
differ greatly from culture to culture.
8. • In South America, many are based on
Strychnos (Loganiaceae) species (often
called calabash curares) and others on
Chondrodendron (Menispermaceae)
(often called tube curares).
9. Making a blow gun from the petiole of a palm frond
J. Man, Jungle Nomads of Ecuador: The
Waorani. Time-Life Books, 1982
10. Applying curare to the
tips of the darts
J. Man, Jungle Nomads of Ecuador: The
Waorani. Time-Life Books, 1982
11. Kapok wadding for the
darts
Notching the darts
Courtesy Dr. Walter Lewis
J. Man, Jungle Nomads of Ecuador: The
Waorani. Time-Life Books, 1982
12. Loading a dart into the blow gun
J. Man, Jungle Nomads of Ecuador: The
Waorani. Time-Life Books, 1982
14. Strychnos sp., Loganiaceae
• Curares made from Strychnos species in
South America are often called calabash
curares because they are stored in small
gourds or calabashes.
• Curares from other Strychnos species are
used in Africa and Asia as well.
17. Chondrodendron tomentosa, Menispermaceae
• Curares made from Chondrodendron
species in South America are often called
tube curares because they are stored in
small sections or tubes of bamboo.
23. • It should be noted, however, that calabash
and tube curares are terms based on the type
of containers used in various cultures and do
not say anything about what plants are used
to make the arrow poisons. Generally, the
correlations noted above hold.
• Calabashes are small gourds and tube
means a section of bamboo.
• Arrow poisons are also stored in small
pottery containers by people of some
cultures.
24. • The preparation of these mixtures is usually
complicated and many plant materials are
used in addition to the major active ones.
Some of these have been shown to have
synergistic effects.
• Once prepared, the dose is often
standardized by shooting small birds or
animals of particular species and noting the
amount necessary to kill them. Death usually
occurs by asphyxiation.
• Most curares are not considered toxic orally,
but some accounts suggest that consuming
them can be hazardous.
25. • In general, the active compounds are organic
bases called alkaloids.
• The alkaloids from both tube and calabash
curares have been used medicinally.
• They cause complete relaxation of skeletal
muscles. They are used in certain types of
surgery.
26. • In Africa, Strychnos species are also often
used to make curares.
• In Siberia, Alaska, and in Japan (among the
Ainu), plants of the genus Aconitum
(Ranunculaceae) were favored.