Nomadic and sedentary pastoral tribes traditionally relied on livestock rearing as their main livelihood. However, over time they lost political influence and access to resources. Pre-colonial, they had high social and economic importance as breeders and knowledge holders. During colonial rule, exploitation increased as they lost interest in governance. Post-independence, the state's atrocities increased further as pastoralists were ignored politically and faced loss of grazing lands and indigenous knowledge transfer. Now pastoralists are working to strengthen customary institutions, reclaim grazing lands, and advocate for policies that recognize their land rights and livelihoods.

1. Identity & Current Status of
Nomadic / Sedentary Pastoral
Tribes
Nomads

2. PASTORALISM
Pastoralists are people who owe indigenous herd.
A community whose main source of livelihood are
livestock rearing as a culture and in a traditional
way with indigenous knowledge & skills. It also
includes those who have been forced out of
Pastoralism owing to wrong policies and
development model.

3. Living a nomadic life . . .

4. Migration

7. Migration

10. Political
Pre Colonial Colonial Post Independence
• Had high important as
breeder
• Social,economical &
physical exploitation
started in some kingdom
• Close to decision
makers due to their
indigenous knowledge
and skills
Lost importance
•Exploitation &
ignorance at
height
• Lost interest in
governance
• No where in the
political picture
• Not a “worthy”
community for a
politician
• State atrocity very
high
• Out of political or
co-operative
movement

11. Economical (cont.)
Issue Pre-Colonial Post-Independence
• Health
• Transfer of
knowledge
• Marketing
• Healthy cattle, at times,
mass deaths
due to unknown illnesses
• Women & Men Had
good indigenous
knowledge and skills
• Milk and other produces
were not sold
• Only excess produces to
be sold
• Poor health of cattle
due to lack of water &
fodder
• No transfer of
indigenous knowledge
• Increased sale of row
milk

12. Economical
Issue Pre-Colonial Post-Independence
• Herd-size
• Livestock
pattern
• Grazing
practices
• Breeding
practices
• More than 100 cows, camels
• Cow>Camel>Goat>Sheep>
Buffalo
• Social norms for grazing
(when, where, how)
• Good and sufficient grazing
land
• Janada system
• Selection of breed, exchange
of bull
•15 –25 animals
•Sheep>Goat>Buffalo
>Cow>Camel
• No access and control
over CPRs
• Degraded and
declining grazing land.
•Legal Land grabbing
• focused on cross
breeds, loss of
indigenous breeds

13. Pastoralism Vs Capitalism
• Living together
• Unity
• Interdependence
• Common Property
• Sharing of Knowledge and
resources
• High Ethical values
• Customary Institutions
• Gender equity
• sustainable
• Concept of conservation
• Nuclear living
• Highly competitive
• Dependency/ independent
• Centralization of property
• Copy -Pattern rights,
• Lack of ethical and moral
values
• Very strong Patriarchy
• Exploitative life style
• Just Consume

14. Major problems experienced by the
Pastoralists
• Non-recognition of Pastoral land rights & Pastoralism
-No grazing policy - largest live-stock in the world
• Incorrect classification of land use by government
• Identity crisis (Ration, electoral card, birth certificate, own
village
• Livelihood threats
- Reduced Pastures
- Enclosure of migratory routes
- Forests enclosure
- Expansion of irrigated agriculture, green revolution
- Breakdown of self governance
• Forced Sedentary life.
• Atrocity against pastoralist (criminal, illegal grazer, anti-
social).

15. Major Problems (Cont.)
• No access to Govt. services
• “Non useful” animals
• Lack of support for input and output market
• Lack of linkages with outside world and access to
information
• Urban Pastoralists face severe difficulties as they
and their settlement are considered a hurdle in
the development of urban areas

16. Pastorlists coming together

17. Pastoral in action
• Pastoral Parliament/ PPM
• Jay Maldhari/Pastoral pride
• Land right movement
• Joining hand with other marginalized
• Policy research-advocacy
• Strengthening customary institution
• Direct action to reclaim grazing lands

18. Socio-Cultural (Cont.)
Pre Colonial Colonial Post Independence
• Dignity of life
• Strong ethical
values
• Women were part
of decision making
process in customary
institution
• Traditional Jewelry
and clothes showed
the richness of
culture
 Lost confidence
 Degradation of
values
 Women
excluded from the
formal structure
• Lost dignity
• Losing ethical values
•Women left out of
most decision making
processes
• Traditional practices
left behind with
modernization

19. Socio-Cultural
Pre Colonial Colonial Post Independence
• Interdependent
• social status
• Very strong value
based customary
leadership (men and
women)
• Tradition to support
others
• beginning of
dependence
• Declining social
status
• Decline of
customary
institution
• Dependent on others
• Lower/No social
status
• Weakening
customary institution,
plays very limited
role only in socio-
cultural aspect