The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. The Shift From ‘Realism’ to ‘Religion’
After the Fall of the Western (Roman Empire), the style of art changed
dramatically. Creating ideals and proportions took a backseat to
teaching the narratives and symbolism of Christianity.
The Parts of the Christian Churches
Central Plan vs. Basilica Plan
Originally, there were two basic types of Christian Church plans. Knowing
these plans (and why they were designed as such) should aid you in learning
how the needs of Christianity affected these layouts.
Late Antiquity / Early Christian
3. Late Antiquity / Early Christian
330 - Constantine moved his capital to Byzantium and renamed it
CONSTANTINOPLE. Most pieces of Jewish Art were destroyed, and the Jewish
people often faced special taxes, restrictions and even persecution.
395 - The Roman Empire split permanently by Emperor Theodosius I into two
parts:
The WESTERN EMPIRE (Roman)
The EASTERN EMPIRE (Byzantine)
410 - Rome is sacked by the Visigoths.
476 - Romulus Augustulus, the last Western Roman emperor, is deposed by the
German Odoacer.
527 - Justinian becomes Eastern Roman emperor. Constantinople covers eight
square miles (Manhattan covers twenty-two square miles) with at least 500,000
inhabitants.
532-37 - Justinian builds the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
726 - Byzantine Emperor Leo III orders all icons in the Byzantine Empire
destroyed.
Quick
Timeline
4. Late Antiquity / Early Christian
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Stories and references
to Christ
ROMAN SARCOPHAGUS
Figures are references to
Mythology or Government
6. Late Antiquity / Early Christian
Jewish synagogues contained
almost no representational
sculpture because Jewish law
forbade praying to images or idols.
Decorative paintings and mosaics
were displayed on walls to denote
religious concepts.
Synagogue Floor, from Maon, Jerusalem. c 530.
7. Early Christian
Throughout Art History, The Life of Jesus Christ is
broken down into three major categories:
INCARNATION
MINISTRY
PASSION
The events surrounding Christ’s
conception, birth, infancy and
childhood.
Keys events include the calling of
the twelve apostles, performing
miracles and giving sermons.
The events which include Christ’s
arrest, trial, crucifixion, resurrection
and ascension.
8. Early Christian
The term ‘Early Christian’ refers to the
preserved works of the first five
centuries CE.
For the first THREE centuries after
Christ’s death, Roman authorities
banned Christianity and often
persecuted Christians.
During this period, Christians concealed
their religious practices by digging
tunnels outside of Rome.
Known as catacombs, these tunnels
were underground passageways where
early Christians could worship and bury
their dead.
The catacombs extended up to 90 miles
and as deep as five levels.
9. Early Christian
Roman Christians sometimes
decorated their catacomb
walls with frescoes depicting
the life and teachings of
Jesus.
The Catacomb of Priscilla
contains a particularly
revealing fresco that may
date to the 4th century.
Here, Christ is depicted as a
Good Shepherd, which refers
to a passage from the Gospel
of John in which Christ said,
“I am the good shepherd. A
good shepherd lays down his
life for the sheep.”
The Good Shepherd Fresco, Catacomb of Priscilla,
Rome, c 320-340 CE. EARLY CHRISTIAN
10. Early Christian
Christ’s physical form is
based on Greco-Roman
models. He is youthful,
clean shaven and
clothed in a modest
classical tunic.
Christ even stands in a
classical contrapposto
pose and physically
resembles a young
Apollo.
The Good Shepherd Fresco,
Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome,
c 320-340 CE.
EARLY CHRISTIAN
11. Early Christian
Like their pagan
contemporaries, wealthy
Christians preferred to be
buried in marble
sarcophagi.
The richly carved
Sarcophagus of Junius
Bassius was made for an
important Roman official
who converted to
Christianity before his
death in 359.
This tends to be an
important piece as it
combines Christian themes
with Classical architectural
and figural elements.
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, c 359.
EARLY CHRISTIAN
12. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, c 359. EARLY CHRISTIAN
Two registers, 10 panels of OLD and NEW Testament scenes…
Christ is depicted in center with Roman themes.
13. Sarcophagus with philosopher, Rome, Italy, ca 270. EARLY CHRISTIAN
Jesus is represented by two figures on the right,
the small child being baptized and the Shepherd
to his left.
The future ministry of Jesus is represented by the
turned head of the young boy to the Shepherd and
by the placement of his hand on one of the sheep.
This is Jesus as a child receiving a baptism in the River
Jordan even though he was baptized at age thirty.
Baptism was significant in the early centuries of Christianity
because so many adults were converted to the new faith in
this manner.
Early Christian
14. Ivory Carving
Suicide of Judas and Crucifixion of Christ,
plaque from a casket, ivory, ca 420
The narrative on the box begins with Pilate washing
his hands, Jesus carrying the cross on the road to
Calvary, and the denial of Peter, all compressed
into a single panel.
The plaque that is illustrated here is the next in the
sequence and shows, at the left, Judas hanging
from a tree with his open bag of silver dumped on
the ground beneath his feet. the Crucifixion is at the
right. The Virgin Mary and Joseph are to the left of
the cross.
On the other side Longinus thrusts his spear into
the side of the "King of the Jews."
The two remaining panels show two Marys and two
soldiers at the open doors of a tomb with an empty
coffin and the doubting Thomas touching the
wound of the risen Christ.
The figure of Christ does not appear to be in pain
because he is displayed on the cross, rather than
hung from it, as though he has conquered death
and does not suffer.
The contrast of Jesus whose body remains strong on the cross
contrasts with the body of his betrayer, Judas, hanging from a
tree with a limp body and a snapped neck. Visually and
symbolically, this image was meant to show Jesus as a strong
leader and not prone to pain or complete death.
Early Christian
15. Early Christian
Old St. Peter’s in Rome, completed by Constantine I around 324 AD.
EARLY CHRISTIAN
19. Late Antiquity / Early Christian
Santa Sabina, Rome, c422-432 AD EARLY CHRISTIAN
20. Late Antiquity / Early Christian
Santa Sabina, Rome, c422-432 AD EARLY CHRISTIAN
21. Late Antiquity / Early Christian
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c425-26 AD EARLY CHRISTIAN
22. Late Antiquity / Early Christian
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c425-26 AD EARLY CHRISTIAN
23. Late Antiquity / Early Christian
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c425-26 AD EARLY CHRISTIAN
24. Late Antiquity / Early Christian
Map showing collapse of Western Empire and Justinian’s reign
25. Byzantine Art
When Emperor Justinian decide to
build a church in Constantinople (the
greatest city in the world for 400
years), he wanted to make it as grand
as his empire.
He assigned the task to two
mathematicians, Anthemius and
Isidorus. They created the
Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”)
Nearly 3 football fields long, and the
dome is 180’ in diameter!
This architectural feat was
accomplished with the use of
pendentives.
Hagia Sophia, 532-537.
Istanbul, Turkey. BYZANTINE
29. Byzantine Art
Byzantine Basics: Three F’s and a G
FLAT:
FLOATING:
FRONTAL:
GOLD
BACKGROUNDS:
Although the artist includes some shading, figures appear flat,
lacking volume that was common with Classical Art.
Figures appear to hover over the ground. Note the pointed 45-
degree angle of the feet.
Unlike the realistic overlapping seen in most Classical art,
Byzantine figures are usually turned toward the viewer.
Byzantine Art shows very little interest in a background.
Byzantine art focuses more on conveying Christian teachings and
depicting important figures than on representing the natural
world.
30. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia,
Ravenna, c425-26 AD
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Emperor Justinian and his
Attendants,
Church of San Vitale, c547.
BYZANTINE
31. Early Christian
San Vitale
Commissioned by Bishop
Ecclesius when Italy was still
under Ostrogothic rule, but only
completed after Justinian’s
conquest of Ravenna.
Octagonal-shaped building with
exedrae that extend out from the
building.
Most notable is the interior…
Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, c547.
32. Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, c547. BYZANTINE
Byzantine Art
33. Close-Up of Apse of Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, c547. BYZANTINE
Byzantine Art
34. Emperor Justinian and his Attendants, Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, c547.
Byzantine Art
35. Empress Theodora and her Attendants, Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, c547.
Byzantine Art
36. Byzantine Art
The Barberini Ivory illustrates how
early Byzantine art borrowed from
symbols of Classical art.
The figure, identified as Justinian,
rides victoriously similar to the
Marcus Aurelius Equestrian
statue, with conquered enemies
making offerings in the bottom
panel.
Although the figures are not
proportional as they would be in
Classical art, the piece connects
the conquests of Justinian with the
peace of Christ.
Barberini Ivory, c. 550 CE.
BYZANTINE
37. Icons were items used as vehicles for prayer
to God.
Among some of the finest were images of
Virgin Mary, known as Theotokos (bearer of
God).
She was also known as the Seat of Wisdom,
often holding a baby Jesus in her lap.
During the iconoclasm of the 8th century,
most icons like this were destroyed, but a few
like this in Mount Sinai, Egypt, survived.
This picture is painted with encaustic, which is
a pigment with melted wax.
Virgin and Child Between the Saints
Icon, c. 575 CE. BYZANTINE
Byzantine Art
38. Byzantine Art
About one hundred years
after the Iconoclasm,
worshippers began to make
diptychs and triptychs to be
used for private devotion and
prayers.
Hinges allowed them to be
folded for transport.
The Harbaville Triptych is a
good example of such a
piece.
Made of ivory, It contains an
enthroned Christ flanked by
the Virgin Mary and St. John
the Baptist.
Harbaville Triptych, c. 950 CE. BYZANTINE