1. ARDS is a condition that is difficult to diagnose consistently and has no specific treatments.
2. Half of patients who meet criteria for ARDS at autopsy do not actually have diffuse alveolar damage.
3. Low tidal volume ventilation has been shown to reduce mortality in ARDS, while therapies like HFOV and higher PEEP have not proven benefits.
19. Original
Description Syndrome of
• Severe Dyspnoea
• Tachypnoea
• Cyanosis refractory to
oxygen therapy
• Loss of lung compliance
• Benefit with PEEP
• Possible benefit with
steroids
• Diffuse alveolar infiltration
59. ARDS – A Condition That….
1.can’t diagnose (we can’t agree to diagnose)
2.of limited use (doesn’t change
management)
3.no specific treatment for (getting to it)
4.people don’t die from (mostly)
1.doesn’t actually exist (half the time)
60. ARDS – A Condition That….
1. can’t diagnose (we can’t agree to diagnose)
2.of limited use (doesn’t change
management)
3.no specific treatment for (getting to it)
4.people don’t die from (mostly)
1.doesn’t actually exist (half the time)
61. ARDS – A Condition That….
1. can’t diagnose (we can’t agree to diagnose)
2. of limited use (doesn’t change
management)
1.no specific treatment for (getting to it)
2.people don’t die from (mostly)
1.doesn’t actually exist (half the time)
62. ARDS – A Condition That….
1. can’t diagnose (we can’t agree to diagnose)
2. of limited use (doesn’t change
management)
3. no specific treatment for (getting to it)
63. ARDS – A Condition That….
1. can’t diagnose (we can’t agree to diagnose)
2. of limited use (doesn’t change
management)
3. no specific treatment for (getting to it)
4. people don’t die from (mostly)
64. ARDS – A Condition That….
1. can’t diagnose (we can’t agree to diagnose)
2. of limited use (doesn’t change
management)
3. no specific treatment for (getting to it)
4. people don’t die from (mostly)
…….doesn’t actually exist (half the time)
69. Tidal Volume
• 861 ARDS patients (P/F < 300)
• 6 ml/kg & Pplt ≤ 30 cm H20
versus
• 12 ml/kg & Pplt ≤ 50 cm H20
• 9% absolute risk reduction in 28
day mortality
70. Tidal Volume
• 150 critically ill mechanically
ventilated patients
• 6 ml/kg vs 10 ml/kg
Development of ARDS
• 2.6% versus 13.5%; p = 0.01
71. Tidal Volume
• 400 patients undergoing major
abdominal surgery
• 10-12 ml/kg & ZEEP/no recruitment
versus
• 6-8 ml/kg & PEEP 6-8 cm H20 & RM
• Postoperative Respiratory Support
• 5% vs 17%
• RR 0.29 (95% CI 0.14 to 0.61)
72. Driving Pressure
• 3,562 ARDS patients
• 9 previous RCTs
• ΔP = VT / CRS
• ↑ Mortality with 1 SD (7 cm H20)
• RR 1.41; 95% CI 1.31 – 1.51;
P < 0.001
73. Oscillate
• 548 ARDS patients
• P/F < 200 cmH20
• Fi02 > 0.5
In-hospital mortality
• HFOV 47% vs Control 35%
• (RR 1.33; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.64;
P = 0.005)
74. Oscar
• 795 ARDS patients
• PaO2/FiO2 < 200 cmH20
• PEEP > 5 cmH20
30 day mortality
• HFOV 41.7% vs Control 41.1%
• Difference 0.6%,
(95% CI −6.1 to 7.5)
82. FACTT Study
• 1000 patients with ALI
• 0 ml vs 7000 ml fluid balance at
day 7
60 Day Mortality
• Conservative: 25.5%
• Liberal 28.4%
• 95% CI difference −2.6 to 8.4 %
89. Drugs
Clinically Tested
1. NMBs √
2. Steroids ?
3. Surfactant X
4. β2 agonists X
5. Diuretics
6. Ketoconazole X
7. Activated Protein C X
8. Nitric Oxide X
9. Silvelestat X
10. Lisofylline X
11. Pharmaconutrients
12. Statins
90. Drugs
Clinically Tested
1. NMBs √
2. Steroids ?
3. Surfactant X
4. β2 agonists X
5. Diuretics
6. Ketoconazole X
7. Activated Protein C X
8. Nitric Oxide X
9. Silvelestat X
10. Lisofylline X
11. Pharmaconutrients
12. Statins
Clinically Untested
1. Prostacyclin
2. Almitrine
3. Ibuprofen
4. N-Acetylcysteine
5. Mucolytics
6. Albumin
91. Drugs
Clinically Tested
1. NMBs √
2. Steroids ?
3. Surfactant X
4. β2 agonists X
5. Diuretics
6. Ketoconazole X
7. Activated Protein C X
8. Nitric Oxide X
9. Silvelestat X
10. Lisofylline X
11. Pharmaconutrients
12. Statins
Clinically Untested
1. Prostacyclin
2. Almitrine
3. Ibuprofen
4. N-Acetylcysteine
5. Mucolytics
6. Albumin
Next Wave
1. Aspirin
2. ACEI / ARB
3. Macrolides
4. Insulin
5. Vitamin D
6. Antibodies
• Complement
• Interleukins
7. Stem cells
8. Growth factors
9. Gene therapy
92. Drugs
Clinically Tested
1. NMBs √
2. Steroids ?
3. Surfactant X
4. β2 agonists X
5. Diuretics ?
6. Ketoconazole X
7. Activated Protein C X
8. Nitric Oxide X
9. Silvelestat X
10. Lisofylline X
11. Pharmaconutrients X
12. Statins X
Clinically Untested
1. Prostacyclin
2. Almitrine
3. Ibuprofen
4. N-Acetylcysteine
5. Mucolytics
6. Albumin
Next Wave
1. Aspirin
2. ACEI / ARB
3. Macrolides
4. Insulin
5. Vitamin D
6. Antibodies
• Complement
• Interleukins
7. Stem cells
8. Growth factors
9. Gene therapy
93. Nitric Oxide
Severe ARDS
• n = 329, six trials
• RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.78 to 1.32;
p = 0.93
Mild to Moderate ARDS
• n = 740, seven trials
• RR1.12, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.42;
p = 0.33
94. ALTA Study
• 282 patients with ALI
• Aerosolized albuterol vs saline
Ventilator-free days
• albuterol 14.4 vs control 16.6 d
• 95% CI difference – 4.7 to 0.3 d
Hospital death
• albuterol 23.0% vs control 17.7%
• 95% CI difference – 4.0 to 14.7%,
95. BALTI 2 Study
• 326 ARDS patients
• PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg
• IV salbutamol vs placebo
28 day mortality
• salbutamol: 34% vs Control 23%
• RR 1∙47, 95% CI 1∙03 to 2∙08
96. HARP-2
• Simvastatin 80 mg vs placebo
• 540 ARDS patients
• Ventilator-free days
• 12.6 vs 11.5; P=0.21
• Nonpulmonary organ failure
• 19.4 vs 17.8; P=0.11
• Mortality at day 28
• 22.0 vs 26.8%; P=0.23
97. SAILS
• Rosuvastatin vs placebo
• 745 ARDS patients
• Mortality at day 60
• 28.5 vs 24.9%; P=0.23
• Ventilator-free days
• 15.1 vs 15.1; P=0.96
• ↑ Nonpulmonary organ failure
100. ECMO
CESAR STUDY
• 170 patients with severe
respiratory failure
6 month mortality / disability
• ECMO centre 63%
• Referral 47%
• RR 0·69; 95% CI 0·05 to 0·97,
p=0·03
101. ECMO
ANZICS H1N1 ECMO Case Series
• 2009 influenza A(H1N1) – ARDS
• 68 patients
• Median PaO2/FiO2 56 mmHg
• 71% survival
108. To Summarise
1.The positive studies would likely be positive in
any critical care condition
1.The negative studies are probably negative
because they have been studied in any critical
care condition (i.e. ARDS) rather than the
specific condition that they are intended for
(i.e. DAD)
109. To Summarise
The positive studies would likely be positive in
any critical care condition
1.The negative studies may be negative
because they have been studied in any critical
care condition (i.e. ARDS) rather than the
specific condition that they are intended for (i.e.
DAD)
110. To Summarise
The negative studies may be negative because
they have been studied in any critical care
condition than the specific condition that they
are intended for (i.e. DAD)
111. To Summarise
The negative studies may be negative because
they have been studied in any critical care
condition (i.e. ARDS) rather than the specific
condition that they are intended for (i.e. DAD)
112. To Summarise
The negative studies may be negative because
they have been studied in any critical care
condition (i.e. ARDS)
rather than the specific condition that they are
intended for (i.e. DAD)
113. ARDS – A Condition That….
1. can’t diagnose
2. of limited use
3. no specific treatment for
4. people don’t die from
…….doesn’t actually exist
114. Final Thoughts
1. ARDS studies need to be able to identify
alveolar injury
2. Did the AECCC prevent us from adequately
investigating some therapies?
3. Are critical care syndromes really of any use?