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Archi types
Vernacular architecture refers to traditional local architecture that uses locally available building materials and responds to the climate. It is characterized by simple, functional designs. The document discusses different climate types according to the Köppen climate classification system and provides examples of vernacular architecture and passive design strategies appropriate for each climate type. These include compact forms, solar orientation, natural ventilation, shading, and use of local materials for hot arid, hot humid, temperate, Mediterranean, and continental climates.
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Archi types
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- 2. VERNACULAR • Vernaculus isa term used to identify the language of the origin. The word coming from the latin VERNUS, an asian (sanskrit) term, used by romans to identify a slave and, in particular, the one who, parents from abroad, has born in the master’s house. So in latin time, they used to speak about vernacula vocabula as well as festivitas, to identify slaves’ homeland traditions.
- 3. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE • Itis the traditional, local architecture. Synonim of popular, poor, old fashion, local materials, climate responsive, also sustainable Pictures used in wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture
- 4. After Nomadic ->Permanent dwelling • The main building materials, naturally available, are STONE, MUD and WOOD • The main building choices are: • Let natural light/sun enter/keep it out of the building • Let natural ventilation go through the buiding (and the envelope) • Stop/enhance heat transfer from inside to outside • Stop/enhance heat transfer from outside to inside • Store heat in the envelope • Stop/enhance moisture transfer from inside to outside or store it in the envelope
- 5. BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE • Bioclimaticdesign – combining “biology” and “climate”, started in the 1950 with few architects: James Marston Ficht, Victor and Aladar Olgyay • Design choices want to assure physiological and psychological comfort (and healthy conditions). You can study the (micro)climate and choose those strategies that works better. • Climate analysis starts with the Olgyay climatic charts. Vivian Loftness, Dagmar Haase (eds.), Sustainable Built Environment, ISBN: 978-1-4614-5827-2 You also have CLIMATE RESPONSIVE, CONSCIOUS, … ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE
- 6. The Watson andLabs matrix (1973) HEAT SOURCES Main strategies Conduction Ventilation Radiation Moisture transf. WINTER (cold season) Increase heat gain Improve heat storage when available Improve indirect gains from warm soil or sun Improve solar gains - Reduce heat loss Reduce heat transfer from inside Reduce air exchanges and infiltrations (*) - SUMMER (hot season) Reduce heat gain Reduce heat transf. from out to inside Reduce heat storage. Reduce air exchanges and infiltrations of hotter external air Reduce solar gains - Increase heat loss Increase heat transf. from in. to outside Improve air exchanges and infiltrations of colder external air Increase radiant losses (cooling) Use evaporative cooling SOURCES - Atmosphere (+earth) Sun - SINKS Earth Atmosphere (+earth) Sky vault Atmosphere (+water) (*) in theory … you could
- 8. How many differentclimates we have? Klima (ancient greek) means inclination. The sun inclination influences the temperature (of the air). Wladimir Köppen (a botanist and geographer) is the author of the first climate classification, based on the averages (monthly) of the: • Rain fall • Air temperature
- 9. How many differentclimates we have? Klima (ancient greek) means inclination. The sun inclination influences the temperature (of the air). Wladimir Köppen (a botanist and geographer) is the author of the first climate classification, based on the averages (monthly) of the: • Rain fall • Air temperature
- 10. How many differentclimates we have? Klima (ancient greek) means inclination. The sun inclination influences the temperature (of the air). Wladimir Köppen (a botanist and geographer) is the author of the first climate classification, based on the averages (monthly) of the: • Rain fall • Air temperature DalleslidesdiDr.R.B.Schultz
- 12. PASSIVE + SOLARARCHITECTURE • Passive means non-active, i.e. without plants using non renewable energy (we may have solar plants, using few NRenergy to work and to exploit solar sources) … the main renewable source being the SUN. • End of 80ies the PASSIVHAUS movement become an institution supporting a building signature and certification Mazria (1979) The passive solar energy book Bo Adamson, Sweden +Wolfgang Feist, Germany
- 13. GREEN and SUSTAINABLEARCHITECTURE • Climate change perception (not only energy security or saving) • More complex approach: life cycle impact (embodied energy, disposal after end of life …)
- 14. 14 Wladimir Peter Köppen 1846,St.Petersburg 1940, Gratz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation Five main climate areas: A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid) B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate) C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters), D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters) E Polar https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Tropical_climate_%28K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification%29.svg
- 15. 15 Wladimir Peter Köppen 1846,St.Petersburg 1940, Gratz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation Five main climate areas: A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid) B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate) C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters), D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters) E Polar https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Koppen_World_Map_B.png/1024px-Koppen_World_Map_B.png
- 16. 16 Wladimir Peter Köppen 1846,St.Petersburg 1940, Gratz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation Five main climate areas: A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid) B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate) C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters), D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters) E Polar Dry-summer subtropical or Mediterranean climates
- 17. 17 Wladimir Peter Köppen 1846,St.Petersburg 1940, Gratz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation Five main climate areas: A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid) B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate) C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters), D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters) E Polar Humid subtropical climates
- 18. 18 Wladimir Peter Köppen 1846,St.Petersburg 1940, Gratz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation Five main climate areas: A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid) B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate) C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters), D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters) E Polar Oceanic climates
- 19. 19 Wladimir Peter Köppen 1846,St.Petersburg 1940, Gratz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation Five main climate areas: A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid) B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate) C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters), D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters) E Polar https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen_World_Map_D.png
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- 24. Design/operation choices • Urbanform/relation between buildings • Orientation • Form • Air permeability • Solar openings • Colours • Materials • Use of the building
- 25. DRY ClimatesDry, Arid,and Semiarid Climates
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- 31. Hot and dryclimates: mainly summer, with few winter care HEAT SOURCES Main strategies Conduction Ventilation Radiation Moisture transf. WINTER (cold season) Increase heat gain Improve heat storage when available Improve indirect gains from warm soil or sun Improve solar gains - Reduce heat loss Reduce heat transfer from inside Reduce air exchanges and infiltrations (*) - SUMMER (hot season) Reduce heat gain Reduce heat transf. from out to inside Reduce heat storage. Reduce air exchanges and infiltrations of hotter external air Reduce solar gains - Increase heat loss Increase heat transf. from in. to outside Improve air exchanges and infiltrations of colder external air Increase radiant losses (cooling) Use evaporative cooling SOURCES - Atmosphere (+earth) Sun - SINKS Earth Atmosphere (+earth) Sky vault Atmosphere (+water)
- 32. Design/operation choices • Urbanform • Building Form • Orientation • Air permeability • Solar openings • Colours • Materials • Use of the building http://www.brindisitime.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ostuni-Centro-Storico.jpg
- 33. Design/operation choices • Urbanform • Building Form • Orientation • Air permeability • Solar openings • Colours • Materials • Use of the building
- 34. Design/operation choices • Urbanform: Compact, with vegetation (if possible) • Building Form: Compact (if w/low internal gains) • Orientation: Avoid west (and east), consider winds • Air permeability: modifiable • Solar openings: small and with mobile shadows • Colours: Clear/white • Materials: depends on the temperature cycle (annual and daily) • Use of the building: close when too warm, open when cooler
- 35. Design/operation choices • Roof:Pitched if double, flat but as clear as possible or shadowed or green • Wall: thick high conductivity to reduce the temperature variability • Windows: Little, size to have enough winter solar gains and to minimize summers. Openable, with movable shade. If possible south facing, other orientations to catch wind during night and days. • Water: If any water, courtyard gardens and patio fountains (evapotranspiration), street trees, evaporation sprays … • Balconies: may work to give shade on south facing walls • Internal walls and doors: if acoustical privacy is not so important, with openings to let transverse ventilation take actions
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- 37. o u tdo o r p la n n in g Outdoor spaces: • Asmost day-to-day activitiestake place outside, it is important to treat the external spacesjust ascarefully as the indoors. • Adjacent buildings, pavements, roadsheat up quickly and cause a glare onto the building during the day and at night, they radiate the heat stored during the day. • One way to avoid thisisto place wallsprotecting external spaces, to keep out dust and winds. • Also, landscaping like trees, plantsand water in enclosed spaceswill cool the air by evaporation. • But the best solution iscourtyards. In these a pool of night air isretained, asthisisheavier than surrounding warmair • A small courtyard isexcellent asa thermal regulator. Courtyard design with evaporative cooling e courtyard isprovided with water and plants, it actsas cooling source. ernal courtyardsprovidescrossventilation& natural urtyard
- 38. Vernacular examples –Yemen mud high rise houses https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam#/media/File:Shibam2.JPG
- 39. Vernacular examples –Yemen mud high rise houses https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam#/media/File:Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg
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- 42. Al Bahr Towers 2,000intelligent, controlled, shading components that automatically open and close depending on the intensity of sunlight
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- 47. Tropical, warm-humidTropical Climates dailytemperature change is greater than annual
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- 51. Design/operation choices • Urbanform: sprawl to enhance ventilation cooling, with vegetation • Building Form: diffused • Orientation: not significant all sun must be shadeed • Air permeability: the highest and through a double envelope • Solar openings: the least • Colours: Clear/white • Materials: light • Use of the building: as close as possible to light as open as possible to natural ventiliation
- 52. Design/operation choices • Roofand wall: double, light envelope external shadow + internal permeable. No significative insulation • Windows: wide and distributed (best if north and some south), with shade, roof windows in particular are important (stack effect+best lighti), to catch wind during night and days. • First floor: where there is a flood risk (but not only) … elevated • Balconies: yes everywhere • Internal walls and doors: if acoustical privacy is not so important, with openings to let transverse ventilation take actions
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- 64. Continental climate: bothwinters and summers HEAT SOURCES Main strategies Conduction Ventilation Radiation Moisture transf. WINTER (cold season) Increase heat gain Improve heat storage when available Improve indirect gains from warm soil or sun Improve solar gains - Reduce heat loss Reduce heat transfer from inside Reduce air exchanges and infiltrations (*) - SUMMER (hot season) Reduce heat gain Reduce heat transf. from out to inside Reduce heat storage. Reduce air exchanges and infiltrations of hotter external air Reduce solar gains - Increase heat loss Increase heat transf. from in. to outside Improve air exchanges and infiltrations of colder external air Increase radiant losses (cooling) Use evaporative cooling SOURCES - Atmosphere (+earth) Sun - SINKS Earth Atmosphere (+earth) Sky vault Atmosphere (+water)
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- 66. Solar energy throughwindows and walls DIRECT GAIN
- 67. Solar energy throughwindows and walls DIRECT GAIN Take care of OVERHEATING … consider ventilation
- 68. Solar energy throughwindows and walls DIRECT GAIN Take care of OVERHEATING … consider ventilation
- 69. What happens duringthe night?
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- 74. INDIRECT GAIN • Thermalstorage and Mass A passive solar heating system consisting of a south facing heavy (high heat capacity) wall: • heavy masonry (Trombe Wall) • water filled containers (water wall) • The outside south facing surface is glazed to admit sunlight and reduce heat losses. • Trombe-Michel Wall -- a dark, south facing masonry wall protected by a glass (lower convection/radiation) + ventilation • Water Wall -- a water filled containers behind the same glass, south facing of course.
- 75. Thermal storage andMass INDIRECT GAIN
- 76. Thermal storage andMass INDIRECT GAIN
- 77. Thermal storage andMass INDIRECT GAIN
- 78. Thermal storage andMass INDIRECT GAIN
- 79. Thermal storage andMass INDIRECT GAIN
- 80. Thermal storage andMass INDIRECT GAIN
- 82. Thermal storage andMass INDIRECT GAIN
- 83. Thermal storage andMass INDIRECT GAIN Is this a living space?
- 84. Solar Fabrique -Friburgo
- 85. Solar Fabrique -Friburgo
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- 90. PCM Phase ChangeMaterials
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- 93. Some wiki-pages andother open (not always) resources: • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_yearly_temperature • https://www.slideshare.net/rmsimpson/climate-classification • Vivian Loftness, Dagmar Haase (eds), Sustainable Built Environments, Springer, 2013 • http://www.solaripedia.com/ • National design handbook prototype on passive solar heating and natural cooling of buildings, UN Centre for Human Settlements, Nairobi, 1990, available here • Paul Gut, Dieter Ackerknecht, Climate responsive building. Appropriate Building Construction in Tropical and Subtropical Regions, SKAT 1993, available here • Hassan Fathy, Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates (1986), available here.