1. Before excavation begins, archaeologists conduct preliminary research, surveys, and remote sensing to locate and evaluate archaeological sites. They also obtain necessary permits and permissions.
2. During excavation, archaeologists carefully uncover and record artifacts, features, and stratigraphy using tools like trowels, brushes, screens, and total stations. They take detailed notes and photographs to document findings.
3. Stratigraphy and provenience are essential to understanding the archaeological record. Archaeologists excavate by natural, arbitrary, or combined levels to systematically uncover and interpret site formation processes.
Excavation Methods in Archaeological Research & StudiesPrachya Adhyayan
Excavation is the scientific way and method of removing objects and uncovering stationary features that have been concealed by later deposits. In other words, excavation is the removal of the matrix in order to discover and retrieve archaeological data from beneath the ground, thereby revealing the three dimensional structure of the data and matrix both vertically and horizontally.
Exploration Method’s in Archaeological Studies & ResearchPrachya Adhyayan
The principal concern of any archaeological fieldwork is to acquire new information within the context of a well-designed program of research. This program of research today ranges from goal-specific one day fieldwork to long term ventures covering many field seasons. In the field, one of the main concern of the archaeologist is the study of artifacts and features. Artifacts are the objects made or used or modified by the man such as stone tools, pottery and metal objects. A site is selected on the basis of combination of several factors, such as the period of the site, the length of the occupation, the importance of the structures and the site uniqueness in the area.
Further, the archaeological site is selected to address specific goal or goals.
The goal covers in terms of time, space, subject matter and approach.
The research is tailored made to solve specific problem(s).
Method of Excavations and Explorations.pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
A Protohistoric Pottery type of India associated with Copper Age implements. A remarkable milestone of Indian Archaeology in the context of Potteries, Copper Artefacts and Late-Harappan rural cultures.
Excavation Methods in Archaeological Research & StudiesPrachya Adhyayan
Excavation is the scientific way and method of removing objects and uncovering stationary features that have been concealed by later deposits. In other words, excavation is the removal of the matrix in order to discover and retrieve archaeological data from beneath the ground, thereby revealing the three dimensional structure of the data and matrix both vertically and horizontally.
Exploration Method’s in Archaeological Studies & ResearchPrachya Adhyayan
The principal concern of any archaeological fieldwork is to acquire new information within the context of a well-designed program of research. This program of research today ranges from goal-specific one day fieldwork to long term ventures covering many field seasons. In the field, one of the main concern of the archaeologist is the study of artifacts and features. Artifacts are the objects made or used or modified by the man such as stone tools, pottery and metal objects. A site is selected on the basis of combination of several factors, such as the period of the site, the length of the occupation, the importance of the structures and the site uniqueness in the area.
Further, the archaeological site is selected to address specific goal or goals.
The goal covers in terms of time, space, subject matter and approach.
The research is tailored made to solve specific problem(s).
Method of Excavations and Explorations.pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
A Protohistoric Pottery type of India associated with Copper Age implements. A remarkable milestone of Indian Archaeology in the context of Potteries, Copper Artefacts and Late-Harappan rural cultures.
On the processing of aerial LiDAR data for supporting enhancement, interpreta...Beniamino Murgante
On the processing of aerial LiDAR data for supporting enhancement, interpretation and mapping of archaeological features
Rosa Lasaponara - Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council, Italy
Nicola Masini- Archaeological and monumental heritage institute, National Research Council, Italy
Presentation to Digital Humanities class at Pratt Institute on the history of computing in the field of archaeology and current digital humanities projects.
The use of Spatial Technologies and digital tools and techniques in ArchaeologyPaul Cripps
A presentation given the MSc students studying Archaeological Computing at the University of Southampton on the subject of spatial technologies in archaeology drawing on the tools and technologies used by Wessex Archaeology and other practitioners of archaeological computing, aimed at giving them an idea of what is and what can be done. Part of a CAA seminar series.
- Method of site survey, Scientific aids in exploration, Excavations: Horizon...Dr. Ashwani Asthana
Method of site survey, Scientific aids in exploration, Method and layout of Excavations: Horizontal, Vertical, etc Startigraphy in archaeology and Methods of Relative and Absolute dating
1. Glacial Varve Chronology
2. Radio Carbon Dating (Carbon- 14)
3. Thermo luminescence Dating (T l. Dating)
4. Archaeomagnetism
5. Potassium-argon Dating
6. Fluorine, Uranium And Nitrogen Dating Of Bones
7. Fluorine Dating
8. Uranium Dating
9. Nitrogen Or Collagen Dating
10. Dendrochronology )
Archaeological detection using satellite sensorsDART Project
A presentation given by Anthony Beck at the workshop "Potential of satellite images and hyper/multi-spectral recording in archaeology"
Poznan – 31st June 2012
A presentation given by Anthony Beck at the Archpro workshop1 in Vienna. The workshop was instigated by the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute.
This presentation covers the applications of satellite platforms for archaeological prospection and heritage management.
Archaeology is the study of the ancient and recent human past through material remains.. Archaeology is often considered a branch of socio-cultural anthropology
Remote sensing
Field survey
Archeological Excavation
Archeological analysis
Computational and virtual archeology
Drones
Remote – sensing method :
Before actually starting to dig in a location, remote sensing can be used to look where sites are located within a large area or provide more information about sites or regions.
Remote Sensing methods employed in the service of archaeological investigations include:
1-Satellite Imaging
2-Aerial, UAV and Satellite Imaging
3-ground penetrating radar
These remains can be anything created, modified Or used by humans.
Archeologists uses artifacts and features to learn how people lived in Specific times and places.
The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts and cultural l
archaeologists define, retrieve, and record cultural and biological remains found in the ground.
It can reveal several types of information usually not accessible to survey, such as stratigraphy, three-dimensional structure, and verifiably primary context
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. Before the Fieldwork Begins
• Permission or access to lands
• Necessary Research Permits
• International preparations if
necessary
• Talk to local community
• Prepare laboratory processing space
• Prepare adequate artifact storage
space
4. Preliminary Research
• Research any previous archaeology of the
region
• Consult historical record (written records,
old maps, etc.)
• Understand the landscape
5. Preliminary Research
Portion of a Sanborn Fire
Insurance Map from 1884
showing Charles Bierbauer's
West Utica Brewery on
Edwards Street next to "J. B.
Goodliff Malt Ho. Old. Vacant."
12. Archaeological Sampling Strategies
Judgmental sampling: sampling where
you believe (based on judgement) sites
will be found
Probabilistic sampling: using a form of
scientific randomization
13. Archaeological Sampling Strategies
Probabilistic sampling: first, grid off your
entire area for analysis (this is the basis for
the sampling)
• Simple Random sampling: random selection
of squares from entire area
• Systematic sampling: sample every nth
square
• Stratified Random sampling: divide (stratify)
total area into different subsections, randomly
sample within each
• Stratified Unaligned sampling: random sample
taken within each predefined grid square
14. Survey Information Recovery
Observation: identify location
of artifacts on the surface
Surface Collection: analyze
types and quantities of artifacts
in different places
Survey data obtained from the Hungarian Copper Age site of Körösladány 14
17. Archaeology and Remote Sensing
Anything that helps us learn what is on or in
the ground without having to dig, or even be
present.
Aerial photography
Showing prehistoric
enclosure under fields
in Cornwall, England
18. Archaeology and Remote Sensing
Satellite Data: can “see” what is not visible,
e.g. through dense forests.
Infrared Imaging
(NASA)
Maya region, Petén,
Guatemala
Ground Truthing of
Archaeological Sites
19. Archaeology and Remote Sensing
Satellite Data: can highlight ancient features
such as roads
Infrared Imaging (NASA)
Chaco Canyon Area, NM
20. Archaeology and Remote Sensing
Ground Penetrating Radar
Possible Fortification Ditches
Single GPR Profile, Bunker Hill
Six 20 m long GPR profiles showing
possible fortification ditches from the
Revolutionary War battle, Bunker Hill
National Monument, Mass.
21. Archaeology and Remote Sensing
Magnetometry
Filtered magnetic susceptibility data
revealing linear trends possibly
representing structures and garden
plots at Escondido Pueblo, NM
22. Archaeology and Other
Modern Technology
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Reads signals bouncing off several satellites
to give exact locations in latitude/longitude
or other coordinates.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Computerized ways of making maps of
different features that can be overlain to
show relationships of natural and cultural
features through time.
32. Excavation Levels
Natural or Stratigraphic Levels: Excavation reverses the
natural order of deposition by proceeding downwards one
stratum at a time.
Contoured Arbitrary Levels: The archaeologist picks an
arbitrary depth (5 cm, 10 cm, etc.) to which the entire unit is
excavated, paralleling the natural slope of the ground
surface.
Simple Arbitrary Levels: Levels are defined by arbitrary
depths below datum. When a level is completed, all four
corners and the center of the unit will be the same depth
below datum.
Combined Natural and Arbitrary Levels.
33. Excavation Techniques: Horizontal
or Vertical?
Vertical Excavations:
•Smaller-sized, deeper
pits, aimed at recovering
diachronic information
•Typically start with small
test-pits, 1x1m or 2x2m
Channel Islands, Santa Cruz Island, CA
35. Excavation Techniques: Horizontal
or Vertical?
Horizontal Excavations:
•Larger, more exposed
areas, aimed at
recovering synchronic
information
Roman Settlement, Vignale III R11522, Italy
36. Excavation Techniques: Horizontal
or Vertical?
Trench Excavations:
•Quick exposure of
small horizontal area
•Exposes stratigraphy
through sidewalls
Caerleon Legionary Fortress, Roman Era, U.K.
37. Excavation Techniques:
Tools of the Trade
Small Tools:
•Trowel
•Tape Measures
•Files
•Root Clippers
•Nails and String
•Line Level/Plumb Bob
•Dental Picks
•Brushes
39. Excavation Techniques
Excavations range
from careful trowel
and brush work to the
use of backhoes.
Trowel excavation of Native
American site, Morro Bay, CA
versus
Backhoe removal of topsoil, Yarra
Yarra Catchment Area, WA
40. Excavation and Recovering
Artifacts in the Field
Many artifacts are recorded in situ (in their original
location) before removal from excavation
Foundation Floor with
Artifacts, Historic Bishop
Ranch House, Clark
County, NV
44. Excavation and Recovering
Artifacts in the Field
Flotation: Recovering tiny artifacts through
specialized water-screening
•Tiny Artifacts
•Carbon
•Botanicals
Low-tech and
High-tech
Fish scales, e.g.
45. Note-Taking in the Field
Forms: ensure archaeologists record
consistent information for the following…
•Features (within or cross-cutting units)
•Levels (within units, complete a new form with
each new level)
•Units (fill out when excavation unit is complete)
•Profile/Plan maps (profile all stratigraphy, draw
plan maps of the base of all excavation levels)
•Photo/Video Logs (document all finds and levels)
