Locating an archaeological site
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Archaeological sites can be located through accidental discovery, written sources, aerial surveys, and surveying techniques. Aerial surveys use crop marks, soil marks, shadow marks, and satellite imagery to identify sites from above. Geophysical surveys like resistivity, magnetometry, and ground-penetrating radar can map subsurface features. Together these methods help archaeologists understand a site's history and pinpoint areas for excavation.
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Archaeology 2014 year 11 topic i
Archaeologists have evolved from being treasure hunters with unscientific methods to using a wide range of scientific disciplines. Modern archaeologists study various time periods and locations, such as prehistoric societies, ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, more recent historical sites, industrial sites, and submerged structures. They aim to understand a site's history through excavation and by locating sites using accidental discoveries, written sources, aerial surveys, and geophysical methods like ground-penetrating radar and resistivity surveys.
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Q1. Equinoctial hours are hours of equal length based on there being 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness on the equinoxes (the two days each year when day and night are approximately equal in length).
Q2. Western civilization began using equinoctial hours to measure the passing of time during the Hellenistic Age of the Ancient Greeks, which was over 2,000 years ago.
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Tutankhamun's tomb was discovered in 1922 in the Valley of the Kings by Howard Carter. The tomb provided insights into life in New Kingdom Egypt. Despite its small size, the tomb contained a wealth of burial objects and decorations that offered details about Egyptian burial customs, religious beliefs, and funerary practices. The paintings on the tomb walls also depicted Egyptian deities and the afterlife. While Tutankhamun's reign was brief, his tomb revealed aspects of rule and society during Egypt's New Kingdom period.
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by long-term surface processes such as impact gardening, eolian erosion, water weathering,
and glacial modifications. China’s first Martian mission, Tianwen-1, employed the Mars
Rover Penetrating Radar (RoPeR) to unveil the detailed structure of the regolith layer and
assess its loss tangent. The RoPeR radargram revealed the local regolith layer to be highly
heterogeneous and geologically complex and characterized by structures that resemble partial
or complete crater walls and near-surface impact lenses at a very shallow depth. However,
comparable radar data from the Lunar far side are rather uniform, despite the two surfaces
being geologically contemporary. The close-to-surface crater presented in this study shows
no detectable surface expression, which suggests an accelerated occultation rate for small
craters on the surface of Mars as compared to the rate on the Moon. This is probably due to
the relentless eolian processes on the Martian surface that led to the burial of the crater and
thus shielded it from further erosion. The high loss tangent indicates that the regolith at the
Tianwen-1 landing site is not dominated by water ice.
Ground Penetrating Radar Scanning Unveiling the Hidden Depths
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-destructive geophysical method that uses electromagnetic waves to image the subsurface. It works by emitting waves into the ground and analyzing the signals reflected back to determine subsurface characteristics. GPR has a wide range of applications including archaeology, construction, environmental studies, and more. Advancements are improving resolution and integrating GPR with technologies like GPS to better map and interpret subsurface structures and compositions.
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Locating an archaeological site
- 3. LOCATING AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE Main concern in excavating a site is to understand its history. Ways of locating sites: AccidentalPloughing, land reclamation, building, quarrying, dredging, constructin g infrastructure (highways, railways, etc) and war. Written SourcesLiterary clues, folklore, maps, legends and place names.
- 4. Tells The gradual build of debris from human occupation may led to the creation of mounds or “tells”
- 5. What do you see? What does an archaeologist see?
- 6. AERIAL SURVEY Ancient sites can be discovered from the air in several ways. CROP MARKS Crops grow irregularly and slower when planted over the remains of walls, buildings roads. Crops growing over ancient pits and trenches grow faster and taller. From the air outline ancient remains are clear. Infrared photography makes this clearer.
- 8. Soil Marks to the right.
- 9. SOIL/SCORCHED MARKS After a field has been freshly ploughed areas where the soil is darker may indicate a pit, ditch or mound is located below the surface. SHADOW MARKS Visible from air where low earthworks or mounds existed and cast shadows when the Sun is low in the sky (early morning, sunset and winter).
- 10. Soil or crop marks depending on the season
- 11. SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHY Used to find lost city of Ubar in the Persian Gulf (5,000 years old). SURVEYING TECHNIQUES Simple observation - field walking where physical features are noted and finds recorded. Location of finds are plotted on a site map. Concentration of finds would indicate a good place to start excavation.
- 12. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY Produces a visual plan of the features below the surface of the site.
- 13. PENETRATING RADAR (GPR) Electromagnetic pulses (radar signals) are transmitted into the ground. The signal patterns indicate buried objects, { location and depth al so any changes in soil.
- 14. An electric current is passed through two metal probes in the ground. Buried structures have a high resistance reading. Pits and trenches have a low resistance reading. . RESISTIVITY SURVEY
- 15. This method determines the magnetic properties of the soil’s subsurface. High readings indicate the presence of iron, bricks and/or burnt soil. Low readings suggest the ground has been disturbed and/or decayed organic materials. MAGNETIC SURVEYING
- 16. Exercise Select three of the following sites and explain what they are and the clues/methods used to locate them. Sutton Hoo Staffordshire Hoard The Dead Sea Scroll The Maiden Hall treasure Palace of Knossos Machu Picchu Catul Huyuk