The document outlines various approaches to language testing, including the essay-translation, structuralist, and integrative approaches. The essay-translation approach relies heavily on teacher judgment and involves literary and cultural biases, while the structuralist approach focuses on systematic language acquisition and tests skills separately. The integrative approach assesses language in context, emphasizing meaning and the simultaneous use of multiple skills through various testing methods.

1. APPROACHES
TO LANGUAGE
TESTING

2. APPROACHES TO LANGUAGE TESTING
ESSAY-TRANSLATION APPROACH
STRUCTURALIST APPROACH
INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH

3. ESSAY-TRANSLATION APPROACH
 Pre-scientific stage of language
testing;
 No special skill or expertise in
testing is required;
 Subjective judgment of the
teacher is considered to be of
paramount importance;

4. ESSAY-TRANSLATION APPROACHESSAY-TRANSLATION APPROACH
Tests usually consists of essay
writing, translation, and grammatical
analysis;
The tests have heavy literary and
cultural bias.

5. STRUCTURALIST APPROACH
 Chiefly concerned with the
systematic acquisition of a set of
habits;
 Gives importance to contrastive
analysis and learner’s mastery of
the separate elements of the target
language: phonology, vocabulary
and grammar;

6. STRUCTURALIST APPROACH
The skills of listening, speaking,
reading and writing are tested
separately or one thing at a time;
 The psychometric approach to
measurement is emphasized
(objective/multiple-choice test).

7. INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
Involve the testing of language in
context;
Concerned primarily with meaning;
Assess the learner’s ability to use
two or more skills simultaneously;

8. INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
Involves functional language;
Characterized by the use of
cloze testing and dictation, also
oral interviews, translation and
essay writing.