Brain CT Anatomy and Basic Interpretation Part ISakher Alkhaderi
Detailed anatomy and Radiological guidelines for radiologist and general physicians to facilitate use of BRAIN CT SCAN in medical diagnosis and emergencies supported by images and scientific data.
Skull base tumors & perineural spread radiology pptDr pradeep Kumar
Skull base tumors & perineural spread radiology ppt This powerpoint presentation includes important anatomy and important pathology of skull base lesion with its imaging feature as well as its ct mri image. This will help alot. this will help for radiology resident as well as ent .
Brain CT Anatomy and Basic Interpretation Part IISakher Alkhaderi
Detailed anatomy of the brain ventricles , CSF production and pathway and arterial supply and venous drainage of the brain and corresponding CT cross sectional anatomy and definition of sulcus and gyrus and fissure and the names of the important gyri .
Practical Points in Emergency CT for Emergency PhysiciansRathachai Kaewlai
The handout describes some brief practical points on emergency CT, particularly for emergency physicians. They include imaging utilisation trends, radiation dose, contrast reaction, contrast-induced nephropathy, use of oral contrast medium and some caveats on emergency CT (esp. abdomen)
Describes cross sectional anatomy of the mediastinum , and lobar and segmental anatomy of the lung with teaching points and radiological guidelines and multiple examples of lobar and segmental pathologies and how we localize these pathologies .Also the types of chest CT images and indications of chest CT.
Brain CT Anatomy and Basic Interpretation Part ISakher Alkhaderi
Detailed anatomy and Radiological guidelines for radiologist and general physicians to facilitate use of BRAIN CT SCAN in medical diagnosis and emergencies supported by images and scientific data.
Skull base tumors & perineural spread radiology pptDr pradeep Kumar
Skull base tumors & perineural spread radiology ppt This powerpoint presentation includes important anatomy and important pathology of skull base lesion with its imaging feature as well as its ct mri image. This will help alot. this will help for radiology resident as well as ent .
Brain CT Anatomy and Basic Interpretation Part IISakher Alkhaderi
Detailed anatomy of the brain ventricles , CSF production and pathway and arterial supply and venous drainage of the brain and corresponding CT cross sectional anatomy and definition of sulcus and gyrus and fissure and the names of the important gyri .
Practical Points in Emergency CT for Emergency PhysiciansRathachai Kaewlai
The handout describes some brief practical points on emergency CT, particularly for emergency physicians. They include imaging utilisation trends, radiation dose, contrast reaction, contrast-induced nephropathy, use of oral contrast medium and some caveats on emergency CT (esp. abdomen)
Describes cross sectional anatomy of the mediastinum , and lobar and segmental anatomy of the lung with teaching points and radiological guidelines and multiple examples of lobar and segmental pathologies and how we localize these pathologies .Also the types of chest CT images and indications of chest CT.
Objectives of this presentation are
Introduction to ct
Cross sectional anatomy
Common important pathologies
This presentation is aimed to educate beginers to help in ct interpretetion.
This presentation includes High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the Chest and Temporal bone.
Objective of HRCT.
Artefacts in HRCT.
Clinical applications of HRCT.
Advantages of HRCT.
Disadvantages of HRCT.
Positioning and Centering.
Objectives of this presentation are
Introduction to ct
Cross sectional anatomy
Common important pathologies
This presentation is aimed to educate beginers to help in ct interpretetion.
This presentation includes High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the Chest and Temporal bone.
Objective of HRCT.
Artefacts in HRCT.
Clinical applications of HRCT.
Advantages of HRCT.
Disadvantages of HRCT.
Positioning and Centering.
Blood Can Be Very Very Bad - CMC Neuroimaging Case StudiesSean M. Fox
Drs. Faith Meyers and Steven Perry are Emergency Medicine Residents at Carolinas Medical Center and interested in medical education. Along with the guidance of Dr. Michael Gibbs (Chair of Emergency Medicine), Dr. Jonathan Clemente (Chief of the Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology specialist), and Dr. Scott Wait (Chief of Pediatric Neurosurgery) they aim to help educate us on Neuroimaging. In this initial educational slideset, they are also joined by Dr. Andrew Perron, the creator of the “Blood Can Be Very Bad” Head CT interpretation framework. Follow along with the EMGuideWire.com team as they post the CMC Neuroimaging Case Studies.
This set will cover:
- The Neuroimaging Framework “Blood Can Be Very Very Bad.”
Neuroimaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function of the nervous system.
Neuroimaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
Main modalities of neuroimaging techniques are CT scan and MRI.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Approach to Head CT.ppt
1. Approach to Head CT
Wesley Chan
CC3 Queen’s University
with
Dr. Danny Mandell
Dr. Nasir Jaffer
Department of Medical Imaging
University of Toronto
2. About this presentation
This presentation will give you a
systematic approach to head CT
By the end you should be familiar with
normal anatomy and be able to identify
classic abnormalities on CT
You can test your knowledge with the
short cases at the end
3. Types of head CT’s
Non-contrast
Contrast
IV contrast is given to better evaluate:
Vascular structures
Tumors
Sites of infection
Relative contraindications:
Allergy, renal failure
4. Common Indications for Head CT
Cranial-facial trauma
Acute stroke
Suspected subarachnoid or intracranial
hemorrhage
Evaluation of headache
Evaluation of sensory or motor function loss
Evaluation of sinus cavities
5. CT basics
Before we begin, there are key concepts
you should be familiar with:
Hounsfield units
Windowing & leveling
Planes
6. What’s a Hounsfield Unit?
Named after the inventor of CT
CT scanners record the attenuation
(brightness) of each pixel in Hounsfield Units
(HU)
This number represents the relative density
of the scanned substance
Ranges from -1000 to +1000
7. Hounsfield Unit (HU)
Different substances have different relative densities and
thus, different Hounsfield units
Air: -1000 HU
Fat: -50 HU
Water: 0 HU
Soft tissue: +40 HU
Blood: +40-80 HU
Stones: +100 to +400 HU
Bone: +1000 HU
Therefore, if you’re not sure what you’re looking at,
measure its Hounsfield Unit!
8. How to measure HU
In EFILM, you can
measure the HU using
the oval ROI tool:
On the right, you can
see sample
measurements of
different structures
Note how bone, CSF,
brain tissue, and air all
have different mean HUs
9. Windowing
The human eye can only perceive ~ 16 shades
of gray
The CT scanner records levels of gray far
beyond what the eye can see
Therefore, to interpret images, we have to limit
the number of Hounsfield units shown
(windowing)
The computer then converts this set range of
HU into shades of gray we can see
10. Windows & levels
Window width:
The range of HU of all tissues of interest
Tissues in this range will be displayed in
various shades of gray
Tissues with HU outside the range are
displayed as black or white
Window level:
The central HU of all the numbers in the
window width
12. Window examples
BRAIN window
W:80 L:40
BONE window
W:2500 L:480
SUBDURAL window
W:350 L:90
In head CT, 3 windows are commonly used
13. Hounsfield Unit (HU)
Different substances have different relative densities and
thus, different Hounsfield units
Air: -1000 HU
Fat: -50 HU
Water: 0 HU
Soft tissue: +40 HU
Blood: +40-80 HU
Stones: +100 to +400 HU
Bone: +1000 HU
Therefore, if you’re not sure what you’re looking at,
measure its Hounsfield Unit!
14. Plane
Transaxial plane
used most often for head CT’s
Coronal plane
good for evaluation of
pituitary/sella and sinuses
Saggital plane
rarely used (more common in
MRI)
Plane refers to how the picture slices are orientated
16. Identification
Now we can begin our basic approach to
the head CT
Start with the easy stuff:
PATIENT NAME (make sure you have the right patient !!)
MEDICAL RECORD # (MRN)
AGE
DATE OF EXAM
17. Previous studies
Always check for any previous scans for
comparison
Findings can be very subtle
A good way to spot them is to look for changes
between the current and previous scans
Even old chest and abdominal films can give
you clues to possible brain pathology
ie. Brain mets from lung cancer
18. Study parameters
Make note of the study technique:
Anatomic region of scan: head, neck, spine
Slice thickness (mm)
Window level & width
Plane: Transaxial, coronal, saggital
Use of contrast?
Look for the Circle of Willis. It will be enhanced on
studies using contrast
19. Image analysis
Now that you have noted all the basic
information about the scan, it’s time to
look at the scan itself
Use a systematic order & approach to
what you look at
Use the same approach for all scans to
ensure that you don’t miss anything
20. Regions to inspect
We will start from the inside and move
outwards:
1. Midline structures &
symmetry
2. Ventricles
3. Cisterns
4. Brain parenchyma
5. Sulci
6. Sinuses
7. Bones
8. Skin/soft tissue
21. 1. Midline structures
Identify: (click on the names to see their location)
Falx Cerebri
Pineal gland
(usually calcified)
Great vein of Galen
Fornix
22. Midline shift
Evaluate for midline shift:
Find a slice where the 2
lateral ventricles are
prominent
Draw a vertical line down
the middle joining the falx
cerebri anteriorly &
posteriorly
The septum
between the
lateral ventricles
should not deviate
more than 5mm
from the midline
23. Midline shift examples
A right-sided abscess is causing a
midline shift to the left
A left-sided tumor is causing a
midline shift to the right
L L
R R
Click me to see shift Click me to see shift
24. 2. Ventricles
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Identify: (click on the names to see their location)
Lateral ventricles x 2
Cerebral aqueduct
25. Ventricles
Evaluate for any changes in
Symmetry
Size
Shape
Density
A displaced ventricle is often the product
of mass effect or atrophy
26. Common pathology:
(click on name to see an example)
Hydrocephalus
Intra-ventricular Hemorrhage
Mass effect
Atrophy
Ventricles
27. 3. Cisterns
Identify: (click on the names to see their location)
Supracellar cistern
Ambient cistern
Prepontine cistern
Cisterna magna
28. Cisterns
Evaluate for any changes in
Symmetry
Size
Density
Cisterns often contain blood with
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Cisterns can fill with pus in the setting of
meningitis
29. 4. Brain parenchyma – Lobes
First, identify the major lobes:
(click on names to see their location)
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
30. Brain Parenchyma - Brainstem
Then identify:
(click on the names to see their location)
Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Medulla
31. Brain parenchyma – Deep structures
Lastly, identify the deep structures:
(click on the names to see their location)
Thalamus
Lentiform Nucleus
Caudate
Corpus Callosum
Internal capsule
External capsule
32. Look for mass lesions
(click on the names to see example)
Abscess
Neoplasm
Parenchymal masses
Note how the tumor becomes bright with contrast
Also note the surrounding dark area of edema
Note the ring enhancing lesion consistent
with that of an abscess
33. Acute Infarct
The middle cerebral artery (MCA)
becomes hyperdense due to occlusion
The usual border between grey and white
matter is lost due to vasogenic edema
Hyperdense MCA sign
Look for signs of acute infarction
Loss of gray-white
differentiation
Click me to see Click me to see
34. Chronic Infarct
Then, look for signs of chronic infarction:
Mild midline shift to the
right due to atrophy
Retractment of parenchyma
from skull due to atrophy
Focal area of
hypodensity
36. Microangiopathic change
You may encounter the term
“microangiopathic change” in reports
and wonder what it is
Microangiopathic change refers to
age-related white matter ischemia
due to microvessel disease
Very commonly seen in the elderly
Its clinical significance is still not
known
Microangiopathic change
Normal
37. Types of Hematoma
Look for evidence of a bleed:
Subdural Hematoma
Due to tear of bridging veins
Look for crescentic shape along brain surface
Crosses suture lines
Epidural Hematoma
Due to rupture of middle meningeal artery
Associated with skull fractures
Look for biconvex, lenticular shape
Does not cross suture lines
38. Subdural vs. Epidural
SUBDURAL EPIDURAL
Note the cresentic shape Note the lenticular shape
Click me to see shape Click me to see shape
39. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Blood in
subarachnoid
space
Blood in
sulci
Blood in ventricle
Look for a subarachnoid hemorrhage
Due to aneurysm rupture, trauma, or AVM
Blood in the subarachnoid space and/or ventricles
Blood can often first be seen in the inter-peduncular cistern
(Normal)
40. Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage
Look for intraparenchymal
hemorrhage:
blood (acute, subacute, or
chronic) located in brain
parenchyma
surrounding area of edema
may also be seen
Usually caused by
hypertension
41. Hemorrhage timeline
If you see a bleed, try to assess if its new or old:
ACUTE bleed (< 3 days)
Hyperdense (80-100 HU) relative to brain
Caused by protein-Hb component
Can be hard to spot if hemoglobin is low (<80)
SUBACUTE bleed (3-14 days)
Hyperdense, isodense, or hypodense relative to brain
Density loss starts from periphery and goes to centre
CHRONIC bleed (>2 weeks)
Hypodense (<40 HU) relative to brain
42. Density of blood over time in a
subdural hematoma
Acute
(<3 days)
Sub-acute
(3-14 days)
Chronic
(>14 days)
Hyperdense
blood
Isodense
blood
Hypodense
blood
43. 5. Sulci
Central sulcus
Precentral sulcus
Sulci
Sylvian fissures
Postcentral sulcus
Identify:
(click on the names to see their location)
44. Sulci
Remember that sulci will become deeper and more prominent
with age
Look for blood in the sulci & Sylvian Fissure which are
indications of a sub-arachnoid bleed
Acute blood in
Sylvian fissure
Acute blood in
sulci
45. 6. Sinuses
Switch to Bone Window to better evaluate the sinuses
Identify: (click on the names to see their location)
Ethmoid Sinus
Sphenoid Sinus
Superior Saggital Sinus
Frontal Sinus
Maxillary Sinus
46. Sinuses
Evaluate for any sinusitis:
fluid in sinuses
(notice the air/fluid level)
normal
sinusitis
47. Sinuses
Also look for any:
Mucosal thickening
Blood in sinuses (especially with history of trauma)
Polyps or mucous retention cysts
48. 7. Bone
Stay on the Bone Window and look at the bones now
Identify:
(click on the names to see their location)
Skull
Sutures
Mastoid air cells
50. 8. Skin & Soft tissue
Evaluate for any:
Surgical changes
Sub-galeal hematoma
Foreign body
51. Congratulations!
You now know an easy, systematic
approach to head CT!
You have also learned how to identify
normal anatomy and how to spot classic
abnormalities on CT
What follows is a brief summary of what
you have learned followed by some short
cases
52. Recap
Begin with the basic identification
Remember to check for previous scans
Check the technique
Look at each region of the brain
systematically
We started from the middle and worked out:
1. Midline structures
2. Ventricles
3. Cisterns
4. Brain parenchyma
5. Sulci
6. Sinuses
7. Bones
8. Skin/soft tissue
53. Recap
In each area, identify the major anatomy
Then look for findings
Below is a list of important things not to miss:
Midline: midline shift
Ventricles: blood and mass effect
Cisterns: blood and pus
Parenchyma: signs of ischemia and/or bleeding
Sulci: for blood
Sinuses: signs of sinusitis
Bones: fractures
Soft tissue: hematoma
54. Recap
Remember to use the same approach
every time so that you don’t miss
anything!
Try out the cases in the next slides to test
your knowledge
56. Case #1
Ms. EW is an 80 y/o female presenting
with:
Expressive aphasia/apraxia
Mild right facial droop
Atrial fibrillation
A non-contrast CT scan of her brain is
performed
57.
58. Your analysis
What are your findings?
What is your impression?
What would be your top diagnosis?
60. Case #1 - Answer
Mrs. EW had an infarction
of her Left Parietal Lobe
The location is consistent
with MCA infarction
The cause was emboli
related to her atrial
fibrillation
61. Case #2
Mr. GH is a 56 y/o male presenting with:
A sudden onset 10/10 headache while running
Photophobia, nausea & vomiting
No history of trauma or LOC
Otherwise well
A non-contrast CT scan of his brain is
performed
62.
63. Your analysis
What are your findings?
What is your impression?
What would be your top diagnosis?
Is this pathology acute, subacute, or
chronic
64. Case #2 - Answer
Mr. GH had a large
subarachnoid hemorrhage
The bleed was acute
This was caused by rupture of
an ACA aneurysm
He was admitted to ICU where
his condition deteriorated
rapidly
He passed away shortly after
admission
65. Case #3
Ms. JH is a 66 y/o female who slipped
down the stairs yesterday and hit the back
of her head.
She presents with
Generalized left sided weakness
Light headache
A non-contrast CT scan of her brain is
performed
67. Your analysis
What are your findings?
What is your impression?
What would be your top diagnosis?
Is this pathology acute, subacute, or
chronic
68. Case #3 - Answer
Mrs. JH had a large right-
sided subdural hematoma
The hematoma is acute
This was caused by
rupture of bridging veins
when she hit her head
A craniotomy was
performed and the bleed
was drained
69. Bonus case
Mr. LR is a 80 y/o male presenting with:
3 month history of delirium
Recent fall from bed
Large scalp laceration
No focal neurological findings
An non-contrast CT scan of his brain is
performed
71. Analysis
Can you spot the abnormalities?
What is your impression?
What would be your top diagnosis?
72. Bonus case - Answer
Mr. LR had a tiny right-sided
subdural hematoma
Blood is seen along the left
subdural space as well as in the
falx cerebri anteriorly (arrows)
The hematoma is acute
Because of its small size, no
immediate treatment was
required
Follow-up CT scans showed
resolution of the subdural
hematoma
Normal scan for comparison