Wavelets are mathematical functions. The wavelet transform is a tool that cuts up data, functions or operators into different frequency components and then studies each component with a resolution matched to its scale. It is needed, because analyzing discontinuities and sharp spikes of the signal and applications as image compression, human vision, radar, and earthquake prediction. Wai Mar Lwin | Thinn Aung | Khaing Khaing Wai "Applications of Wavelet Transform" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27958.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/27958/applications-of-wavelet-transform/wai-mar-lwin
It is a basic ppt of pattern recognition using wavelates and contourlets.... I will describe the algo into next slide... Thank you... It is a good ppt you can learn the basic of this project
It is a basic ppt of pattern recognition using wavelates and contourlets.... I will describe the algo into next slide... Thank you... It is a good ppt you can learn the basic of this project
Wavelet transform is one of the important methods of compressing image data so that it takes up less memory. Wavelet based compression techniques have advantages such as multi-resolution, scalability and tolerable degradation over other techniques.
Fourier Transform : Its power and Limitations – Short Time Fourier Transform – The Gabor Transform - Discrete Time Fourier Transform and filter banks – Continuous Wavelet Transform – Wavelet Transform Ideal Case – Perfect Reconstruction Filter Banks and wavelets – Recursive multi-resolution decomposition – Haar Wavelet – Daubechies Wavelet.
Research work ppt on speech intelligibility quality in telugu speech patterns...chinavs
The hybrid threshold approach was developed to improve the efficiency of speech communication Systems in a noisy industrial setting. On a shop floor, where employees are interacting with one another, any loss of speech is unacceptable. For this reason, we present a technique in which non-stationary noise enhancement methods are combined with evolutionary computation for machine learning with the aim of improving distorted speech in the audio logical phase. Some variables are more important for speech enhancement algorithms than others, depending on the needs of shop floor staff. For the best Wavelet transform range, a hybrid thresholding scheme for non-stationary low SNR noisy speech patterns is considered in this paper. In hybrid thresholding,
the optimal selection of decomposition levels in the wavelet transform is more critical for speech quality and intelligibility
Images may contain different types of noises. Removing noise from image is often the first step in image processing, and remains a challenging problem in spite of sophistication of recent research. This ppt presents an efficient image denoising scheme and their reconstruction based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT).
This three day course is intended for practicing systems engineers who want to learn how to apply model-driven systems Successful systems engineering requires a broad understanding of the important principles of modern spacecraft communications. This three-day course covers both theory and practice, with emphasis on the important system engineering principles, tradeoffs, and rules of thumb. The latest technologies are covered. <p>
Removal of Clutter by Using Wavelet Transform For Wind ProfilerIJMER
ABSTRACT: Removal of clutter in the radar wind profiler
is the utmost important consideration in radar. Wavelet
transform is very effective method to remove the clutter.
This paper presents a technique based on the wavelet
transform to remove the clutter. In this technique we used
Fourier transform and descrete wavelet transform after
that applied inverse discrete wavelet transform for signal.
These techniques applied for inphase and quadrature
phase, total spectrum and single range gate. Very
encouraging results got with this technique that have
shown practical possibilities for a real time
implementation and for applications related to frequency
domain.
Keywords: Wind profiler, wavelet transform, Fourier transform, clutter, signal processing
Multiplexing generally refers to independent signals, those produced by different sources. SO it is a question of how to share the spectrum with these users. In OFDM the question of multiplexing is applied to independent signals but these independent signals are a sub-set of the one main signal.
In OFDM the signal itself is first split into independent channels, modulated by data and then re-multiplexed to create the OFDM carrier.
OFDM is a combination of modulation and multiplexing.
Packets Wavelets and Stockwell Transform Analysis of Femoral Doppler Ultrasou...IJECEIAES
Ultrasonic Doppler signals are widely used in the detection of cardiovascular pathologies or the evaluation of the degree of stenosis in the femoral arteries. The presence of stenosis can be indicated by disturbing the blood flow in the femoral arteries, causing spectral broadening of the Doppler signal. To analyze these types of signals and determine stenosis index, a number of time-frequency methods have been developed, such as the short-time Fourier transform, the continuous wavelets transform, the wavelet packet transform, and the S-transform
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wavelet transform is one of the important methods of compressing image data so that it takes up less memory. Wavelet based compression techniques have advantages such as multi-resolution, scalability and tolerable degradation over other techniques.
Fourier Transform : Its power and Limitations – Short Time Fourier Transform – The Gabor Transform - Discrete Time Fourier Transform and filter banks – Continuous Wavelet Transform – Wavelet Transform Ideal Case – Perfect Reconstruction Filter Banks and wavelets – Recursive multi-resolution decomposition – Haar Wavelet – Daubechies Wavelet.
Research work ppt on speech intelligibility quality in telugu speech patterns...chinavs
The hybrid threshold approach was developed to improve the efficiency of speech communication Systems in a noisy industrial setting. On a shop floor, where employees are interacting with one another, any loss of speech is unacceptable. For this reason, we present a technique in which non-stationary noise enhancement methods are combined with evolutionary computation for machine learning with the aim of improving distorted speech in the audio logical phase. Some variables are more important for speech enhancement algorithms than others, depending on the needs of shop floor staff. For the best Wavelet transform range, a hybrid thresholding scheme for non-stationary low SNR noisy speech patterns is considered in this paper. In hybrid thresholding,
the optimal selection of decomposition levels in the wavelet transform is more critical for speech quality and intelligibility
Images may contain different types of noises. Removing noise from image is often the first step in image processing, and remains a challenging problem in spite of sophistication of recent research. This ppt presents an efficient image denoising scheme and their reconstruction based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT).
This three day course is intended for practicing systems engineers who want to learn how to apply model-driven systems Successful systems engineering requires a broad understanding of the important principles of modern spacecraft communications. This three-day course covers both theory and practice, with emphasis on the important system engineering principles, tradeoffs, and rules of thumb. The latest technologies are covered. <p>
Removal of Clutter by Using Wavelet Transform For Wind ProfilerIJMER
ABSTRACT: Removal of clutter in the radar wind profiler
is the utmost important consideration in radar. Wavelet
transform is very effective method to remove the clutter.
This paper presents a technique based on the wavelet
transform to remove the clutter. In this technique we used
Fourier transform and descrete wavelet transform after
that applied inverse discrete wavelet transform for signal.
These techniques applied for inphase and quadrature
phase, total spectrum and single range gate. Very
encouraging results got with this technique that have
shown practical possibilities for a real time
implementation and for applications related to frequency
domain.
Keywords: Wind profiler, wavelet transform, Fourier transform, clutter, signal processing
Multiplexing generally refers to independent signals, those produced by different sources. SO it is a question of how to share the spectrum with these users. In OFDM the question of multiplexing is applied to independent signals but these independent signals are a sub-set of the one main signal.
In OFDM the signal itself is first split into independent channels, modulated by data and then re-multiplexed to create the OFDM carrier.
OFDM is a combination of modulation and multiplexing.
Packets Wavelets and Stockwell Transform Analysis of Femoral Doppler Ultrasou...IJECEIAES
Ultrasonic Doppler signals are widely used in the detection of cardiovascular pathologies or the evaluation of the degree of stenosis in the femoral arteries. The presence of stenosis can be indicated by disturbing the blood flow in the femoral arteries, causing spectral broadening of the Doppler signal. To analyze these types of signals and determine stenosis index, a number of time-frequency methods have been developed, such as the short-time Fourier transform, the continuous wavelets transform, the wavelet packet transform, and the S-transform
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Novel design of a fractional wavelet and its application to image denoisingjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a new wavelet family based on fractional calculus. The Haar wavelet is extended to fractional order by a generalization of the associated conventional low-pass filter using the fractional delay operator Z-D. The high-pass fractional filter is then designed by a simple modulation of the low-pass filter. In contrast, the scaling and wavelet functions are constructed using the cascade Daubechies algorithm. The regularity and orthogonality of the obtained wavelet basis are ensured by a good choice of the fractional filter coefficients. An application example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Thanks to the flexibility of the fractional filters, the proposed approach provides better performance in term of image denoising.
In this paper, we present the implemented denoising section in the coding strategy of cochlear
implants, the technique used is the technique of wavelet bionic BWT (Bionic Wavelet
Transform). We have implemented the algorithm for denoising Raise the speech signal by the
hybrid method BWT in the FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), Xilinx (Virtex5
XC5VLX110T). In our study, we considered the following: at the beginning, we present how to
demonstrate features of this technique. We present an algorithm implementation we proposed,
we present simulation results and the performance of this technique in terms of improvement of
the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio). The proposed implementations are realized in VHDL (Very
high speed integrated circuits Hardware Description Language). Different algorithms for
speech processing, including CIS (Continuous Interleaved Sampling) have been implemented
the strategy in this processor and tested successfully.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FILTERING ALGORITHM TO IMPROVE THE SYS...csandit
In this paper, we present the implemented denoising section in the coding strategy of cochlear
implants, the technique used is the technique of wavelet bionic BWT (Bionic Wavelet
Transform). We have implemented the algorithm for denoising Raise the speech signal by the
hybrid method BWT in the FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), Xilinx (Virtex5
XC5VLX110T). In our study, we considered the following: at the beginning, we present how to
demonstrate features of this technique. We present an algorithm implementation we proposed,
we present simulation results and the performance of this technique in terms of improvement of
the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio). The proposed implementations are realized in VHDL (Very
high speed integrated circuits Hardware Description Language). Different algorithms for
speech processing, including CIS (Continuous Interleaved Sampling) have been implemented
the strategy in this processor and tested successfully.
Detection of Transmission Line Faults by Wavelet Based Transient ExtractionIDES Editor
In this paper, a novel technique is applied to detect
fault in the transmission line using wavelet transform. Three
phase currents are monitored at both ends of the transmission
line using global positioning system synchronizing clock.
Wavelet transform, which is very fast and sensitive to noise, is
used to extract transients in the line currents for fault
detection. Fault index is calculated based on the sum of local
and remote end detail coefficients and compared with
threshold value to detect the fault. Proposed technique is
tested for various faults and fault inception angles. Simulation
results are presented showing the selection of proper
threshold value for fault detection.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform Construction and Its Application to Ima...CSCJournals
This paper discusses the application of complex discrete wavelet transform (CDWT) which has significant advantages over real wavelet transform for certain signal processing problems. CDWT is a form of discrete wavelet transform, which generates complex coefficients by using a dual tree of wavelet filters to obtain their real and imaginary parts. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section deals with the disadvantage of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and method to overcome it. The second section of the paper is devoted to the theoretical analysis of complex wavelet transform and the last section deals with its verification using the simulated images.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FILTERING ALGORITHM TO IMPROVE THE SYS...cscpconf
In this paper, we present the implemented denoising section in the coding strategy of cochlear implants, the technique used is the technique of wavelet bionic BWT (Bionic Wavelet
Transform). We have implemented the algorithm for denoising Raise the speech signal by the hybrid method BWT in the FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), Xilinx (Virtex5
XC5VLX110T). In our study, we considered the following: at the beginning, we present how to demonstrate features of this technique. We present an algorithm implementation we proposed, we present simulation results and the performance of this technique in terms of improvement of the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio). The proposed implementations are realized in VHDL (Very high speed integrated circu its Hardware Description Language). Different algorithms for speech processing, including CIS (Continuous Interleaved Sampling) have been implemented the strategy in this processor and tested successfully.
Shunt Faults Detection on Transmission Line by Waveletpaperpublications3
Abstract: Transmission line fault detection is a very important task because major portion of power system fault occurring in transmission system. This paper represents a fast and reliable method of transmission line shunt fault detection. MATLAB Simulink use for modeled an IEEE 9-bus test power system for case study of various faults. In proposed work Daubechies wavelet is applied for decomposition of fault transients. The application of wavelet analysis helps in accurate classification of the various fault patterns. Wavelet entropy measure based on wavelet analysis is able to observe the unsteady signals and complexity of the system at time-frequency plane.
The result shows that the proposed method is capable to detect all the shunt faults.
Comparative detection and fault location in underground cables using Fourier...IJECEIAES
In this research, we create a single-phase to ground synthetic fault by the simulation of a three-phase cable system and identify the location using mathematical techniques of Fourier and modal transforms. Current and voltage signals are measured and analyzed for fault location by the reflection of the waves between the measured point and the fault location. By simulating the network and line modeling using alternative transient programs (ATP) and MATLAB software, two single-phase to ground faults are generated at different points of the line at times of 0.3 and 0.305 s. First, the fault waveforms are displayed in the ATP software, and then this waveform is transmitted to MATLAB and presented along with its phasor view over time. In addition to the waveforms, the detection and fault location indicators are presented in different states of fault. Fault resistances of 1, 100, and 1,000 ohms are considered for fault creation and modeling with low arch strength. The results show that the proposed method has an average fault of less than 0.25% to determine the fault location, which is perfectly correct. It is varied due to changing the conditions of time, resistance, location, and type of error but does not exceed the above value.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD27958 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 2454
original signal. For recovery, all of the coefficients will be
required and the computational effort could be excessive. In
applications that require bilateral transformations, we
would prefer a transform that produces the minimum
number of coefficients required to recover accurately the
original signal.
),()(),( positionscaletfpositionscalec
dtttx
s
sCWT sx )()(
1
),( ,
(3.1)
where “ ” is a variable that indicates the transition of the
mother wavelet and “s” is a variable for scale of the mother
wavelet )(t .
3.2. Discrete wavelet transforms (DWT):
The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) achieves this
requirement by restricting the variation in translation and
scale, usually to power of 2. When the scale is changed in
powers of 2, the discrete wavelet transform is sometimes
termed the dyadic wavelet transform. The DWT may still
require redundancy to produce a bilateral transform unless
the wavelet is carefully chosen such that it leads to an
orthogonal family. In this case, the DWT will produce a
nonredundant, bilateral transform [Wickerhauser,1994]. In
the DWT, a new concept is introduced termed the scaling
function, a function that facilitates computation of the DWT.
To implement the DWT efficiently, the finest resolution is
computed first. The computation then proceeds to coarser
resolutions, but rather than start over on the original
waveform, the computation uses a smoothed version of the
fine resolution waveform.This smoothed versionis obtained
with the help of the scaling function. In fact, the scaling
function is sometimes referred to as the smoothingfunction.
The definition of the scaling functionuses a dilationora two-
scale difference equation:
)2()(2)( ntnct
n
(3.2)
where c(n) is a series of scalars that defines the specific
scaling function. This equation involves two time scales (t
and 2t) and can be quite difficult to solve. In the DWT, the
wavelet itself can be defined from the scaling function:
)2()(2)( ntndt
n
(3.3)
where d(n) is a series of scalars that are related to the
waveform x(t) and that define the discrete wavelet in terms
of the scaling function.
j k
j
j
kxxfkjW )2(2)(),( 2
(3.4)
3.2.1. Discrete Wavelet Transform and
Multiresolution Analysis
Due to the fact that the information carried by CWT-
coefficients is extremely redundant7, one could think of
evaluating the transformation integral only for a subset of
scales am and translations bm, n. This means that the
timescale plane is sub-sampled for certain scales and time
points. However, the transformation should still be
invertible, leading to restrictions forthesampling points and
the wavelets themselves. Although thereexistdifferentways
how to sub-sample the time-scale plane, the name DWT is
usually reserved for a specific setting [15]:
The time-scale plane is only evaluated for dyadic scales
am and sampling points bm,n, am = 2m , bm,n = amnT =
2mnT, m, n eZ T =1fs.
Wavelets are restricted to functions which form an
orthonormal Basis (ONB) forthespaceofinterest, which
is L2(R) for our considerations.
The wavelet used for analysis must be of compact
support, i.e., it is only non-zero for a specific interval.
3.3. Numerical Solution
For any basic function OM and POM may be computed
corresponding to 2M collection points.
In general we can say that the decompositionof f(t),(kis
parameter of transition):
1
2
1
1
0
,, )(.)()(
k
n
M
m
mnmn tCtCtf (3.5)
1
0
)(.)( tPdttf (3.6)
3.3.1. Stationary Discrete Wavelet Transform
Due to the dyadic down-sampling, which is performed for
calculating DWT coefficients, the DWT clearly lacks
translation invariance [16]. Translation invariance means
that shifting the input signal x[n] by an arbitrary amount of
samples simply leads to a shift of the output by the same
amount of samples. However, dyadic down-sampling of an
exemplary sequence x[n] leads to a different result than for
the case that the input signal is shifted by one,
[· · · , 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, · · · ]
| #2 0{,0z,1,0,0 }
vs. [· · · , 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, · · · ]
| #2 0{,1z,1,0,0 }
Consequently the wavelet and approximation coefficients
differ as well. For the stationary discrete wavelet transform
(SDWT) the scales are still dyadic, but the translation
parameter is not down-sampled anymore (Figure 1).
Figure1: Sub-sampling of the time-scale plane for the
SDWT. White circles indicate additional points
compared to the DWT.
This means that the wavelet coefficients dm[n] and the
approximation coefficients cm[n] are now determined for
every sample n. Instead of down sampling the signal, as it is
done for the DWT, the filter coefficients arenowup-sampled
as shown for the Haar wavelet in Figure 2. This filter- bank
implementation is called Algorithme `a Trous9 and also
allows perfect reconstruction as demonstrated for the Haar
wavelet in Figure 3. We observe that all parallel paths in
Figure 2, which are often referred to as low-pass and high-
pass half-band filters, add up to an all-pass in the frequency
domain. This means, that we overcome the DWT’s lack of
translation invariance by adding redundant information
(and destroying orthogonality).
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD27958 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 2455
Figure2: Illustration of the SDWT for the Haar
Wavelet.
A. Decomposition of the sequence x[n] into its wavelet and
approximation coefficients (d1 - d3, a3) and
B. Reconstruction of the sequence by applying the inverse
Transform
Figure3: Haar wavelet filters in the frequency domain:
Adding up the magnitude responses of the parallel paths
results in an all-pass illustrating the possibility
4. APPLIED FIELDS USING WAVELETS
Acoustics
Astronomy
Nuclear engineering
Signal and Image processing
Neurophysiology
Music
Magnetic resonance imaging
Speech discrimination,
Optics
Fractals,
Turbulence
Earthquake-prediction
Radar
Human vision
Pure mathematics applications such as solving partial
differential equations
Basic procedures during a heart cycle
A. Overview of chambers and type of cells.
B. Atrial depolarization (P wave).
C. Origin of the PR segment (Delay due to the AV node).
D. Ventricular depolarization (QRS complex)
5. WAVELET ANALYSIS IN BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
Wavelet analysis in biomedical signal processing ranges
from the analysis of the more traditional physiological
signals such as the electrocardiogram(ECG), to the very
recent imaging modalities including positron emission
tomography(PET) and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)
[Wright, 2000]. It is used usually to remove noise, artefacts,
or transient features. In ECGprocessing,thewaveletanalysis
is used for QRS detection [Li et al., 1995]. In heart sound
analysis, the WT is a useful tool for the time-frequency
analysis and characterization of the murmurs, which are
primarily caused bybloodflowturbulenceandcharacteristic
of cardiac disease such as aortic stenosis or valve defects
[Khadra et al., 1991]. In the process of heart disease
diagnosis, detection for ECG signal is an important aspect,
but the noise of ECG signal is very strong. In order to filter
noise of ECG signal effectively and demarcate characteristic
points of signal accurately, the denoising algorithm of
wavelet transform with threshold and algorithmofmodulus
maximum-minimum based on wavelet transform toprocess
ECG signal are adopted. The data of MIT/ BIH is used to test
the algorithm by simulating. The experimental results show
the noise is removed effectively, while the ECG signal is
reserved, and feature point canbeaccuratelydemarcated,so
the efficiency of heartdiseasediagnoses shouldbe enhanced.
ECG Signal Processing, Classification and Interpretation
strives to articulate several focal points: Fundamental ideas
of Computational Intelligence(CI)together withtherelevant
principles of data acquisition morphology and use of
diagnosis; Techniques and models of CI that are suitable for
signal processing; and ECG system-diagnostic interpretation
and knowledge acquisition architectures. Systematic
exposure of the concepts, design methodology, and detailed
algorithms are offered. The individual chapters come with a
clearly delineated agenda and a well-defined focus.
5.1. Artificial ECG Beats - GECG2O
The GECG2O can be used to test the algorithm’s ability to
recognize different morphologies andtocorrectlyextractthe
corresponding ECG characteristic points forthesecases. The
most interesting ECG morphologies, such as biphasic waves
or variations of the QRS complex,werealready introducedin
Section 3.3. These test cases were generated viatheGECG2O
and were successfully processed by the ECG delineation
algorithm. Hence, the ability of the algorithm to extract ECG
characteristic points for various types of ECG beats was
already shown in the sections above and will not be
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repeated. Instead, the suitability of the algorithm to detect
minimal relative alternations in a patient’s ECG before and
after an event (cmp. Figure 4) is illustrated. For that reason
the following test scenario is defined:
Figure4: Automatic evaluation of ECG characteristic
points
5.2. Minimal prolongation of the PR interval and
minimal elevation of the ST segment:
The PR interval is an important clinical parameter for the
assessment of conduction disturbances. A very popular
example is the so called first degree atrio-ventricular block
caused by a conduction disturbance in the AV node or the
bundle of His (for more details see [9]). This atrio-
ventricular block results in a prolongation ofthePRinterval.
Minimal changes of the PR interval over time might provide
important information regardingthepatient’s stateofhealth
for the physician. Hence, it makes sense to detect minimal
relative changes of the PR interval. ST segment elevationcan
be an important indicator for anterior or myocardial
infarction as well as for ischemic cardiac diseases (for more
details see [9]). Therefore minimal relativechanges oftheST
level also provide important information for the physician.
In order to illustrate the algorithm’sabilitytodetectminimal
relative changes of these parameters, two data sets were
created. The first simulates the patient’s ECG before an
specific event (normal PR interval, normal ST level) and the
second simulates the ECG after a specific event (longer PR
interval, ST level elevated). The combination of a prolonged
PR interval and the elevation of the ST level does not have a
specific medical meaning. These parameters were simply
chosen since they have shown to be clinically useful for
physicians. The two test ECG sequences were generated as
described in Section 3.2.4, whereas lower and upper bounds
for all important ECG parameters were defined. Theselimits
do not have a specific meaning, but were chosen to be
realistic. Except for the starting point of the QRS complex
and the offset of the ST segment (ST level), the boundaries
do not differ for the first and second data set. Table [1]
shows the chosen parameter setting for the onset of the QRS
complex (and the resulting PR interval), the level of the ST
segment and the amplitude of the P wave as a representative
for all other parameters. The onset of the P wave was left
constant, while the onset of the QRS complex was varied as
shown in Table [1] in order to achieve the desired variation
of the PR interval. The lower and the upper limits were
defined via the GECG2O, while mean and standard deviation
of the parameters were calculated as described in Section
3.2.4. We then created 500 ECG beats (approximately 10
minutes) covered in Gaussian noise with SNR = 30 dB for
each set. All EC characteristic points were extracted by
applying the ECG delineation algorithm. Figure [5] shows a
set of randomly picked beats of every set, whereas we
observe that there is no obvious difference between these
sequences at first glance. The zoom level of the ECG series
shown in Figure [5] should be approximately equal to the
zoom level of common ECG monitors in hospitals. The
extracted ECG characteristic points were compared via
estimated probability density functions (pdf) and a two-
sample t-Test 9.
5.3. Data Generation
Table [1].:Lower and upper limits (LL, UL) for onset of the
QRS complex, ST offset and amplitude of the P wave defined
via GECG2O. The limits for the PR interval resultfromQRSon
and a constant Pon = 196 mV
Figure 5: Artificially generated noisy ECG with no obvious
difference at first glance. (a) Normal PR interval, normal
ST level and (b) prolonged PR interval and ST elevation
Calculating the CWT of a short sequence
The following example, inspired by [14], demonstrates the
working principle of the CWT by using the popular Haar
wavelet, defined as
otherwise
t
t
t
,
1
2
1
,
2
1
0,
0
1
1
)(
and shown in Figure 6 (a). The Haar wavelet will be used for
explanations throughout this chapter, since it fulfills all
requirements for the CWT as well as the DWT. However, it
should be mentioned that this wavelet is not of great
importance in practice, because of its bad properties in the
frequency domain. Nevertheless, due to its simpleshape,the
Haar wavelet is suited very well for explaining mechanisms,
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which can be applied on more complicated wavelets, e.g., on
the complex Morlet wavelet (Figure 6 (b)).
Figure 6: Exemplary wavelets, (a) Real valued Haar
wavelet and (b) Complex valued Morlet wavelet
Example: Given is a signal x(t) = s(t − 3) − s(t − 6), where s
represents the step function. We wanttodeterminetheCWT
based on the Haar wavelet for the scales a = 1 to 6, choosing
the sampling frequency fs = 40Hz in order to obtain a
sufficiently good approximation of the CWT. First, the signal
x(t) and the Haar wavelet are sampled, leading to the
discrete sequence x[n] as well as to discrete versions of the
(dilated) wavelet functions shown in Table [2] (only integer
scales are represented). Subsequently the CWT is calculated
either by correlating the sequence x[n] with the discretized
wavelet functions or by convolving x[n] with their time
reverse. Thus, the time-reverse of a discretized wavelet
function defines its wavelet filter coefficients for a given a.
The CWT can then be determined simply by filtering x[n]
with these wavelet filters. In order to ensure correct energy
representation the result has to be divided by the square
root of the scale.
Table [2]: Wavelet functions y(t) for the Haar wavelet filter
(scales 1-6). Non-integer dilations are not represented in
this table
Figure [7] shows the resulting scalogram when calculating
the CWT of the sequence x[n] for scales a = 1 to 6. Bright
spots indicate a high correlation at a specific scale and time
instant. Maximum values occur at scale6andtimeinstant3s
as well as 6 s (the latter case is shown at the top to the right
in Figure [7]. It is obvious that the highest correlationoccurs
for this time-scale setting. Additionally at the top-left of
Figure [7] the calculation for another specific time-scale
combination is illustrated.
Requirements a wavelet needs to fulfill for the CWT
To be categorized as wavelet, a function basically has to
satisfy the admissibility condition Cy = Z • −• |Y(w)|2 |w| dw
< •, (2.4) where Y(w) represents theFouriertransformofthe
wavelet y(t). This condition has to be fulfilled in order to
allow a flawless inverse WT (for more informationsee[13]).
To satisfy (7) Y(0) = Z • −• y(t) dt =0. .For complex valued
wavelets we would also have to take the complex conjugate.
3High scales (representing low frequencies) are placed at
the bottom of the y axis while low scales (representing high
frequencies) are placed at the top.
Figure 7: CWT of a short sequence using the Haar wavelet
has to hold and it can be shown that |Y(w)| has to decrease
significantly for |w|!• [12]. This means that the Fourier
transform of y(t) corresponds to a band-pass spectrum,
whereas the center frequency and the bandwidth are
determined by the scaling factor a.
Difference to the STFT
In the following, the difference of the CWT to thewell known
STFT is illustrated. For that reason a very popular and
probably the most often used Wavelet for signal analysis is
chosen. This so called complex Morlet wavelet4, shown in
Figure 6 (b), is a modulated Gaussian function, defined
2
22
0
)(
t
tj
eet
The according WT of the signal x(t),
dteetxaabW a
bt
ja
bt
0
2
2
22
1
)(),(
1 2
1. scaling the window via a
2. scaling the frequency via a
is very similar to the Gabor transformof x(t),
dtebttxbG tj
)()(),(
dteetx tj
bt
2
22
)(
1 2
1. fixed window size defined by b
2. modulation with specific frequency
The evaluation of these two equations again corresponds to
simple bandpass filtering (evaluated at a specific scale a, in
case of the WT, and for a specific frequency w, in case of the
Gabor transform). To stay mathematically correct, we have
to adapt , such that
xx aa
a
bt
ja
bt
aa dteetxaabW
0
2
2
22
1
)(),(
))(*)((2
1
bhbxax
and , such that
xx
dteetxebG tbj
bt
bj
)(2
22
)(),(
))(*)(( bgbxe bj x
g(b-t)
h(b-t)
Time (or) Space
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The factor
bj x
e
in the latter equation can be neglected for
now, since it only influences the phase delay and we are just
interested in the magnitude response in this case. The
resulting complex valued filters g(t) and h(t) are shown for
two specific analysis frequencies at the top of Figure [8]. We
can observe that for the STFT only the frequency of the
enclosed exponential function is changed, without changing
the width of the window itself. Hence, the bandwidth of the
according band-pass filters does not change and the time-
frequency resolution is constant for all frequencies (Figure
[8] (b),(c) - left). In contrast, for h(t) both, the window and
the frequency of the enclosed exponential function are
scaled as shown on the right side of Figure [8] (a). Due to a
shorter window length for higher frequencies, the time
resolution of the WT increases as the frequency increases
and vice versa. Fast transient changes in the signal usually
correspond to high frequencies in the signal. Hence, the WT
with its higher time resolution for high frequencies is in
general better suited to detect such fast transient changes in
the signal than the STFT. However, as canbeobservedon the
right side of Figure [8] (b) and (c), the frequency resolution
clearly decreases for increasing frequencies. Summing up, a
very important difference of the STFT and the WT is theway
they deal with the so called Gabor limit6. Which strategy is
better suited depends on the application. The following
example shows a scenario which emphasizes theadvantages
and disadvantages of the CWT and the STFT (inspired by
[13]).
Figure 8: Comparison of the Gabor transform and the WT.
(a) Filters in time domain for lower and higher
frequencies. (b) Filters in the frequency domain
(magnitude response). (c) Illustration how the STFT and
the WT deal with the Gabor limit
6. CONCLUSION
We have used thediscreteandcontinuous wavelettransform
to resolve many problems in biomedical. The DWT in
combination with the CWT prove that they can be used as
tool for seismic data denoising. Based on the wavelet
analysis, a classification system has been constructed that
reliably separates groups of healthy and sick patients.
Positive results of testing show that high frequency ECG
wavelet-components carry essential diagnostic information
concerning ECG.
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