Application of crispr in cancer therapykamran javidi
Many bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems employ the dual RNA–guided DNA endonuclease Cas9 to defend against invading phages and conjugative plasmids by introducing site-specific double-stranded breaks in target DNA. Target recognition strictly requires the presence of a short protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) flanking the target site, and subsequent R-loop formation and strand scission are driven by complementary base pairing between the guide RNA and target DNA, Cas9–DNA interactions, and associated conformational changes. The use of CRISPR–Cas9 as an RNA-programmable
DNA targeting and editing platform is simplified by a synthetic single-guide RNA (sgRNA) mimicking the natural dual trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA)–CRISPR RNA (crRNA) structure
Crispr-Cas9 system works on the concept of bacterial defence mechanism. The idea of which was replicated in eukaryotic cell in in- vitro condition by the researchers.
CRISPR : CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEAT
It is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements such as those present within plasmids and phages that provides a form of acquired immunity.
It forms the basis of a genome editing technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that allows permanent modifications of genes within organisms.
CRISPR-Cas system consist of two key molecules that introduce a change into the DNA sequence 1. Cas 9 - act as molecular scissors 2. gRNA – guides Cas9 to the right part of the genome gRNA = crispr rRNA + tracrRNA
Prezi Link: https://prezi.com/q8lkxnmwk25-/untitled-prezi/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy
Application of crispr in cancer therapykamran javidi
Many bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems employ the dual RNA–guided DNA endonuclease Cas9 to defend against invading phages and conjugative plasmids by introducing site-specific double-stranded breaks in target DNA. Target recognition strictly requires the presence of a short protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) flanking the target site, and subsequent R-loop formation and strand scission are driven by complementary base pairing between the guide RNA and target DNA, Cas9–DNA interactions, and associated conformational changes. The use of CRISPR–Cas9 as an RNA-programmable
DNA targeting and editing platform is simplified by a synthetic single-guide RNA (sgRNA) mimicking the natural dual trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA)–CRISPR RNA (crRNA) structure
Crispr-Cas9 system works on the concept of bacterial defence mechanism. The idea of which was replicated in eukaryotic cell in in- vitro condition by the researchers.
CRISPR : CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEAT
It is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements such as those present within plasmids and phages that provides a form of acquired immunity.
It forms the basis of a genome editing technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that allows permanent modifications of genes within organisms.
CRISPR-Cas system consist of two key molecules that introduce a change into the DNA sequence 1. Cas 9 - act as molecular scissors 2. gRNA – guides Cas9 to the right part of the genome gRNA = crispr rRNA + tracrRNA
Prezi Link: https://prezi.com/q8lkxnmwk25-/untitled-prezi/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy
It is very fast and new technique for detection and degradation of viral DNA and it is so helpful for us to understand how to degraded viral DNA... what type of function naturally present in bacteria........ so its very excellent technique
Crispr cas9 and applications of the technologyNEHA MAHATO
The most talked about gene editing tool- CRISPR Cas9 and its applications in all the possible spheres of science and research is talked about in brief in this presentation.
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found within the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that have previously infected the prokaryote and are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar phages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral defense system of prokaryotes.
Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and cleave specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within organisms.This editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnology products, and treatment of diseases.
The CRISPR-Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements such as those present within plasmids and phages that provides a form of acquired immunity. RNA harboring the spacer sequence helps Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins recognize and cut foreign pathogenic DNA. Other RNA-guided Cas proteins cut foreign RNA. CRISPR are found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea.
a brief description on the new emerging genome editing technology CRISPR-Cas9. this technique is making its place stronger and stronger day by day. and impossible things can be possible by this technique. and some main and famous names who discovered this technique.
A simple version of the CRISPR/Cas system, CRISPR/Cas9, has been modified to edit genomes. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, the cell's genome can be cut at a desired location, allowing existing genes to be removed and/or new ones added.
i explained about basics of genome engineering and crispr system.
CRISPR will change the world and it is just the beginning, are you ready to meet the future? you think its great and beautiful or.....?
please give your feedback to my email
pooyanaghshbandi@yahoo.com
i am starting to write a critical and fantastic review article about CRISPR, if you are interested to join please contact me.
It is very fast and new technique for detection and degradation of viral DNA and it is so helpful for us to understand how to degraded viral DNA... what type of function naturally present in bacteria........ so its very excellent technique
Crispr cas9 and applications of the technologyNEHA MAHATO
The most talked about gene editing tool- CRISPR Cas9 and its applications in all the possible spheres of science and research is talked about in brief in this presentation.
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found within the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that have previously infected the prokaryote and are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar phages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral defense system of prokaryotes.
Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and cleave specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within organisms.This editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnology products, and treatment of diseases.
The CRISPR-Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements such as those present within plasmids and phages that provides a form of acquired immunity. RNA harboring the spacer sequence helps Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins recognize and cut foreign pathogenic DNA. Other RNA-guided Cas proteins cut foreign RNA. CRISPR are found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea.
a brief description on the new emerging genome editing technology CRISPR-Cas9. this technique is making its place stronger and stronger day by day. and impossible things can be possible by this technique. and some main and famous names who discovered this technique.
A simple version of the CRISPR/Cas system, CRISPR/Cas9, has been modified to edit genomes. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, the cell's genome can be cut at a desired location, allowing existing genes to be removed and/or new ones added.
i explained about basics of genome engineering and crispr system.
CRISPR will change the world and it is just the beginning, are you ready to meet the future? you think its great and beautiful or.....?
please give your feedback to my email
pooyanaghshbandi@yahoo.com
i am starting to write a critical and fantastic review article about CRISPR, if you are interested to join please contact me.
Genomic engineering in cell lines is a versatile tool for studying gene function, designing diseases models, biopharmaceutical research, drug discovery and many other applications. CRISPR (Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 systems is a newly developed yet the most popular method for genome editing. It has been widely used in current biology, functional genome screening, cell-based human hereditary disease modeling, epigenomic studies and visualization of cellular processes.
The simplicity and high-efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 system make it a preferable genomic knockout method to the traditional ZFN and TALEN system.
https://www.creative-biogene.com/Services/Stable-cell-line-generation/Custom-Genome-Editing-Cell-Lines.html
Gene Editing is a powerful tool for genetic modification. Genome editing is also known as gene editing. It is a revolutionary technique that enables scientists to modify the DNA sequence of living organisms. Here are some protocols and procedures of gene editing through cas9 protein present in bacterial defense system
NSA Diagnostic Laboratory has been operating since 1958, founded by Prof. Nasseh Amin. NSA is considered as one of the most advanced labs in Egypt. Maintaining personalized services for its stakeholders, as well as the main role of the lab "Diagnosis"
NSA Diagnostic Laboratory operates through two different segments.
Firstly, a group of stand-alone labs located at prime locations all over Egypt, with the latest and up to date equipments.
Secondly, being the backbone of well reputed hospitals and some polyclinics where NSA is the lab that is responsible for all medical testing there, serving all our patients with class A quality.
Our main focus is delivering quality care and with Cost-value return. NSA plays a key role in improving the health of many Egyptians, by providing access to quality service for more than 200,000 patients annually.
The emerging CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology greatly accelerates the R&D process in life sciences. Here, we briefly introduce CRISPR/Cas9 and its delivery strategies.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Applications of Gene Editing: CRISPR-Cas9 in Cancer Therapeutics (Oncogenes)
1. ALAA KHAMIS (0325098)
SARAH LUCAS (0328873)
MARYAM HAKI ( 0327530)
AZLYNA BINTI MOHD NOOR
(0322163)
PAK WEN (0327357)
U
Applications of Gene
editing: CRISPR-Cas9 in
Cancer Therapy
(Oncogenes)
2. Most of the diseases occurring in this day and time are caused by
abnormal sequence or mismatches sequences in our genomic structure.
Gene editing is a technique used to as the new model to cure diseases by
changing an organism's DNA in either expressing or suppressing a gene,
or totally replacing it. This can lead to avoid genetic diseases,
transmitted diseases or diseases arising from mutated sequences.
CRISPR is the new gene editing technology used to modify genetic
sequences to cure genetic mutations or mismatched sequences. It
stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats,
it arises from the bacterial defense systems against viral infections
(Zhang, 2013) CRISPR-Cas9 is a natural DNA-sniping enzyme in
bacteria, where Cas9 is (CRISPR-associated protein 9). It works by
targeting a specific stretch of the genetic code known as a spacer that is
transcribed into a short RNA sequence (crRNA) which guides the system
to match the sequence and edit the DNA precisely at specific locations
leading to the modification of the genes in the living cells and organisms
(Ball, 2016)
EASTWAY UNIVERSITY
OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CRISPR-CAS9?
Source:https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mrs-
bulletin/news/crispr-implications-for-materials-science
3. Cancer is a common disease that develops from cumulative genetic and
epigenetic alterations, that are induced from environmental factors, or
random mutations at cellular level.
In cancer treatment it has been a challenge to identify the driver
mutations and oncogenes to develop a therapeutic effect, however viral
driven cancer cells are highly expressive to viral oncogenes which are
genes that can cause mutations, the oncogene dependent cancer cells
express a single or multiple gene to enhance survival and growth, this
notion was discovered by Bernard Weinstein in 2000, after observing
how multiple epigenetic and genetic abnormalities do not interfere in
the process of cancer development, because only one single gene is
responsible for activation or inactivation of the cell, and can be
inactivated to halt the cancer growth and survival (Jubair et. McMillan,
2017).
This serves as a model for CRISPR-Cas9 in cancer therapeutic
approaches, where the model allows testing of both preclinical and
clinical conditions to examine the efficiency of gene editing. CRISPR-
Cas9 has been used in modelling oncogenic mutations in cell lines, adult
animals, and combat cancer. It works by either disabling the oncogenic
viruses or by cancer genome manipulation.
IS CRISPR-CAS9 THE SOLUTION TO A CANCER FREE GENERATION?
Source:http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.o
rg/2016/02/01/crispr-gene-editing-new-
chapter-in-cancer-research-or-blot-in-the-
ethical-copybook/
4. Objectives
1 2 3 4
To study the
performance,
advantages and
disadvantages
of Gene
engineering
technology in
the field of
cancer therapy.
To study the
principles and
applications of
CRISPR-Cas 9
in the field of
Cancer
therapy.
To understand
the mechanism
applied in
CRISPR-Cas9 in
the treatment of
Oncogene
addicted cancer
cells.
To research on
the current
development
and the future
developments
of CRISPR-Cas9
in the field of
Cancer therapy
and treatment
potential.
5. How does CRISPR-Cas9 work ?
The CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of two key molecules that introduce a change
(mutation )into the DNA. These are:
1- ENDONUCLEASE enzyme called Cas9, responsible for the double-stranded
breaks at the site, when targeted by a guide RNA and Cleavage occurs on both
strands (Yourgenome 2016).
2- a piece of RNA called guide RNA (gRNA),makes sure that the Cas9 enzyme
cuts at the right point in the genome (Yourgenome 2016).
Fig. 3: CRISPR-Cas9 targeting system. In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a guide
RNA hybridizes a 20-nt DNA sequence immediately preceding an NGG DNA
motif (protospacer-associated motif or PAM), resulting in a double-strand
break (DSB) 3 bp upstream of the NGG. The double-stranded DNA breaks
become substrates for endogenous cellular DNA repair machinery that
catalyze nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair
(HDR) ((Zhuchi et al. 2015).
source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/CRISPR-Cas9-
targeting-system-In-the-CRISPR-Cas9-system-a-guide-RNA-
hybridizes-a-20-nt_fig1_280694279?
_sg=AX_6k8nwScCS87yRLqMWNZl3EEH-
E02NUlGxjkVNtrD0vt8BsQWHbLBQDQLjChwVdohQ0PHsoxHh
unV71ynYfw
6. Fig.4: In vivo and in vitro gene editing
therapeutic strategies for CRISPR-
Cas9-based cancer therapy. A. In in
vivo gene editing therapy,
Cas9/sgRNA complex are systemic or
targeted delivered into the patient
via either viral or nonviral vehicles
for gene editing in cancer therapy, for
example, (epi)genome modification or
transcriptional regulation of cancer
cells. B. In in vitro gene editing based
immunotherapy, patient-derived
immune cells are isolated and genetic
modified with CRISPR-Cas9 system,
and then infused back into the same
patient; for oncolytic therapy,
oncolytic viruses are edited and
introduced into patients to kill cancer
cells (Yi et al. 2016)
HOW IS IT DELIVERED TO PATIENTS?
source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/s
cience/article/pii/S0304419X16300634
7. Figure 4: In vivo effects of CRISPR-mediated
editing of the BCR/ABL oncogene. (A) Tumor
growth (mm3) over the 24 days following
subcutaneous cell injection. Similar tumor
growth was observed in Boff-p210 (grey bars)
and Boff-p210 Cas9 mock sgRNA (black dots
line) injected cells. Tumors formed by Bcr-Abl-
EP cells (black squares line) were half the size
of those induced previously. Tumor growth was
observed when the single edited cell-derived
cells were injected (grey dotted line), as well
Baf/3 cells (dark grey bars). The plot shows
medians and ranges; ***p < 0.001). (B) After 24
days, mice were sacrificed and their tumor
mass measured. The final tumor mass was
reduced by half in the case of the edited pool
cells (black squares), relative to controls (black
dots). Bcr-Abl-SC (grey dots) and Baf/3 (black
triangles) cells were unable to form a
subcutaneous tumor. The plot shows medians
and ranges; **p < 0.05). (C) External appearance
of mice and developed tumors 24 days after
subcutaneous cell injection.
(García-Tuñón et al., 2017)
Recent studies on oncogene & the
effects of CRISPR/CAS9 on
chronic myeloid leukemia
CML in a xenograft model
source: http://www.oncotarget.com/index.php?
journal=oncotarget&page=article&op=view&path%5
B0%5D=15215&path%5B1%5D=48659#R29
8. Applications of CRISPR-Cas9
1. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene knockout - production of knockout (KO)
cell lines by disrupting one or more oncogenes or tumor suppressors
concurrently (Yue et. al, 2016). Carried out using lentiviral vector shown in
Figure 5.
Example:
a-Prostate cancer cells, DU145, has its malignant potential significantly
decrease when Nanog and Nanogp8 are knocked out (Kawamura et al.,
2015).
b- Lung tumor growth in Cas9 transgenic mice significantly increases when
the Kras oncogene, p53 and Lkb1 are knocked out while a point mutation in
Kras G12D at the genomic locus is inserted (Platt et al., 2014).
Figure 5: Lentiviral vector based
CRISPR/Cas9 transcriptional activation or
repression (Yue et. al, 2016)
9. Applications of CRISPR-Cas9
2. CRISPR/Cad9 mediated transcriptional regulation - usage of CRISPR-Cas9 to mediate transcriptional
activation and repression (Yue et. al, 2016).
Transcription activation and inhibition libraries are available as a result of this for cancer gene functional studies.
Example:
a- CRISPRa and CRISPRi human genome wide libraries created to identify genes essential for gene survival and
activation (Gilbert et al., 2014)
3- CRISPR/Cas9 mediated chromosome translocation - can be used to simulate chromosome translocation in a
number of human cancers.
Example:
a- pax3-foxo1 fusion gene in human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (Lagutina et al., 2015)
b- BCAM-AKT2 fusion gene in ovarian serous carcinoma (Kannan et al., 2015)
c- EML4-ALK fusion gene in lung cancer (Maddalo et al., 2014)
10. Advantages and Disadvantages of CRISPR-Cas9
Target design simplicity - Relies on ribonucleotide
formation and not protein/DNA formation
(Yeadon, 2018).
Efficiency - Directly injecting RNAs encoding the
CAS protein and gRNA into mouse developing
mouse embryos (Yeadon, 2018).
Multiplexed Mutations - Multiple genes at the
same time by injecting them with multiple gRNAs
(Yeadon, 2018).
CRISPR is capable of modifying chromosomal
targets with high fidelity (Synbio Technologies,
n.d.)
Cost-effective and easy-to-use technology (Synbio
Technologies, n.d).
Off-site effects - Difficult to identify and require
scanning the genome for mutations at site with
sequence similarity to the gRNA target sequence
(Yeadon, 2018).
Mosaicism - Mice with a mutant allele in only some
of their cells can be produced (Yeadon, 2018).
Multiple alleles - Healing of the nuclease cleavage
site by non-homologous end joining can be
produced cohorts of mice with different mutation
from the same targeting constructs, requires
genome sequencing in order to verify the nature of
the specific mutation (Yeadon, 2018).
CRISPR can only recognize genetic sequences to
around 20 bases long (Woollaston, 2018).
Advantages Disadvantages
11. Future Development:
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the causative
agents of almost all cervical carcinomas.
The HPV DNA genome integrates into the cellular genome, where it expresses high levels of
two viral oncogenes, called E6 and E7, that are required for cancer cell growth and viability.
Bacterial CRISPR/Cas RNA-guided endonuclease was found to have the potential to be
reprogrammed to target and destroy the E6 or E7 gene in cervical carcinoma cells transformed
by HPV, resulting in cell cycle arrest and eventual death of the cancer cells.
Researchers therefore proposed that viral vectors designed to deliver E6- and/or E7-specific
CRISPR/Cas to tumor cells could represent a novel and highly effective tool to treat and
eliminate HPV-induced cancers.
12. Future Development:
As many as a fifth of all human cancers are caused
by viruses which encodes viral oncogenes that
promote carcinogenesis.
Oncogenes drive cell proliferation by a gain-of-
function ability to stimulate cell signaling pathways
inappropriately.
CRISPR Cas9 can be used in the inactivation of an oncogene by the disruption of a protein motif that is
necessary for the activity of the oncoprotein.
For example, the src family of oncogenes requires tyrosine kinase activity to transform, hence it could be
targeted by CRISPR/Cas9 directed towards the tyrosine kinase domain.
Some examples of viruses that expresses oncogenes associated with human cancer that can be a potential
target for CRISPR/Cas9 includes: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
13. Future Development:
Cellular genes that are mutated to become oncogenes also have a huge potential as targets for treating human
cancer.
Oncogene changes occur in many cancers and are an important driving force for malignant cell proliferation.
CRISPR/Cas9 could be targeted against the mutated form of the cellular oncogene to disrupt and inactivate it.
For example, non-receptor tyrosine kinase can be inappropriately activated by mutations in their regulatory
domains. These oncogenes could be targeted using CRISPR/Cas9 and gRNA directed against the tyrosine kinase
domain, which is necessary for oncogenic activity, and inactivates it to stop the cancerous activity.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has the potential to be developed even further to provide a specific and efficacious
approach against many types of oncogenic changes in cancer cells.
14. Future Development:
The study explored the ability of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to obliterate BCR-ABL fusion in order to determine its
impact on the leukemic processes in in vitro and in xenograft models of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).
Results found that CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing technology managed to allow the ablation of the BCR/ABL fusion
gene, causing an absence of oncoprotein expression, and blocking its tumorigenic effects in vitro and in the in vivo
xenograft model of CML.
CRISPR/Cas9 technology can therefore be used as a new therapeutic tool that overcomes resistance to the usual
treatments for CML patients in the future.
15. Conclusion:
CRISPR Cas9 can be used in the inactivation of an oncogene by the disruption of a protein motif
that is necessary for the activity of the oncoprotein.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has the potential to be developed even further to provide a specific and
efficacious approach against many types of oncogenic changes in cancer cells.
CRISPR/Cas9 technology can therefore be used as a new therapeutic tool that overcomes
resistance to the usual treatments for CML patients in the future.
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